From March 8, 65438 to March 8, 0909, the working women in Chicago, USA, have gone through more than one hundred years in the 2 1 century. In different regions, the focus of celebration is different, from ordinary celebration of respect and love for women to celebration of women's achievements in the economic, political and social fields. Since this festival was originally a political activity initiated by socialist feminists, it is integrated with the cultures of many countries, mainly in Europe, including Russia.
On the website of the United Nations introducing International Women's Day, the origin of "March 8" International Women's Day is attributed to a series of major events in the women's movement in the early 20th century, including: American socialists designated February 28th as National Women's Day in 1909; 19 10, more than 100 women delegates from 17 countries led by tsetkin planned to set up international women's day, but no specific date was set. 1 9 11March 20091day, more than110,000 women from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and other countries gathered together to celebrate International Women's Day. 19 13 On the last Sunday of February, Russian women celebrated their International Women's Day by holding demonstrations against World War I; 1965438+8 March 2004,
/kloc-Feminists protested strikes, marches and demonstrations in the 20th century.
Women from many European countries held anti-war demonstrations; In memory of nearly 2 million Russian women who died in World War I, Russian women went on strike on March 8 19 17 (February 23 in Russian calendar), which started the "February Revolution". Four days later, the tsar was forced to abdicate, and the interim government announced that it would give women the right to vote. It can be said that it was this series of feminist movements that took place in Europe and America at the beginning of the last century that contributed to the birth of International Women's Day on March 8th, instead of people taking it for granted that International Women's Day was only the legacy of the international capitalist movement.
The rapid development of capitalist industries in Britain and France provided economic conditions for the emergence of women's movements. 19 in the 1930s and 40s, Britain and France entered the stage of great development of machinery industry, and the factory system with large machines as the main body replaced the workshop handicraft system, which led to the rapid and huge development of social productive forces. The victory of bourgeois revolutions in various countries provided political conditions for the emergence of women's movements. Women actively participated in their own bourgeois revolutionary movement, and the women's movement began to rise with the bourgeois revolution. The ideas of "freedom", "equality" and "natural human rights" in the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment provided ideological conditions for the emergence of women's movements, such as the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of Human Rights, which inspired women's awareness of equal rights and were the direct ideological source and theoretical basis for the emergence of women's movements.
Under the influence of the industrial revolution, advanced women broke through the feudal shackles since the Middle Ages and went to society, having the same social weight as men. However, emerging male-dominated politicians still despise women, so they started the struggle for equal rights.
The idea of setting up International Women's Day originated in the early 20th century, when western countries were in the stage of rapid industrialization and economic expansion. Poor working conditions and low wages have led to various protests and strikes. On March 8th, 1857, women garment and textile workers in new york, USA took to the streets to protest against poor working conditions and low wages. Although the authorities later dispatched police to attack and disperse the protesters, this protest led to the establishment of the first trade union organization in March two years later.
Women in new york hold demonstrations for equal rights.
In the next few years, there were similar protests on March 8 almost every year. The most striking thing is that in 1908, nearly15,000 women took to the streets of new york, demanding shorter working hours (ten-hour working day), higher wages (minimum wage) and voting rights (women's voting rights), and shouting the slogan of "bread and roses" symbolizing economic security and quality of life. The following year, 2,000 people attended the Women's Day rally in Manhattan, new york. Women's Day was first celebrated on February 28th. 1909. At that time, the American Socialist Party issued a declaration calling for a commemoration on the last Sunday of February every year. This annual celebration lasts until 19 13.
1909, garment women workers launched a general strike, and 20,000-30,000 shirt women workers took part in the strike in the cold winter of 13 weeks in order to increase their wages and improve their working conditions. The Federation of Women's Trade Unions submitted a deposit and a large number of strike funds for the arrested strikers.
1910 On August 26 -27, 2000, on the eve of the Second International Copenhagen Conference, Tzetkin presided over the Second International Socialist Women's Conference as the secretary of the International Women's Registry. International solidarity of exploited workers all over the world has long been a socialist principle. The German Socialist Party has a strong influence in the international socialist movement. There are many women's rights advocates in the party, including leaders like Clara Zetkin. More than 65,438+000 delegates from 65,438+07 countries attended the meeting, representing trade unions, socialist political parties and professional women's clubs, including three women who were elected to the Finnish Parliament for the first time. Encouraged by the actions of American women workers and their socialist sisters, Tsetkin drafted a resolution on the basic principles of women's voting rights.
This resolution stipulates that "proletarian-conscious political organizations and trade unions in all countries unanimously agree that socialist women in all countries should have a festival every year, the main purpose of which is to help women obtain the right to vote, and women's right to vote must be treated together with the whole women's issue in accordance with socialist principles." Women's Day must be internationalized and carefully prepared. "
The Second International Socialist Women's Congress did not have a resolution on the establishment of International Women's Day, nor did it specify which day was Women's Day. Because the Copenhagen Women's Conference did not set a specific date for International Women's Day. So the activities to celebrate this festival before 1922 are random.
19 1 19 March 19, proletarian women in some European countries held the first celebration of International Women's Day in history. Rallies for voting rights were held all over Germany, and more than 5,000 male and female workers participated in Berlin alone. Women in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland and other countries also held rallies and parades. A total of/kloc-0.00 million people held various activities to celebrate International Women's Day.
Six days later, on March 25th, a fire broke out in the famous new york Triangle Underwear Factory in new york, which killed 140 female garment workers, most of whom were Italian and Jewish immigrants. Poor working conditions are considered to be the main cause of such heavy casualties. The fire later had an important impact on American labor legislation.
Since 1975 International Women's Day, the United Nations has held activities to celebrate International Women's Day on March 8 every year, and "March 8" International Women's Day has become the anniversary of the United Nations. Some people wear purple ribbons to celebrate this day.
1949 12, the Council of the Central People's Government of China stipulates that March 8th every year is Women's Day. [34] According to Article 3 of the National Festival and Remembrance Day (Order No.270 of the State Council) issued by the State Council, China, Women's Day (March 8) belongs to some citizens' holidays and anniversaries, and women have a half-day holiday.
In Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Belarus, Cuba, Georgia, Guinea Bissau, Bissau, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macedonia, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Madagascar, Vietnam, Zambia and other countries, this day is an official holiday.
In some countries, such as Cameroon, Croatia, Chile and Romania, this day is not a public holiday, but it still attracts widespread attention. On this day, men are used to sending flowers and gifts to their female friends, mothers, wives, girlfriends, daughters, female colleagues and so on.
In Armenia, International Women's Day was abandoned after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Instead, it is the official festival of "Beauty and Motherhood" on April 7th, a national festival. This new festival was quickly welcomed by Armenians, because it is one of the main festivals to commemorate the Armenian church and deliver good news. However, people still celebrate International Women's Day on March 8th. The thematic public discussion in Armenia led to the recognition of the so-called "Women's Month", that is, the period from March 8 to April 7 of the two "Women's Days".
In Italy, to celebrate this day, men will give women yellow mimosa. Teresa Matei chose mimosa as the symbol of Italian International Women's Day because she felt that violets and lilies in the valley were too rare and expensive on this day, and they were effectively used as symbols of France. On March 8th, yellow mimosa and chocolate were also one of the most common gifts in Russia and Albania.
In many countries, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Colombia, Estonia, Hungary, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Serbia, Russia and so on. Women will also receive gifts from their employers. Primary and secondary school students often bring gifts to female teachers. In countries like Portugal and Italy, women usually celebrate "women-only" dinners and parties on the evening of March 8.
Despite many cultural and religious restrictions, women working in the formal and informal sectors in Pakistan celebrate International Women's Day every year to commemorate their struggle for their legal rights. Some women use International Women's Day to help the feminist movement in society. For example, in Poland, every International Women's Day reports large-scale demonstrations of women's rights in big cities.
In 2005, the British trade union congress (meeting) passed a resolution by a high vote, calling for International Women's Day to be designated as a British public holiday.