In the second year of Wanli, the right-back of Mingzhanzhou commanded Aric to rebel, and the company commander Li of Liaodong killed him. Aric's son, Artest Zhang Jing, fled and rebelled in the 11th year of Wanli. Li bought off the Nuzhen spy and attacked the city from the inside. Nurhachi's father committed manslaughter. Nurhachi bears a grudge against Ming, gathers thirteen pairs of armor and vows revenge. Li befriended Nurhachi's father and selectively made Nurhachi grow into a Ming Dynasty with an army of 400,000. In the 11th year of Wanli, Nuerhachi captured Luncheng and Deck City, and in the 12th year of Wanli, Zhao Jiacheng was captured and Dai Li, the general of Ming Dynasty, was captured alive. In the 13th year of Wanli, it defeated Nuzhen Suk Suwu Department and Dong Zhe Department, and surpassed Jilin Cliff. Fourteen years of Wanli, goose attack, fifteen years of Wanli, the Ruzhen department was broken, and sixteen years of Wanli, the Ruzhen was unified.
In the 21st year of Wanli, Yin Na Road and Zhushiri Road were conquered. Yushan defeated the Hercynian Jurchen Department. Because of the strong strength of the Hercynian Jurchen, Nurhachi adopted the method of divide and conquer, unified the Hercynian Jurchen in the forty-third year of Wanli, and established the State of Jin (later Jin) in the forty-fourth year of Wanli. At this point, Nurhachi basically unified the ministries of Jurchen. On the other hand, the Ming army in Liaodong basically did not take any major military action, which is obviously abnormal for the Ming empire with Liaodong as its military important place (military control area). The most obvious explanation is that the Li family in Liaodong concealed Nuerhachi's offensive actions in various places, and its motivation is still unknown. It may be that bandits support the army (asking the court for money), or it may be the so-called kinship (Li and Nurhachi are in-laws).
The ancients said, "If you don't treat a disease, you can treat it. If you don't treat a disease, you can treat it." . In short, the empire lost the best opportunity to eliminate hidden dangers. In the forty-sixth year of Wanli, Nurhachi published "Speak for the Ming Dynasty", led twenty thousand troops to attack the Ming army in Liaodong, conquered the fortress and the capital in the east of Fushun, and conquered Fushun a few months later. Shenyang and Jinzhou were heavily guarded, so 8 Jin Army retreated from Fushun. This war shocked the Ming Empire, which took Levin as its Liaodong strategy, and led more than 200,000 soldiers and horses to counter the rebellion.
This is the beginning of the battle of Salhu. The failure of the Battle of Salhu actually had little influence on the hard power of the whole empire, and could not change the situation that the Ming Dynasty was strong and the Jin Dynasty was weak. The destruction of this war lies in people's hearts. If we responded quickly and sent the right-hand man to take charge of the overall situation, the Ming army could still fight the first battle, but the empire was busy with infighting between the party and the government and failed to respond in time, which led to the loss of morale in Liaodong. In just a few months, the Ming army in hundreds of fortresses fled without fighting, and the guards in Liaodong became empty cities. This has caused a terrible domino effect. There were hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese refugees in Liaodong, and then Nurhachi captured Tieling and Kaiyuan. The Ming army guarding the city outside the customs is only Shenyang. At this point, the operation of the Ming empire in Liaodong for more than 200 years since Zhu Maoyuan Zhang has basically come to an end. In the second year of the apocalypse, Nurhachi attacked Quang Ninh. Due to General Sun's rebellion, the governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty was defeated. When there is no army in Liaodong, he will lead hundreds of thousands of refugees into the customs. At this point, the Ming army lost the whole territory of Liaodong.
In the second year of the Apocalypse, Sun Chengzong, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, was appointed to the Ministry of War and the University of Dongge. Ordered to handle Liaodong affairs, Sun Chengzong personally rushed to Shanhaiguan and ventured into the customs for many times. Finally, he adopted a strategy similar to that of the Tang Dynasty to clear the Turks, that is, to build a strong city as a strategic support point, to build a fortress as a barrier, and to establish a new army (Liao Army) as a mobile force to connect all strategic support points. The results show that this strategy is extremely effective. In just four years, Sun Chengzong recovered thousands of miles of lost land, effectively killed the effective forces of the late Jin Dynasty, and basically established the defense lines of Ning Guan and Ningjin. During this period, although the Ming army did not launch a large-scale campaign, it basically regained its foothold in Liaodong. Therefore, Sun Chengzong has been highly praised in both land and cities.
After the War of Landing, after Jin occupied Liaodong, the connection between the empire and Liaodong Peninsula was basically interrupted. Yuan Keli, the general political adviser, wrote, "There is only Lushunkou on the north shore. For the sake of the throat, you should be a general and carry water in the army." So in the second year of the apocalypse, the governor of Jieyue was awarded Denglai. At that time, Deng Laishun had fallen, and Yuan Keli led his family away. When Yuan Keli, a bandit, rode into battle alone, Yuan Keli used this organization within a few months after his arrival. Recover Jin, Fu, Gai Sanwei and Lushun, achieve a great victory in Dongjiang, and basically eliminate the post-Jin Zhenglan Banner. This war is the most beautiful one in the Ming army's counterattack.
Ma Shilong, the chief company commander of Shanhaiguan in the fifth year of the apocalypse of Liuhe Campaign, learned from the mouth of operator Liu Bochan that Huang Taiji of Jinsibei was stationed in Yaozhou with less than 300 troops. Ma Shilong was overjoyed. Soldiers from Shanhaiguan crossed the river from Niangniang Palace and sneaked into Yaozhou. The result was exposed, and it was raided by 8 Jin Army, but the original military forces here on Juehua Island didn't arrive. As a result, Jia, the pioneer of welcoming guests, died and half of the Ming army was damaged.
In the sixth year of the Apocalypse, Du Shi Sun Chengzong was framed by Wei Zhongxian, and Gaudi took Sun Chengzong's place. Gaudi was afraid of death and did not ask the imperial court to tear down the city and withdraw troops. Liaodong fell again.
Yuan Chonghuan, commander of Ningyuan garrison, refused to leave when he withdrew his troops in the sixth year of the apocalypse in Ningyuan Campaign. In January of that year, Nurhachi led the troops to attack Ningyuan, and Yuan Chonghuan took 10,000 defenders for each of the three walls and took 10,000 military forces to sit in Midtown. Nurhachi continued to attack for several months, but suffered heavy casualties because of the heavy artillery of the Ming army. (Nurhachi himself is very likely to be seriously injured. ) In May, Jin Jun suffered too many casualties (the Ming Dynasty said there were 300 casualties).
In the sixth year of the apocalypse in Ningjin, Yuan Chonghuan was appointed as the governor of Liaodong, and Gao Di was impeached. Later, Jin Khan was inherited by Huang Taiji. In the same year, Yuan Chonghuan sent someone to make peace with Huang Taiji, in order to buy time for restoring Ningjin and Ning Guan lines. Huang taiji also took the opportunity to capture Pyongyang, North Korea, and solved the rear. Both sides are preparing for the coming war. In the first month of the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Huang Taiji led a flag army of 120,000 troops to attack Ming under the pretext that the Ming army was building a city in Daling River. At the beginning of May, the Eighth Army of 8 Jin Army arrived in Guangning, and the Ming Army retreated to Jinzhou. 8 Jin Jun encircled Jinzhou, and the company commander Zhao Lvjiao was guarding the fortifications in Jinzhou, so he led the Ming army to keep guarding the city and kept pretending to surrender to delay 8 Jin Jun.. The company commander Man Gui also sent troops to intercept the route for providing foodstuff for the Jin Army and harass the Jin Army. At the end of May, the Jin army attacked 15 days in a row, and the morale was low. The Ming army's delay in sending the main force to aid also failed the plan of 8 Jin Army's encircling point to help. Huang taiji had to give up Jinzhou temporarily and attack Ningyuan, the only place to pass through. Yuan Chonghuan defends midtown, company commanders Sun Zushou and Xu Dingguo defend the west, Zu Dashou defends the east, attacks with firearms, attacks and divides 8 Jin J on both sides, and finally attacks Guan Ning fighters. 8 jin j was defeated, and huang taiji's cousin was seriously injured. Huang taiji had to retreat and attack Jinzhou. As a result, he was defeated by Zhao Lvjiao, and he had to withdraw his troops because of a large number of downsizing. The war was celebrated by the Ming Empire.
The Battle of Ding Mao (the dispute in this battle was mainly between the late Jin Dynasty and North Korea, and only the part related to the Ming army was excerpted here) After the first month of the seventh year of the apocalypse, Prince Liu Jin led an army of 40,000 to attack Tieshan, and the eldest prince A Min attacked Yundao. Mao Longwen attacked A Min on the night of the 15th day of the first month, killing hundreds of people, but he himself killed more than 700 people. 17, he killed more than 2000 nuzhen soldiers. A Min had no boat to take to North Korea, and Mao waited for an opportunity to attack and behead it. However, Mao's statement was inconsistent with many historical materials, not only the historical materials of the Qing Dynasty, but also the historical materials of North Korea.
In July of the first year of Chongzhen, Yuan Chonghuan came back. In the second year of Chongzhen, King Huang Taiji led the Mongolian army, with a total of 100,000 people, bypassing the Mongolian Plateau and entering the Central Plains from Shanxi. During this period, hundreds of thousands of people were massacred. Yuan Chonghuan was ordered to return to Li, but he never sent the main force, which was criticized by Chaoli and later generations. But in fact, Yuan Chonghuan is looking for a fighter. Judging from the previous battles, if he wants to win the Ming army, he must stick to it. At this time, Yuan Chonghuan's strong city is Beijing, but Yuan Chonghuan obviously does not have the strategic vision and political mind of his teacher Sun Chengzong, and the political significance of the capital is not allowed to use it as a shield. Under the repeated orders of Chongzhen, Yuan Chonghuan finally crossed the 8 Jin J and arrived in Beijing. However, he asked the army to enter the capital, and then his request was rejected. Yuan had to station troops outside the city to fight the 8 Jin Army. With the full cooperation of Zu Dashou, Mangui, Liu Yingguo and others, the Jin Army was finally repelled, but the core ruling area of the Ming Empire was seriously damaged.
In the battle of Jinsong and Chongzhen for four years, Huang Taiji attacked Jinzhou on the pretext of Zu Dashou's false surrender. If we win Shanhaiguan, we must first win the four cities outside Shanhaiguan (Songshan, Xingshan, Ningyuan and Jinzhou), and Jinzhou is the first of the four cities. In the first battle, Zu Dashou attacked the Qing army and defeated many who attacked Ningyuan. Huang taiji learned the lesson of attacking Ningyuan for a long time, formulated the strategy of encircling the isolated city for a long time, and then surrendered and built Yizhou City in Ningyuan and Han. Huang taiji secretly contacted the Inner Mongolians, who took the opportunity to make trouble. Jinzhou was captured inside and outside the outer city, and the rest of the Ming army retreated into the inner city. Zu Dashou had to report to the court, and Chongzhen ordered seven company commanders, including Hong Chengchou, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, to rescue Jinzhou. The enemy is powerful, so we have to sit tight, but the court can't afford it, so Hong Chengchou ordered 100,000 soldiers and horses to bring only three days' food and grass, while Hong Chengchou didn't bring all the food and grass, which means that he either left himself a retreat or gave the court an explanation. However, this decision sent the Ming army into a dead end. Under the ambush of the Qing army, the Ming army retreated to Songshan, and the grain and grass were mostly in Bijiashan. But it also dealt a powerful blow to the pursuing Qing army. Huang taiji was very angry at the defeat, so he led the main force to fight, and took advantage of the decisive battle to raid Bijiashan, the granary of the Ming army. There are many bright weapons on Bijia Mountain, which could have been the first battle, but the defenders fled first, leading to the army's rout. The complete defeat of the Ming army in the battle of Jin Song marked the collapse of the defense system in Liaodong, and there were no elite soldiers in Liaodong.
In September, the ninth year of Xuanda Anti-Qing Chongzhen, the Qing army invaded along Datong and Fu Xuan and plundered the Gyeonggi area. The Qing army put the Han women's heavy makeup on the car and hung the sign of "free delivery for all officials", insulting the Ming army. However, the Ming army was afraid of fighting in the field, and the teachers of the diligent king swam in the capital and refused to meet the enemy. Chongzhen had to recall Lu Xiangsheng, the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and the right deputy capital of the Southeast Rebellion, and then gave the shots to the governor of the three armed forces. After the capital lifted the alarm, in view of the complete erosion of the situation in Liaodong, the Ming court ordered the governor of Lu Xiangsheng to declare the government, Datong and Shanxi. At this point, Fu Xuan and Datong have existed in name only. After Lu Xiangsheng arrived, he cultivated the land to prepare food and repaired the city wall, during which he repeatedly repelled the Mongolian charcoal begging attack. In May of the tenth year of Chongzhen, the Qing army attacked Shanhaiguan, destroyed the main entrance of Shanhaiguan, killed Wu Aheng, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, and pushed the offensive outpost to Niulan. Chongzhen recalled Lu Xiangsheng again, and gave him the sword for the third time, making him the governor of all the military forces in the world, but in fact Lu Xiangsheng controlled only 20,000 military forces. In August of the tenth year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji took Prince Ruidourgen as the general, Baylor Yue Tuo as the general, and Baylor Dudu as the deputy. His soldiers were divided into two roads, breaking through the Great Wall from Miyun and stationed in Tongzhou. In the 11th year of Chongzhen, Lu Xiangsheng marched into Julu, Ning Guan fighters guarded Jize, and Lu Xiangsheng sent people to coordinate with Ning Guan military forces. However, due to too few troops, Guan Ningjun refused to accept Lu Xiangsheng's command, and the Ming army was difficult to launch a counterattack because of mutual containment. At that time, Sun Chengzong had to resign and live in seclusion in his hometown of Levin because of repeated denigration. When the Qing army learned of this, it attacked Levin and sent people to surrender to Sun Chengzong many times. Sun Chengzong ignored it and organized the people in the city to defend the city. 1 1 month, the Qing army launched an attack. The people of Levin, down to women and children, threw stones at the Qing army. After the city was broken, the Qing army captured Sun Chengzong, and Sun Chengzong made nine obeisances to Beijing, then committed suicide. All his people were slaughtered. When the news came back to Beijing, Chongzhen wept bitterly, and Lu Xiangsheng was very surprised. At this time, Lu Xiangsheng decided to serve his country with death. /kloc-in 0/2 months, Lu Xiangsheng marched into Haoshui Bridge and met the main force of the Qing army. With Tiger Dawei as the left wing and Yang as the right wing, he personally led the Chinese army to set up a cannon to fight the Qing army in the wild. From early morning to dusk, the strength of the Ming army was far less than that of the Qing army, and Ning Guan's military forces refused to come to help. All the soldiers in Lu Xiangsheng were killed or injured. The Qing army also lamented that the Ming army had never encountered such a strong field capability. In the end, after several rounds of encirclement and suppression by the Qing army, Lu Xiangsheng knew that he would lose, waving his sword and shouting: "The general is dead, but there is no progress." Then he jumped into the enemy line and died with four arrows and three knives. Xuanda's resistance to the Qing Dynasty was the last decisive battle between the Ming empire and the Qing court. Since then, the empire has basically lost control of the north, and its demise is only a matter of time.
In the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing court mobilized the Manchu, Mongolian and Han armed forces, and almost all of them went south under the guidance of Regent Dourgen. In April of that year, Shunjun entered Beijing, and Zhu Youjian, a Ming Emperor, hanged himself in Jingshan Park. At this point, the era of "Ming" as a state power came to an end. When Dourgen learned about it, he wanted to continue marching according to the original route, but he was. At this point, Amin's army stationed in Shanhaiguan surrendered to Shunjun, so Wu Sangui and Shunjun launched a fierce battle. Shunjun reinforcements arrived in Xiluocheng, Shanhaiguan, and Wu Sangui was about to be defeated. The Qing army galloped south, and Wu Sangui dismounted to meet them. With the help of the Qing army, Shunjun was quickly defeated. At this time, the Shanhaiguan portal was wide open, and Li Zicheng proclaimed himself in Beijing again (Li Zicheng proclaimed himself in Ann in January) and fled in a hurry. 10, the Qing army attacked Taiyuan, southeastern Shanxi and Changzhi; In December, Tongguan fell; Xi 'an, the capital of Dashun, fell; In April of the second year of Shunzhi, Jiujiang was defeated; In May, Li Zicheng was killed by villagers in Hunan, and Dashun perished. Because Dashun didn't have a perfect bureaucratic system, coupled with the great damage to the Central Plains over the years (the rebels would tear down and set fire to every city they passed), Shunjun had almost no strong city to rely on, and Li Zicheng became more suspicious and killed, and eventually Dashun's regime collapsed rapidly. But as far as class struggle is concerned, Li Zicheng is really a lean man, so there is no need to criticize him too much. The entry of the Qing army laid the foundation for China's rule in the future.
In the 18th year of Shunzhi, when the nationalities merged, Wu Sangui entered Myanmar, destroying the court of Li Yong in Nanming, and Nanming withdrew from the historical stage. However, at that time, anti-Qing activities were still one after another in various places, and the ethnic contradictions between Manchu and Han were still fierce. The rulers of the Qing Empire were very wary of the Han and Mongolian people. This situation gradually changes with the passage of time. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, more than one hundred years had passed, the ethnic contradiction between Han and Manchu had weakened, and the concept of imperial rulers had also changed. In the forty-first year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong formally proposed compiling Records of Two Officials, Biographies of Treacherous Courtiers and Biographies of Loyal Ministers. In the late Ming Dynasty, Sun Chengzong, Yuan Chonghuan, Shi Kefa, Lu Xiangsheng and other famous anti-Qing generals were highly praised and recorded in Biographies of Loyal Officials, and the integrity shown by the soldiers and civilians in Yangzhou and Jiading was affirmed. Wu Sangui and others who surrendered first and then rebelled were recorded in Biographies of Treacherous Courtiers and severely criticized, while Hong Chengchou and Qian were recorded in Biographies of Two Officials, which is very ironic. The upper class of the Qing Empire really completed the ideological transformation from outsiders to imperial rulers.