In the 6th century BC, The Book of Songs was compiled into a book, including local folk music 160, elegant music 3 1, 74 ditties, 40 sacrificial music, * * 305 songs and 6 sheng music, and the score was lost. The producing areas include Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and northern Hunan. There are poems in The Book of Songs that reflect the joy of feasting, such as Xiaoya Luming Literature. There are poems reflecting the war, such as Xiaoya in June; Famous love poems such as Zheng Fengji; The ironic reality of Feng Wei's attack on Tan: There are also a number of large-scale royal epics of the Zhou Dynasty that reflect the founding history of the Zhou Dynasty, such as Sheng Min, Gongliu, Mian, Yi Di and Daming.
The Book of Songs, which is mainly composed of four words and repeated sentences, shows China's lyrical national literature characteristics. Since then, China's poetry has embarked on a lyrical road, and lyric poetry has become the main form of China's poetry. The enthusiasm for reality, strong political and moral consciousness and sincere and positive attitude towards life in The Book of Songs are summarized as the spirit of elegance, which has become the most basic and far-reaching tradition of China's poetry.
On the 14th day of the first month in 339 BC, Qu Yuan, the first great man in the history of China poetry, was born. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled works such as Qu Yuan and Song Yu. A book "Songs of the South" was written, including twenty-three songs of Lisao, nine songs (1 1), nine chapters of Tian Wen (9) and Evocation. Among them, "Li Sao" takes loyalty to the monarch and patriotism as the theme and vanilla beauty as the symbol, which repeatedly generates lingering grief and indignation and creates a loyal and noble hero image.
Qu Yuan's poems created a new poetic style, which directly influenced the emergence of Han Fu. And a large number of Chu dialects, such as "some, talented, Qiang, dispute, oath, oath, oath", have a strong local color. Chu Ci highlighted the romantic spirit and influenced later poets such as Li Bai, Li He and Han Yu. The symbolic tradition of vanilla beauty has a long history, and its influence has been extended to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in the Qing Dynasty.
Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty appeared in the poetry circle, and were collected by Yuefu organs in the Western Han Dynasty and Huangmen Propaganda Department in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yuefu poetry is good at narration, Lang tells about the beauty's resistance to violence, Sang tells about Luo Fu's disobedience to the satrap, Xing tells about his wife sewing clothes for a wanderer, causing her husband's suspicion, and the famous poem Peacock Flying Southeast tells a sad love tragedy. The poet's brush strokes go deep into their respective classes, which together fully reflect the true face of the whole society, both exhorting wealth and sympathizing with suffering. Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty realized the transition from four-character poems to five-character poems with miscellaneous words.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, poems created by literati groups appeared. Five-character poems have replaced the traditional four-character poems and even produced a complete seven-character poem. The earliest extant literati poem in the Eastern Han Dynasty is Ban Gu's Ode to an Epic, and his Poem of Bamboo Fan is an early and complete seven-character poem. The most famous literati poem is Nineteen Ancient Poems, without the author's name. It is about wandering and caring for women, so nostalgia and love are integrated. At the same time, it involves many philosophies of life, discussing eternity and brevity, people's mentality and life cycle, sadness and joy. Literati's poetry is good at expressing emotion, and the language is perfect and precious, which directly influenced Cao Zhi and Tao Yuanming.
From the Jian 'an period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the early Cao Wei period, three Cao and seven sons came out at the same time. Honest and frank's sad Cao Cao, graceful and restrained Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi, who is both a father and a brother, completed the final transformation of Yuefu folk songs into literati poems with the wings of "Jian 'an seven sons" and opened up the broad road of five-character poems. The famous ones are Cao Cao's Short Songs, Cao Pi's Beautiful Songs, Cao Zhi's White Horse Wang Biao and White Horse Pieces. Cao Zhi is the most respected poet in Jian 'an, because his literary talent is gorgeous, which has a great influence on the development of five-character poems, and his unfortunate life experience has aroused the admiration of later scholars.
"Jian 'an Style" is a distinctive and energetic style in Jian 'an literature, especially in five-character poems. Based on the writer's generous thoughts and feelings, he has formed the characteristics of deep ambition, broad outline, sadness and generosity. The distinctive personality and characteristics of the times have become the unique charm of Jian 'an's poetic style.
In the early period of the last years of Cao Wei, Sima came to power, and a group of people were dissatisfied with Sima's rule and lived in seclusion in the mountains. Seven people, led by Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, are called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji's masterpiece is "Eighty-two Poems for Memories", which is the first poem in the history of China literature. The poem is full of loneliness and depression, but under the pressure of politics, he dare not speak, relying on metaphors and symbols to pin his arms. The highest achievement of Ji Kang's poetry is four words, pursuing nature and transcending independence. Generally speaking, Zheng's poetic style has changed into a poem with a long theme and profound sustenance, which embodies a unique artistic view.
Sima Yan proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Wei and established the Western Jin Dynasty. The artistic characteristics of the poetry circles in the Western Jin Dynasty are called "Taikang Poetry Style", which is characterized by paying attention to form, complicated description, gorgeous rhetoric and complicated poetry style. Lu Ji's imitation of ancient poems is a masterpiece of gorgeous algae decoration. The representative figures of Taikang's poetic style are Zhang (Zhang Xie, Zhang Zai,), Erlu (Lu Ji,), (and Uncle Penny). The description of landscape elements in their poems has greatly increased, which is the forerunner of landscape poets such as Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. At the same time, Zuo Si, with his eight poems on epic poems, pioneered the road of chanting history and became an example for later poets to follow.
One hundred years after the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the poetic world was occupied by metaphysical poems, and the development of poetic art was interrupted. It was not until Tao Yuanming, the second great man in China's poetry history, that this clue was reconnected. His poems originated from Nineteen Ancient Poems and were influenced by Ruan Ji's legacy. The original style of Wei-Jin poetry and even China's ancient poetry rose to an unprecedented height in his hands, making him a milestone in ending a generation of poetic style. He wrote pastoral poems such as "Returning to the Garden" and "Drinking", expressed his feelings about farming and reading life, and expressed his philosophical thinking about life in plain and simple language. Tao Yuanming is a representative figure of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties, pursuing the artistry of life. He is also one of the spiritual destinations of China literati, and has built a spiritual home for later literati.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was replaced by the Song Dynasty, and then the Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty alternated, and the four dynasties were in the south of the Yangtze River. The beautiful natural environment and rich economic conditions in the south make the folk songs of the Southern Dynasties present a beautiful and lingering style. The masterpiece is the long poem "Western Zhou Qu", which has four rhymes and euphemistic rhymes. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasties are the cultural achievements created by the people of all ethnic groups in the North, and the "Chile Song" is magnificent and magnificent, and it is a swan song throughout the ages; The masterpiece Mulan Poetry is fresh and vigorous, and it is about the heroism of a heroine.
Kasper? Lingyun In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, the poetic style of literati changed. His creation of landscape poems is characterized by freshness and emphasis on description and depiction of objects. But due to careful consideration, they are extremely beautiful, such as "going upstairs in the pool". He is the pioneer of a new generation of poetic style, which influenced the whole generation of poetic style in the Southern Dynasties. The period of Qi, Liang and Chen is the period of the formation and development of new-style poetry, which is characterized by paying attention to rhythm and duality. Shen Yue and others founded the "Yongming Style" with strict phonology, stipulated four tones and eight diseases, and advocated that poetry should pay attention to the beauty of phonology. The "Yongming Style", represented by the poet Xie Tiao, continues to write landscape poems, avoiding the obscurity of big pavilions, blending scenes, being profound and subtle, paying attention to Yongming temperament, and having a smooth and harmonious tone. Xiao, Xiao Yan and Xiao Tong are three literary groups formed during the Qi and Liang Dynasties, and their poems are mainly erotic poems in palace style. However, Yu Xin, a southern poet, stayed in the north and brought the style of writing from the south to the north. At the same time, his own poetic style also combines the strengths of the north and the south, and the poor north and the south win. The combination of the beauty of the south and the strength of the north made necessary preparations for the formation of the new poetic style in the Tang Dynasty.
Tang poetry is the symbol of China's poetry. Four masters and poets in the early Tang Dynasty created a new poetic style-metrical poems on the basis of Yongming style, and five kinds of metrical poems were finally finalized by Song and Shen Quanqi. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the country was strong, and Li Bai, the third great man in the history of China's poetry, stepped onto the poetic scene. With his peerless talent and unrestrained and elegant temperament, he wrote poems such as "Difficult Road to Shu" and "Entering Wine", which are unpredictable, full of backbone, without trace and profound and meaningful. The frontier poets Gao Shi and Cen Can's Ge Yanxing and The Journey to the West make the frontier life magnificent, heroic and generous. Pastoral poets Wang Wei and Meng Haoran expressed the tranquility and beauty of landscape pastoral as beauty and ethereal.
In 775 AD, An Shi Rebellion broke out. Du Fu, the fourth great man in the history of China's poetry, wrote about human disasters in the war with earth-shattering songs. "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" incorporate deep lyricism into the narrative, which is a major change in the way of poetry expression and marks the transformation from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty. Du Fu is a connecting figure, and his fate led to Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty. Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Li He, and the school of bitter poetry made strange remarks; Li Shangyin's Seven Laws began in the late Tang Dynasty and became a model for later generations.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi's sad Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Trip, and Han Yu's cruel and generous Song of Deer Soul and Shigu Mountain Fire led the climax of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty. However, in the late Tang Dynasty, the poetic style changed again, and Du Mu's epic was infused with profound historical feelings. Li Shangyin's Beitie (Seven Laws) is gloomy and unique to Du Fu, while his obscure poems such as Jinse and Untitled go deep into the spiritual world, forming a melancholy and colorful style and becoming the last poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, which existed for a short time, and almost no poems remained. After Qin Dynasty, the two Han Dynasties (Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty) existed for about 400 years, leaving a high-value poetic heritage, first of all, Yuefu folk songs. "Yuefu" was originally a musical organ established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which produced music and trained actors for the court, and also collected folk songs for the entertainment of the court and nobles. Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi said: "Since filial piety, Yuefu has adopted many ballads, so there are styles such as Dai, Qin and Chu. It's all sad and happy, and it's all for a reason. They can also observe customs and know the thickness of clouds. " In fact, at that time, the scope of poetry collection was more than four areas: Dai, Zhao, Qin and Chu, and the scope was much larger. Words such as "feeling sad and happy, starting from something" mean that these ballads are true expressions of people's sufferings and happiness, and they are all targeted, from which rulers can observe people's feelings and understand the gains and losses of politics and religion. These folk songs are preserved because of the collection and arrangement of Yuefu organs, and are collectively called "Yuefu poems". Later generations often refer to poems that can be sung into music as "Yuefu", which is no longer the meaning of the musical organ in the Han Dynasty.
Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty inherited the tradition of The Book of Songs, truly reflected social life, with sincere feelings, different sentence lengths, flexible expression techniques and artistic appeal, and were a valuable part of ancient poetry. China's longest narrative poem "Peacock Flying Southeast" (also known as "Ancient Poetry for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife") tells the story of a young and loving couple, Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing, who were forced to divorce and double suicide, and accused them of ethical code murder. The whole poem is full of tragic atmosphere and is a rare masterpiece in Yuefu poetry.
Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties
The folk songs of Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty are few, and the most distinctive ones are the folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties after the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are mostly love songs. Jiangnan has beautiful scenery and beautiful scenery. When the political situation is stable, the living conditions are superior and there are many love poems. Most of these poems are five words and four sentences, which are characterized by soft language, ingenious conception and multi-purpose homophonic puns.
Folk songs in the Northern Dynasties have distinctive features, such as the song "Chile Song", which has been circulated for more than 1000 years and proved its charm. The famous poem Mulan was also born at this time, which enthusiastically praised Mulan, the heroine who joined the army instead of her father. Mulan may not be a real person, but similar things can happen in the war-torn north. Because people loved her morality and behavior, they later gave her a surname, "Mulan", hoping that it really existed. Mulan, the hero, appeared entirely because of Mulan's poem.
3 Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties literati poems
The Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period was basically a four-character poem, and five-character folk songs did not appear until the Han Dynasty. Five-character syllables are more expressive and musical than four-character syllables, so some literati began to learn folk songs and write five-character poems. The most mature five-character poem is Nineteen Ancient Poems, which appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. This 19 poem cannot be verified by the author, and it was not written by one person at a time. They are all works expressing depression and advocating carpe diem.
The poems of "Three Caos" and "Seven Scholars in Jian 'an" directly inherited the tradition of Yuefu poetry in Han Dynasty, and were involved in reality, with intense feelings and simple and vigorous poetic style. They were called "Jian 'an style" by later generations and became the objects of study for later poets (especially those in Tang Dynasty).
After Jian 'an, there appeared many poets in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as Ruan Ji and Ji Kang of Cao Wei. Zuo Si, Lu Ji and Tao Qian in Jin Dynasty; Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao of Liu Song; Xie Tiao and Shen Yue in Southern Qi Dynasty: Wu Jun and He Xun in Liang Dynasty; Xu Ling and Yu Xin of Chen Dynasty, and so on. Among them, Tao Qian is the most influential.
Tao Qian, also known as Yuanming, has a cheerful personality. It is said that he is the great-grandson of Tao Kan, the minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He came from a ruined bureaucratic family and worked as a junior official in pengze county. Because of his aloof temperament, he refused to "kneel down with five buckets of rice" ("five buckets of rice" is a salary), resigned and retired to his hometown of Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to live a hermit's life. He has lived in the countryside for a long time and is familiar with the life of farmers. Most of his poems describe rural life and seclusion.
After Tao Qian, the influential poets in Liu and Song Dynasties were Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao. Xie Lingyun was born in a bureaucratic family. He was politically frustrated all his life, and his heart was attached to mountains and rivers, which created the school of landscape poetry. He is good at carving words and describing them in detail, such as "Birds sing at night, trees fall in the wind" ("Sleeping on Shimen Rock"), "Eupatorium adenophorum is gradually swept away, and hibiscus originates in the pool" ("Younan Pavilion"), all of which are good sentences. The phrase "Spring grass grows in the pond and willow turns into a songbird" ("Going upstairs in the pond") is even more famous. He has good sentences, but he lacks complete good poems, and his achievements are not as good as Bao Zhao's.
Bao Zhao was born in a poor family. In the Southern Dynasties, he paid attention to his family background, and his career was very unsatisfactory. His poems reflect the sufferings of the people and attack the reality. The poem is full of the spirit of suppressing injustice and shows the attitude of not cooperating with the ruler. His poems are generous and unrestrained, with various forms and high achievements. In particular, he often wrote seven-character poems, paving the way for the growth of seven-character poems later.
During the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, phonology was formed, and poetry writing emphasized four tones (flat, upward, downward and inward) and duality, forming a new style poem with strict meter. This kind of poem was born in the Yongzheng period of the Southern Qi Dynasty and is called "Yongming Style". Representative writers are Shen Yue and Xie Tiao. Yongming style poems prepared for the formation of modern poems (regular poems and quatrains) in Tang Dynasty.
During the Liang and Chen Dynasties in the late Southern Dynasties, the rulers became increasingly extravagant and the poetic style declined, resulting in the so-called "palace poetry", which took the decadent life of emperors and nobles and pornographic content as the theme, leading to the end of poetry.
After the establishment of the Tang Empire, political stability was maintained for a long time, economy was restored and developed, and culture reached unprecedented prosperity. The whole country presents a good situation of vigorous development, creating a good social environment for poetry creation. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination emphasized poetry and fu, and intellectuals had to be able to write poems if they wanted to be officials, which also promoted poetry creation. As far as poetry itself is concerned, the five-character poems, seven-character classical poems and Yuefu songs in the Tang Dynasty have further matured, and the five-character poems and seven-character quatrains that emphasize tone and rhythm have finally formed, and the forms of poetry have also blossomed. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, many poets pushed their poetry creation to the peak, and the magnificent mountains and rivers, beautiful countryside, prosperous cities, desolate frontier fortress and bitter war were all fully expressed in their poems. In particular, Li Bai's romantic poems, which are full of wild passion and fiercely attack reality, and Du Fu's realistic poems, which care about the fate of the country and sympathize with the sufferings of people's livelihood, represent the highest achievements of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Tang poetry is a treasure of China culture. The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty, edited by Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, contains more than 48,900 poems by more than 2,200 authors. In less than 300 years, leaving such a rich cultural heritage is unique in the history of world literature. Among them, quite a few excellent poems have conquered the readers of all ages with colorful artistic charm and have been handed down from generation to generation for a long time.
The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty roughly experienced several stages: early Tang Dynasty, prosperous Tang Dynasty and middle and late Tang Dynasty. Here is a brief introduction.
1 Poetry in Early Tang Dynasty
This is the preparation period for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Important poets are Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo, Shen Quanqi and Song, who are called "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty". Poetry in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty still developed along the inertia of poetry in the Southern Dynasties, which was soft, delicate and lifeless. The emergence of the "four masters" began to change this trend. They are brilliant, dissatisfied with the status quo, expressing indignation and heroic embrace through their own poems, and broadening the theme of poetry.
Classical poetry, also known as ancient poetry or ancient style. This concept is different from the usual "ancient poetry". It is a special term, which refers to a poetic style that was popular before the Tang Dynasty and continued to be popular in the Tang Dynasty, as opposed to modern poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. The characteristics of classical poetry are: the number of sentences is not limited, the number of words in each sentence is not limited, and it can rhyme or not, and it can rhyme or change. It is not required that sentences should be flush with each other, and words should be confronted with each other. In a word, classical poetry is relatively free in meter, which is quite different from modern poetry in meter. Ancient poems can be divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems (or five-character poems and seven-character poems for short). In addition, there are ancient poems with irregular sentence patterns, which are generally classified as seven ancient poems. Some ancient poems are the same in number, number of words and meter, but different in rhyme, level and antithesis, so they are still ancient poems. The Nineteen Ancient Poems mentioned above and the poems of Tao Yuanming and others are all ancient poems.
Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry ("modern" and "modern" are Tang Dynasty terms), emphasizes strict meter. Modern poetry has four basic requirements: first, it stipulates the number of sentences and words; The second is to rhyme according to the prescribed rhyme department; Third, the words of the upper sentence and the lower sentence are required to be flat, right and sticky; Fourth, it is stipulated that some sentences should use words, that is, nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, etc.
Modern poetry is divided into two categories: (1) regular poetry, which consists of eight sentences, five of which are called five-character regular poetry and seven are called seven-character regular poetry. (2) The quatrains consist of four sentences, five of which are called five-character quatrains and seven are called seven-character quatrains.
The style of Tang poetry was complete in the early Tang Dynasty, and the peak of poetry creation appeared in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Two poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty
By the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty had the so-called "Kaiyuan Shengshi", and its economy and culture reached its peak. There are also a large number of outstanding poets in the field of poetry creation, who have written extremely rich poems. Among them, pastoral landscape poems and poems describing frontier wars accounted for a considerable proportion, and Li Bai and Du Fu also appeared at this time. Let's briefly introduce them respectively.
(1) pastoral landscape poems
Wang Wei is the most famous author of this kind of poem. Wang Wei, whose real name is miscellaneous, is the right post of Shangshu, also known as Shangshu. Influenced by Buddhist thought, he was tired of bureaucratic life and lived in seclusion in Sichuan for a period of time. He loved nature and was familiar with the countryside. His poems are quiet and leisurely, with a static beauty.
(2) Frontier War Poems
In the foreign wars in Tang Dynasty, many literati participated in them, had personal experience of frontier fortress and military life, obeyed the army instead of writing, wrote poems to describe the desolate frontier fortress scenery, praised the brave spirit of soldiers, or cursed the disasters brought about by the war, so frontier fortress poets came into being.
(3) Li Bai's poems
Li Bai (A.D. 70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman. His ancestral home is Longxi (now Gansu), and his ancestors once lived in the western regions. When Li Bai was five years old, he moved to Changlong (now Jiangyou County) in Sichuan, where he spent his adolescence. Li Bai's family is well-off, and the teenager has read hundreds of books, which shows his extraordinary literary talent. At the same time, I like to make friends, be influenced by friends and society, like to talk about cultivating immortals, yearn for chivalry, be bold and ambitious, and have a bold personality. At the age of 25, he left his hometown, traveled all over the country, made friends with celebrities, and gained high social prestige with his poems. In the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), he was recommended by a friend and summoned by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He was appointed as an imperial edict of Hanlin and lived in Chang 'an for nearly three years, and had a direct understanding of the imperial court and aristocratic society. Due to the exclusion of powerful ministers, Yu Tianbao left Chang 'an in the third year (AD 745) and began to wander again. In Luoyang, he met Du Fu, who was 1 1 years younger than him, and made a lifelong friendship. When the Anshi Rebellion began, he was fifty-five years old in Xuancheng (now Anhui). During the Anshi Rebellion, he was invited by Li Lin of Wang Yong to work in the shogunate with the feeling of serving the country. After Li Lin was eradicated by Su Heng, Li Bai was exiled to Yelang (now Guizhou) and was pardoned halfway, living between Jinling (now Nanjing) and Xuancheng. In the first year of Baoying (AD 762), he died in Dangtu (now Anhui) at the age of 62.
Li Bai fantasized all his life to display his ambition and do something great.
Li Bai's poems describing the great rivers and mountains of the motherland are many, most of which are famous. His poems are different from those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. If Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's landscape poems are meticulous, Li Bai's landscape poems are freehand brushwork. He tends not to describe every grass and tree, but to absorb the charm of nature from a macro perspective. The great rivers of the Yangtze River, the cliffs of cicadas, the clouds of Wan Li, secluded rocks and ancient trees, as soon as they arrive at his works, immediately fly up and are driven away by him, creating a natural, whimsical and unrestrained mythological world, which is the unique feature of Li Bai's poems.
Li Bai consciously inherited the romantic spirit of Qu Yuan's poems, combined with his genius and diligence, and created Li Bai's unique style. The first characteristic of his poetry is strong passion. He is pure-hearted, open-minded and has a clear love-hate relationship. When he is happy, he drinks, sings and laughs at the sky. When you are sad and angry, you should "smash the Yellow Crane Tower" but "Nautilus Island" ("Jiangxia gives Wei Nanling Ice"), you can laugh or cry, and you can't avoid it. The second feature is an incomparably rich imagination. Poetry comes like lightning, goes like a gust, changes vertically and horizontally, ups and downs. With his lyric needs, ancient and modern figures, astronomical geography knowledge, real history and illusory myths come to his pen at any time, injecting poetry and serving him. The third feature is to express passion in exaggerated language; Extremely exaggerated poems such as "Three thousands of feet with White Hair", "Snowflakes in Yanshan Mountain are as big as seats" and "A gust of wind blows down the mountain in three days" abound in his poems. It is only because of its exaggeration that it is vivid and extremely inaccurate, but it accurately expresses his feelings.
(4) Du Fu's poems
Du Fu (A.D. 7 12-770) was born in Gong County, Henan Province, and came from a well-educated family. His grandfather Du Shen Yan was a famous poet. When I was young, I traveled from wuyue in the south to Qi and Zhao in the north. 35 years old, went to Chang' an to ask for an official. After living in poverty for 10 years, I finally got an eight-product junior official. An Shi Rebellion broke out, Chang 'an fell, Du Fu was trapped by thieves, and then fled to Su Zong Hengli, where he was left behind and picked up. At the age of 49, he abandoned his official position and went to Sichuan with his family, and settled in a thatched cottage outside Chengdu. He was sponsored by his good friend Yanwu as the Foreign Minister of the Ministry of Education (so he was often called Du Gongbu). He lived in Sichuan for eight years. At the age of 57, he left Sichuan and moved to Hubei and Hunan. At the age of 59, he died on a boat near Yueyang.
Li and Du are equally famous, but their personalities and poetic styles are quite different. Li Bai is like a wild and uninhibited horse, and Du Fuxiang is hard-working and has his own style and value. Du Fu's poetic style is mature and steady, and tends to be realistic. All his poems, on the one hand, reflect the life experience of an upright intellectual, and at the same time, they are a true portrayal of the history of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. Du Fu's poems are also called "the history of poetry" by later generations, which is based on this.
The Anshi Rebellion is the most painful experience in Du Fu's life, and it is also an important content of his poems.
Du Fu's metrical poetry is the highest achievement of metrical poetry and has always been recognized as a model of metrical poetry. Good at learning and inheriting tradition; "Words never die", and the attitude of writing poems is serious. Both ancient poems and modern poems are in a wonderful and beautiful state. The so-called "poet saint" is a saint in the field of poetry. Du Fu is the only person who has won this honor in the history of China's poetry for more than 3,000 years.
3 Poetry in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty
In the middle and late Tang dynasty, the heyday of the dynasty has passed, but poetry creation has not declined. Outstanding poets with different styles have emerged, such as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Zhang Ji, Li He, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Wen and Du Xunhe. Their poems reflect the crisis and folk sufferings in the decline of the Tang Dynasty empire from different angles, and their artistic achievements are very high, which have a great influence on future generations.
Han Yu is a great prose writer and a famous poet. He worships Li and Du most, but he does not imitate them step by step, but creates a unique style through his own exploration. Korean poetry is characterized by seeking novelty and avoiding vulgarity. Together with his good friend Meng Jiao, it is called "Han Meng Poetry School".
Li He is also a famous poet. His poems are influenced by Han Yu, but his style is different from Han Yu's. His poems are rich in imagination, peculiar in images and magnificent in rhetoric, and often write ghostly themes, so they are called "ghosts"
Bai Juyi was the most accomplished poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi (772-846 AD) was called "Bai Yuan" because he was an official for half his life and was as famous as his good friend Yuan Zhen. He advocated that "articles should be written for the times, and songs and poems should be written for things" (nine books at the end of Yuan Dynasty), that is, poetry should serve the times and reality. This clear theory is quite progressive. He understands and sympathizes with the people's sufferings. His 50 political satires, New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin 10, are all good works pleading for the people.
Li Shangyin and Du Mu were outstanding poets in the late Tang Dynasty. Du Mu's fresh and beautiful lyric poems are widely known. Li Shangyin is good at poems with unique laws, and often satirizes reality by praising historical themes.
The number of authors, the breadth of subjects, the superb art and the far-reaching influence of Tang poetry are unprecedented. We should inherit and study this precious heritage and absorb its essence, hoping to create a new peak of China's poetry one day.
The Song Dynasty is another dynasty with the most developed poetic art after the Tang Dynasty, and the total number of Song poems preserved so far far far exceeds that of Tang poems.
Poets in the Song Dynasty knew the value of Tang poetry and paid great attention to learning from poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi, Li Shangyin and some poets in the late Tang Dynasty. On the basis of inheriting the tradition of Tang poetry, they found a new way and created their own works, forming their own unique characteristics. It has been argued for hundreds of years which is better or worse in Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it is difficult to reach an accurate conclusion. Judging from the overall achievements of the two generations of poetry, it is an indisputable fact that the achievements of Tang poetry are higher and have a greater impact on future generations and the world. An expert said: "In terms of content, Song poetry is broader than Tang poetry. As far as techniques are concerned, Song poetry is more elaborate than Tang poetry. But there are advantages and disadvantages, so Song poetry is not better than Tang poetry, but different from Tang poetry. " (Miao Yue's On Song Poetry) This is an acceptable evaluation.
Great achievements have been made in literature in the Ming Dynasty, but mainly in novels, there have been immortal works such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, but there have been no first-class poets and first-class works in the field of poetry. For 270 years, poetry creation has been detoured, lacking creativity and pioneering spirit, and most of the works written are unremarkable, which is a pity.
Qing Dynasty is another prosperous dynasty in the history of China's poetry. Although its influence is not as great as that of Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are also many famous artists who have made great achievements. Some poets in Qing dynasty tend to inherit the tradition of Tang poetry, some tend to inherit the tradition of Song poetry, and some ignore the poems of Tang, Song and Fan generations and learn from their successors. Many of them have formed their own characteristics.
1 Poetry in the Early Qing Dynasty
Gu, Wang Fuzhi and Huang Zongxi were famous scholars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and their thoughts and works had a great influence on later generations. As Gong Zizhen said, "I have never been an adult, but my face is not single-minded." These three scholars are also famous poets.
Wu (A.D. 1609- 1672) was born in Taicang, Jiangsu. He also spanned the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His poems have a wide range of contents, high achievements and great titles.
2 Poetry in the Middle Qing Dynasty
The mid-Qing Dynasty (Qianlong and Jiaqing periods) was a period of stable development of the Qing Dynasty, which formed the "Ganjia School" academically and made great achievements in collating ancient books. The great novel A Dream of Red Mansions appeared in novel creation. There are also many achievements in poetry creation, which is an era when poets come forth in large numbers.
Emperor Qianlong should be mentioned here, because he likes to write poems everywhere. Everyone is familiar with the so-called "legacy of Qianlong". He once said: "Poetry is the most important thing in a person's life", and he worships Du Fu the most. He is a fanatic of poetry. In his later years, he claimed to have written more than 40,000 poems in his life. In terms of quantity, he may be the "first" poet in China. Many of his poems have the airs of emperors, so no one has ever mentioned him in the history of literature. In fact, some of his poems are quite good.
3 Poetry in Late Qing Dynasty
Sure enough, as predicted by Huang Jingren, great worries came to China, and China fell into internal troubles and foreign invasion since the Opium War. It was also at this time that an outstanding thinker and poet Gong Zizhen appeared.
Gong Zizhen (A.D. 1792- 184 1) was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Before the Opium War broke out, he saw the corruption of bureaucracy clearly, foresaw the coming crisis, called for social reform, and wrote many works attacking reality. Poetry is also his weapon to criticize reality.
By the end of19th century, the Qing dynasty was at home and abroad, and the social crisis was further deepened. With the development of the national salvation movement, Liang Qichao and others put forward the slogan of "Poetry Revolution", demanding that "the old style contains new artistic conception" (in Liang Qichao's words), that is, expressing new ideas in the old form, which should be said to be a kind of progress. At this time, an outstanding poet Huang Zunxian appeared.
Huang Zunxian (A.D. 1848— 1905) was born in Jiaying, Guangdong. As a professional diplomat, he lived in eastern and western countries for many years and was deeply influenced by western culture, but he was always a staunch patriot and a member of the Reform Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. He said, "I use my hand-written mouth. Can the ancients hold it? " It is to advocate writing personal experiences, feeling personally, saying what you want to say, and not being slaves of the ancients. He has experienced a lot, "traveling to four continents in a hundred years" and visiting four continents all over the world. He is knowledgeable and emancipated, so his poems are extensive in content and flexible in technique, which truly realizes his idea of "I write by hand".