Cao Cao once participated in the war to suppress the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. From 65438 to 084, Cao Cao followed Huang Fusong to suppress the Yellow Scarf Army in Yingchuan, and was an old hand in suppressing the Yellow Scarf Army uprising. He made great contributions to the suppression of the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, and his official position was constantly promoted. In the last years of Emperor Han Guang, he moved to Jinan and later became a captain of Canon Army. In the first year of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (190), he took part in the crusade against Dong Zhuo, and later attached himself to Yuan Shao, and was appointed as the prefect of East County. After Yanzhou secretariat was killed by the Yellow Scarf Army, Cao Cao took over the position of Yanzhou shepherd.
Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army became a powerful peasant army.
The Yellow Scarf Uprising at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the first peasant uprising in China in the form of religious organization. Their slogan is "Heaven dies, and Yellow Heaven should stand". In other words, the Heaven representing the Eastern Han Dynasty has died, and the Yellow Heaven representing the peasants has been established. The purpose of their uprising is to achieve "Taiping", their classic is "Taiping Qing Ling Shu", and their uprising organization is "Taiping Dao". They are marked by the yellow turban insurrectionary, so they are called the yellow turban insurrectionary.
After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the cruel oppression and exploitation of the feudal regime, the cruel and dark rule of consorts and eunuchs, powerful landlords wantonly annexed land, forcing farmers to rebel in succession. Years of famine, epidemic of infectious diseases, and poor farmers who are hungry and cold have left their homes and wandered around. At that time, the northern rural areas of China were already "white bones exposed in the wild, and there were no crows in a thousand miles." (Cao Cao's Good) Poverty and death forced them to turn to ghosts and gods for help. Therefore, superstitious religious organizations have developed rapidly among farmers.
The Yellow Scarf Uprising is an organized and prepared large-scale peasant uprising. From 184, it lasted for more than 20 years and the number of participants was one million. The activity areas include Qing, Xu, you, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yu and Yan. You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yu and Yan all failed in the Yellow Scarf Uprising, and only the Yellow Scarf Army of Qing and Xu became the main force in the later period. The Yellow Scarf Army in Xuzhou was hit by Tao Qian, the secretariat of Xuzhou, and all of them moved to Qingzhou, which became the assembly place of the Yellow Scarf Army.
Qingzhou Yellow Scarf fought in Hebei, Qinghai and Yanzhou, and after a period of struggle and training, it became a powerful peasant army. At that time, Qingzhou (ruling Linzi) secretariat Jiaohe was an incompetent person. His army had not fought against the peasant army, but ran away with a gust of wind. Kong Rong, a scholar in Beihai (now Shouguang, Shandong), is a scholar who likes empty talk but can't fight. The yellow turban insurrectionary army led 200,000 people to March and attack the North Sea from Jizhou. Kong Rong was defeated and fled to Duchang (now Changyi, Shandong Province), surrounded by the Guan Hai Army of the Yellow Scarf Army. So, it had to ask the plain (now Shandong Plain) Liu Bei to send three thousand troops to rescue it.
Cao Cao incorporated the yellow turban insurrectionary army into "Qingzhou soldiers"
19 1 year, 1 1 month, 300,000 people of Qingzhou yellow turban insurrectionary army attacked Taishan county, and fought many times with the troops with few battalions in Taishan state capital, resulting in heavy losses. At this time, Qingzhou yellow turban insurrectionary army wants to join Montenegro yellow turban insurrectionary army eastward from Taihang Mountain via Bohai Sea. They were unprepared in the fast-moving army. Near Dongguang (now Dongguang, Hebei Province), they were accidentally attacked by Gongsun Zan, killing more than 30,000 people and losing tens of thousands of vehicles. When Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army wanted to cross the Yellow River to the north, it was stopped by Gongsun Zan, causing tens of thousands of casualties and countless property losses.
1in April, 1992, Qingzhou yellow turban insurrectionary army was reorganized and decided to attack Yanzhou. In Rencheng (now Jining, Shandong), he killed Sui in Rencheng and moved to Dongping (now Dongping, Shandong). Near Dongping, the main force of Yanzhou secretariat Liu Dai was crushed and Liu Dai was killed. Qingzhou yellow turban insurrectionary army flourished again.
When the yellow turban insurrectionary army moved to Yanzhou, the black turban insurrectionary army led more than 10 people to attack Wei and Dong counties, and the magistrate of Dong county could not resist it. At this time, Cao Cao led his troops into Dong Jun (now Shenxian West) and defeated Puyang (now Puyang, Henan). Yuan Shao recommended Cao Cao as the prefect of the East County. When Cao Cao heard that Liu Dai was killed in battle, he sent someone to persuade Yanzhou officials to support him as a shepherd in Yanzhou.
/kloc-in 0/92, Cao Cao led the troops to fight with Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army in Shouzhang. At that time, the morale of the Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army was 300,000, and Cao Cao had only a few thousand soldiers. "Old serenades, recruits don't practice, and dare not raise soldiers." At the beginning of the war, Cao Cao thought that the Yellow Scarf Army was arrogant because of its victory and "wanted to set up a surprise attack". Cao Cao and Jibei (now Changqing, Jinan) Xiang Baoxin led more than 1,000 troops to attack the Yellow Scarf Army, and they were attacked head-on by the Yellow Scarf Army, killing and injuring hundreds of people. Bao Xin fought to the death, Cao Cao broke out and Bao Xin was killed.
Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army has 300,000 troops, with more than one million men and women. It is very difficult to supply. Qingzhou, the base of the rebel army, was occupied by Cang Hong, a subordinate of Yuan Shao, and could not supplement the supplies of the Yellow Scarf Army. Cao Cao saw the difficulties of the rebel army, avoided direct conflict with the Yellow Scarf Army, and constantly carried out sporadic attacks. On the one hand, the Yellow Scarf Army wants to retreat to the north, and on the other hand, it sends a message to Cao Cao, saying, "In Jinan, the way to destroy the altar is the same as that of Huangdi Taiyi. If I knew, I would be even more confused today. The Han dynasty has done its best, and the Huang family should stand up. The great fortune of heaven is beyond your reach. "
It was mentioned in the campaign that Cao Cao destroyed the altar in Jinan that year, and what Cao Cao did was considered by the Yellow Scarf Army to be consistent with their "Yellow River Taiyi Road". Because the Yellow Scarf Army only respects the emperor and Laozi and "does not serve other gods", it is forbidden to destroy all other temples of ghosts and gods. The Yellow Scarf Army regards Cao Cao as a "fellow villager" and fantasizes about persuading Cao Cao not to be "confused" and not to be an enemy of the Yellow Scarf Army. Cao Cao played along at this moment, and he lured the Yellow Scarf Army, which had difficulties in supplying supplies, to surrender. They negotiated while fighting. After several months of brewing, this powerful Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army was finally accepted by Cao Cao in the winter of 192. There are 300,000 men and women in the Yellow Scarf Army. Cao Cao selected the elite and reorganized it, so it was called "Qingzhou Soldiers". Mr. Guo Moruo once pointed out in the article "Reversing the case for Cao Cao": "Cao Cao was acclaimed as the leader of Qingzhou soldiers. We can think like this: If Cao Cao is a murderous and unscrupulous person, how can hundreds of thousands of Qingzhou soldiers and more than one million peasant men listen to his command? If you don't kill him, you can disperse in a hubbub, but this is not the case. "
Qingzhou soldiers' position in Cao Cao group
Qingzhou soldiers are an important military force for Cao Cao to unify the north. After Qingzhou soldiers were incorporated, Cao Cao's power grew rapidly. Since then, Cao Cao has gradually sprouted the lofty ideal of "flattening the world". Cao Cao said in an autobiography-like article "Let the princess know her own story": "When I was promoted to Xiaozong, I just wanted to be a county magistrate and gain a good reputation as an honest official." Renji-Nan "takes off the filth" and "thinks that anger is strong and he is afraid of family disaster, so he is still sick." Later, he moved to the imperial army as a captain, intending to make contributions to the country and seal the marquis. After his death, the tomb was named "the tomb of Cao Hou, the general of the Western Han Dynasty". Soon, he rose up against Dong Zhuo with limited ambitions. Only after "leading Yanzhou to graze and breaking the yellow turban insurrectionary by 300,000 yuan" did it have the power to pacify the world. After pacifying Shao and Liu Biao, we have the ambition of "pacifying the world".
After receiving Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army, Cao Cao learned the lessons of the Yellow Scarf Army's lack of food and grass, as well as the experience of farmers in ploughing and fighting. 196, he built a wasteland in Xu Xu and achieved satisfactory results. In Fanxian and Dong 'e, the construction of water conservancy relies on the basic labor force and production technology of the peasant army with more than one million men and women, as well as the cattle and farm tools they carry with them. At that time, there were two kinds of reclamation, military and civilian, and the methods were the same. Public borrowing cattle without cattle, public 60%, private 40%; Those who have cows get equal shares. After achieving initial results, it was widely promoted in the north. There are field officers in counties and counties, and there are full-time leaders such as commander and captain of standard farmers. "After several years' accumulation, the granary is full." The advantage of land reclamation is that it can not only supply military food for years of war, but also increase output, reduce the burden on farmers, save the labor for farmers' long-distance transportation and improve people's affluent life. Lay an economic foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
The activities of Qingzhou soldiers are rarely recorded. Reflection only records the following facts:
/kloc-in 0/94, Cao Cao attacked Lu Bu in Puyang, and Lu Bu sent troops to fight, riding and attacking Qingzhou soldiers first. Qingzhou soldiers scattered, Cao Cao camp chaos, fire. Cao Cao fell from his horse and burned his right palm. The Ministry will help Cao Cao mount his horse and lead him to. Cao Cao's invasion was unfavorable and he did not pursue the responsibility of Qingzhou soldiers. ("Reflection? Wei Zhi? Emperor Wu Ji ")
197, Cao Cao called up Zhang Xiu. Yu Jin saw that more than a dozen people were naked. Yu Jin asked him why, saying, "It was robbed by Qingzhou soldiers." Yu Jin said angrily, "Qingzhou soldiers belong to Cao Gong, but they are still thieves?" Yu Jin wanted to denounce the guilt, but after Cao Cao knew it, he was not allowed to blame and did not deal with it. ("Reflection? Wei Zhi? In "Forbidden Biography")
In 220, Cao Cao died. Qingzhou soldiers are "good at drumming and attracting." At this point, the pleasant person is forbidden, and the listener can not punish it. Jia Kui refused and told him to feed him. ("Reflection? Wei Zhi? Jia Kui biography "note cited" Wei slightly ").
From the above three historical materials, it can be seen that Qingzhou soldiers were not very effective at the beginning of compilation. The establishment of Qingzhou soldiers has not been disturbed for more than 20 years, and has maintained a certain independence. Cao Cao was defeated and collapsed several times in the war of invading the north from the south. Qingzhou soldiers don't leave, don't take the opportunity to defect. Some people in Cao Cao's group have a problem with Qingzhou soldiers, but Cao Cao has always been very tolerant of Qingzhou soldiers. Cao Cao trusted Qingzhou soldiers, and Qingzhou soldiers also trusted Cao Cao.
In 2 10, Cao Cao issued a decree on seeking talents, which took talents as the standard, regardless of grades. Ti: "Ersanzi helps me to be pure and want nothing, so I can only use my talents." You can use people who are "heartless and unfilial and have the skill of governing the country and using soldiers." This directly impacted the monopoly power of aristocratic families in employing people at that time.
The generals of Cao Cao Group came from all directions, including the Cao Shi family, such as Coss and Cao Hong. There are families, such as Xiahou Chun and Xia. Have a plenty of Lombardi and Yuan Shu's men, have a plenty of Han Sui and marten's men, have a plenty of lyu3 bu4 and Liu Biao's men. "Pull out of the forbidden, happy into the ranks, take Zhang Liao, Huang Xu, all in the name of life. The rest are subtle pulls, and there are countless shepherds climbing. " ("Reflection? Wei Zhi? "Emperor Wu Ji" notes "Shu Wei")
Even among Cao Cao's group of warriors, no one was born in Qingzhou. Qingzhou soldiers fought with Cao Cao for more than twenty years. None of these 300,000 people have the ability to be a war commander? Are there no heroes recorded in history books? What is the status of Qingzhou soldiers in Cao Cao Group? This is a question worth pondering.