After Alexander's death, the sovereignty of Macedonia and Greece remained in the hands of Macedonian general Antipat when he moved eastward. After Antipat's death, his son Cassander gained the rule of Macedonia. Later, there was a dispute within the ministries of Alexandria, and the Macedonian regime was seized by Dmitry. Dmitry left his son Antico Gonnert in Macedonia, led an army to Asia Minor, and was captured and died. In 285 BC, Croste people living in the Danube River valley invaded central Greece and reached the religious holy land of Darfur. The Greek states were ruled by Ethiopians. In "Greek Salvation", foreign historians usually refer to the Alexander Crusade after the division of the Alexander Empire and the Three Kingdoms period (Rome conquered these countries at the end of BC 1 year), which is called the "Hellenistic Age". Most books published in China do not use this term, or use it conditionally. Because this term, one-sided emphasis on the role of Greece, denied the interaction between East and West.
Under the slogan of "death", Croste people were repelled. In 277 BC, taking advantage of the victories of the Greek states, Antioch Gunnars gave the Croste people near the ancient Greek Strait a final blow. The following year, he was proclaimed King of Macedonia and established Antioch Dynasty (276 BC-BC 168). This dynasty covers an area of 75,000 square kilometers and has a population of about 3 million to 4 million. It ruled for more than 100 years until Rome conquered Macedonia.
During the decades from Alexander's death to the establishment of Antioch, Macedonia's economy has undergone great changes due to the development of internal and external wars, immigration and foreign trade. First of all, the ownership of large tracts of land has been developed, and the king owns large tracts of land, mines and forests. The land granted by the king and the hereditary real estate owned by the nobles spread all over the country. At the same time, urban ports are increasingly prosperous. In addition to the original cities of Pella and Eck, new commercial cities of Cassandra and Thessalonica have emerged. The latter is the commercial contact center for Macedonia to export grain and timber, import overseas products and communicate with the Aegean Sea and Adriatic Sea. In terms of political system, Antioch dynasty was a mixture of kingdom and city-state. It put Macedonia and many Greek city-states under its own rule, but it did not form a unified empire. Antioch dynasty strengthened the suppression of the anti-Macedonian movement at home, consolidated its hegemony in Greece, and competed with Egypt and Syria for control of the Aegean Sea abroad. It conquered Ubia and Megara successively, forced some cities in southern Greece to join it, and sent troops to important Greek city-states. However, the anti-Macedonian struggle of the Greek city-states did not stop.
The death of Alexander, the anti-Macedonian movement in Greek States, provided favorable conditions for the revival of the anti-Macedonian movement in Greece. Athens took the opportunity to recruit mercenaries. From 323 BC to 322 BC, the Macedonian army was besieged at Fort lamia in Saglia with the support of Etoria. Encouraged by the victory of the first battle, Athens called on the Greek states to launch a war of liberation against Macedonia. However, Athens is weak after all, and it is difficult for Greek States to unite against the enemy. Therefore, a temporary victory, like a blip, can't last long, and the battle of lamia ended in failure in Athens. Since then, the Macedonian army under the command of Antipat defeated the Greek allies in the Cronon Valley, and Athens has never recovered. Since 322 BC, pro-Macedonian factions in Athens have established oligarchy under the control of Macedonia, and only 9,000 people have civil rights. The failure of Athens' anti-Macedonian war is the inevitable result of the city-state crisis. Due to the disintegration of the economic foundation of the city-state, the number of citizens in the city-state decreased sharply and their status declined, and the powerful and brave citizen soldiers and high-spirited patriotism used to defeat the powerful enemies in the Greek-Persian war were also lost. At the same time, due to the sharp opposition between pro-Macedonian and anti-Macedonian factions, Athens could not unite against the enemy, and certainly could not become a powerful core for uniting other countries to deal with Macedonia. Therefore, the dominant position of Athens in the anti-Macedonian movement was replaced by the city-state with less acute social contradictions later. From the end of the 4th century BC to the beginning of the 3rd century BC, the League of Etoria and Arcaya rose in western Greece and northwestern South Greece. Etoria is located in the mountainous area of central and western Greece, where the remnants of clan system are strong, residents form rural communes, and the city has just developed. At the end of 4th century BC and the beginning of 3rd century BC, Etoria improved its position in the Greek city-state by participating in the Battle of lamia, fighting against Croste and defending Darfur. And through the contact with major commercial centers such as Crete, it has promoted its own economic development. The alliance centered on Ethiopia was first formed in 365,438+04 BC, and further expanded in the middle of the 3rd century BC, including attiya, Foces, Eris and Messenia in the Peloponnesus, as well as several islands in the Aegean Sea, with its capital in Telmont, Ethiopia. The highest authority of the Federation is the All-Federation Congress, which meets once a year and is open to citizens of all states that have joined the Federation. The Congress of the All-China League elects permanent organs, league meetings and commanders who command allied forces. The League holds several meetings every year, attended by representatives of participating countries. The states that joined the federation have equal relations with each other, maintain their own political systems and autonomy, and the diplomatic power is in the hands of the commander. Each state must provide a certain number of soldiers and pay the Federation. In the 3rd century BC, Etoria was in its heyday, excluding Macedonian forces from western Greece and Saglia. The Arcaya League, which stood side by side with the Ethiopian League, was founded in 280 BC, including Arcaya, Acadia, Messenia and some cities, with Icahn as its capital. The organization of this alliance is similar to the Etoria Alliance. When Alatu was commander in chief in the late 3rd century BC, he expelled Macedonian troops from Corinth, and made Corinth, Scuan, Megara and other industrialized cities join the alliance, so the alliance reached its peak. From 245 BC to 2 13 BC, Alatu served as commander-in-chief of the alliance for more than 30 years. He monopolized the leadership of the alliance, implemented the aristocratic conservative policy and opposed social reform. The purpose of his internal and external policies is to protect the interests of upper-class slave owners and business nobles.
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2 Greece during Macedonian rule
Therefore, although the Arcaya League flaunts its opposition to Macedonia, whenever the people's movement rises, it will not hesitate to collude with Macedonia to put it out. This situation is particularly evident in the reform movement to suppress Sparta.
The destruction and political turmoil of the Spartan social reform war further aggravated the process of economic recession and polarization between the rich and the poor in Greek States. Citizens are heavily in debt, lose their land in bankruptcy, and class struggle is becoming increasingly fierce. This situation can be seen from the social reform in Sparta. Sparta's self-sufficient agricultural economy and economic system based on land ownership, originally closed and conservative, developed slowly, but could not avoid the city-state crisis. After the Peloponnesian War, Sparta began to buy and sell land, land annexation prevailed and property division became increasingly fierce. In the 3rd century BC, the number of Spartan citizens decreased to 700, of which no more than 100 occupied land. On the one hand, citizens are exhausted; On the other hand, a few nobles are rich and powerful. Originally, the simple spirit of Spartan citizens serving the public was replaced by the corrupt atmosphere of greed and luxury. This not only made Sparta lose its national strength, but also made it impossible to strengthen its rule at home and compete with Greece for hegemony abroad. Moreover, the ruling class is faced with the threat of a poor uprising that may erupt at any time, prompting some people in the upper ruling class to launch a top-down reform movement.
King Akis (245 BC-24 BC1year) initiated the reform. He put forward a series of reform measures, such as canceling debts, sharing land equally, restoring ancient customs, etc., and formulated a specific plan for sharing land equally: dividing Sparta's land into 4,500 plots for landless Spartans and15,000 plots for Piria from remote areas. Akis publicized the reform in a peaceful way in order to persuade the nobles to adopt it, and promoted the reform by actively donating his land and property to relatives and friends, but with little effect. The poor support reform, but they are powerless because of lack of organization. Only a few nobles who were in a bad situation because of debt agreed to cancel the debt, but almost all nobles strongly opposed the equal division of land. Therefore, the debt cancellation measures have been implemented, and the plan to divide the land equally has not made any progress. The nobles also used Akis's expedition and the poor's dissatisfaction with the lack of land to undermine the reform. Another king, Leonidas, was ousted at the beginning of the reform, fled abroad, took the opportunity to return home, seized power with the help of mercenaries, and plotted to kill Akis who had just returned from the war. As a result, Akis's reform finally failed.
After Akis's death, King Cleomini (235 BC-22 BC1year) continued his reform. Drawing lessons from Akis's failure, he was determined to carry out reform by violent means. He first seized the army by waging war against the Arcaya League, and then led mercenaries to suddenly return to Sparta to launch a coup, killing the Ombudsman, abolishing the Ombudsman system, expelling 80 opposition aristocrats and confiscating their land and property. Subsequently, it announced the cancellation of debts, the equal distribution of land, and the absorption of some Pilahi people as citizens, which increased the number of citizens by 4,000. On the basis of strengthening military strength, Cleomini carried out an expansion policy, defeated the Arcaya League army many times, occupied and plundered many cities of the Arcaya League, and the influence of the reform quickly spread to other city-states, and the movement for equal land distribution and debt cancellation was also expanding. This not only endangered the hegemony of the Arcaya League in the Peloponnesian Peninsula, but also threatened the interests of the upper-class slave owners in various states. So Alatu, the commander of the Arcaya League, even sacrificed the political independence of Greece and asked for help from the Macedonian country, Antoine Dosson (229- 22 BC1). Antioch immediately sent troops to occupy Corinth. In order to deal with the strong enemy, Krini further promoted reform; Under the condition that each person paid a ransom of 5 meters, 6,000 Shiloh people were liberated, and 2,000 of them were recruited into the army. Cleomini led the army to fight bravely with Macedonian army, but was finally defeated in the Battle of Selassia in 22 1 BC. Cleomini fled to Egypt and was later killed. Macedonia rebuilt the Spartan oligarchy and returned the confiscated land to the nobility, and the reform movement failed again. But after 14, the social reform movement broke out in a more radical and violent form. Nabis (207 BC to 65438 BC+092 BC) established tyrant politics with the support of the poor. Nebis expelled the aristocratic landlords, divided their property equally, liberated the Luo people in Riccardo Chailly, distributed the land to the Pirasians, and recruited Spartan citizens persecuted and exiled by the nobles. Nebis ruled 15 years, and his policies were supported by the poor in neighboring city-States. Finally, Sparta, the coastal city of Argos and parts of Crete merged into Sparta. Therefore, the regime of Nebis met with crazy hostility and resolute opposition from the Greek slave owners, and finally failed under the joint suppression of the Arcaya League and the Roman army invading Greece. Nibis himself was murdered by conspiracy in 192 BC, and Sparta was incorporated into the Arcaya League.
Decades later, the social reform movement in Sparta failed. The main reasons are as follows: first, the city-state system is in crisis because of the serious division of property, and the power of the city-state is declining, which is an inevitable trend. The reformists in the upper ruling group of Sparta tried to restore the old system implemented by the city-state during its initial construction or prosperity, safeguard the unity of citizens, consolidate the order of the city-state, enhance its military strength, and seek hegemony abroad. This kind of subjective intention violates the objective trend of polis crisis and is impossible to realize. Second, the international environment at that time was not conducive to the implementation of the reform. The reformists fought Macedonia first, then Rome, and it was difficult to win because of the disparity in strength.
The failure of these reforms marked the deepening of the city-state crisis and opened the way for the greater expansion of slavery relations and slave countries. By the middle of the 2nd century BC, the whole of Greece was conquered by Rome and incorporated into the territory of Roman countries.