China:
Chinese refers to the language of the Han nationality, also known as Chinese and Putonghua. Belonging to Sino-Tibetan language family, it is an isolated language with tones. Chinese characters in China writing system are ideographic characters, but at the same time, they also have a certain degree of phonetic function.
Chinese is one of the six working languages stipulated by the United Nations. Chinese is the language with the largest number of users and the fastest growing number of learners in the world. In Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Singapore, Chinese is the official language.
Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province Province use modern standard Chinese as the lingua franca, which is basically used by Chinese all over the world, while Cantonese is used as the lingua franca in Hong Kong and Macao. In addition, overseas Chinese also use Hakka, Minnan or other Chinese dialects as the common language for community communication.
Modern standard Chinese takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical vernacular as the grammatical norm. Chinese is called Chinese in Chinese textbooks in Chinese mainland. It should be noted that "Mandarin" in Chinese mainland, "Mandarin" in Taiwan Province Province and "Mandarin" in Singapore are different in pronunciation to some extent, and there are also many Chinese characters with fundamentally different pronunciations.
As a language with ideographic writing system, Chinese has a high degree of unity and standardization, and modern Chinese has a unified and standardized grammar. But Chinese characters are not directly accurate in phonetic notation. In the long historical period, the pronunciation of Chinese characters has changed greatly, resulting in great differences in dialect pronunciation. The standardization of Chinese written language reduces the obstacles of written communication caused by dialect differences.
Singapore:
Singapore attaches great importance to Chinese, because the proportion of Chinese in Singapore is very high, which has reached 80% at present. No country has ever had such a high proportion of Chinese as Singapore. Singapore takes the initiative to regard Chinese as the second language or mother tongue of Singapore. Singaporeans pay more and more attention to learning Chinese. For those who travel to Singapore, there is no need to worry about the poor language, because they can communicate in Chinese locally. It is worth mentioning that the first president of Singapore was also Chinese.
Malaysia:
At the same time, Malaysia is also a country that uses Chinese. There are also a large number of Chinese in Malaysia, but the proportion of Chinese in Malaysia is not as good as that in Singapore. However, Malaysia has a greater advantage than Singapore in the application of Chinese, that is, Malaysians are more fluent in Chinese. Although Singaporeans also speak Chinese, conversations can often make people laugh and cry. As our country becomes more and more developed, its status in the world is getting higher and higher, and the use of Chinese is becoming more and more extensive. I believe that Chinese will be used more and more in future life.
Thailand:
When traveling in many places in Thailand, you will often find signs and signs in Chinese, especially in Phuket, Pattaya, Bangkok, Koh Samui and Chiang Mai.
Chiang Mai, once the capital of Lanna Dynasty, has a very good cultural atmosphere and holiday atmosphere, and is increasingly welcomed by China tourists. All the major transportation hubs in this city have Chinese signs, and some staff members can speak Chinese. In Chiang Mai, because the number of tourists from China far exceeds that of other countries, the signs of some night market stalls are more obvious in Chinese than in English.
Vietnam:
As early as the first century, that is, the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, Chinese characters spread to East Asia and were also used by Vietnamese. Chinese characters were introduced to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago during the Wei and Jin Dynasties in China, so Vietnamese used Chinese characters earlier than Koreans and Japanese. After Chinese characters were introduced into Vietnam, they became the official language of Vietnam. At that time, Vietnamese works were basically written in Chinese characters, and Chinese characters could be written in Vietnam at that time. Being able to write classical Chinese is a symbol of nobility.
After entering the modern society, there has been a movement to abolish Chinese characters in many countries, arguing that Chinese characters are difficult to learn, recognize and teach, which hinders the development of their own science and culture. Vietnam was no exception during this period, and at that time, Vietnam became a colony of France, and colonialists promoted the abolition of Chinese characters in Vietnam. In recent decades, Vietnamese people have been calling for the restoration of Chinese character education. Some scholars also demand that Chinese character education be a compulsory course for primary and secondary schools, because many words in Vietnamese tourism today come from ancient Chinese, and almost 60% of them are Chinese words.
Myanmar:
The laws of three China Special Zones in Shan State of Myanmar stipulate the status of Chinese. The first China Special Zone is the Kokang Autonomous Region of Myanmar, which is dominated by the Kokang people of Han nationality. This is the only Chinese autonomous region in the world. At the end of Qing Dynasty, it was once the territory of China, but it was taken away by Britain and included in Myanmar. Yunnan people called it the lost land in western Yunnan. Until 2009, the Han people were in power here, so everything was China culture. However, with the ruling of Myanmar in recent years, Burmese has gradually increased, and Chinese has become a folk language.
The Shan State Special Zone in Myanmar is the second special zone in Shan State in Myanmar (Wa State: a special zone dominated by Wa people) and the fourth special zone in Shan State in Myanmar. Myanmar's Wa Basic Law stipulates that Chinese characters and Wa language are the official languages. Although the two special zones are dominated by ethnic minorities (the fourth special zone is dominated by the Wa nationality and the Dai nationality), the ethnic minorities here are deeply influenced by Chinese culture, and think that they are members of the Chinese nation, have celebrated traditional festivals of Chinese culture (both have bold cultural festivals), speak Chinese and use simplified characters.
The evolution of Chinese:
Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang):
About 654.38+05,000 pieces of Oracle bones were found, with more than 4500 words. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions records are extremely rich in content, involving many aspects of social life in Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military affairs, culture and social customs, but also astronomy, calendars, medicine and other science and technology.
(Shang):
Bronze inscriptions refer to characters cast on bronze wares of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, also known as Zhong Dingwen. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age, with the tripod as the representative ritual vessel and the bell as the representative musical instrument. "Zhong Ding" was synonymous with bronze ware. Therefore, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions on bronze refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes.
Dazhuan (Qin):
Representing the present Shi Guwen, it was named after a book written by Tai Shihuan of Zhou Xuanwang. On the basis of the original text, he transformed it and got his name because it was engraved on the stone drum. It is the earliest stone carving text that has been circulated so far, and it is the ancestor of stone carving. It began in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and traveled in Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The fonts are similar to those of Qin Zhuan, but the configurations of glyphs overlap.
Xiao Zhuan (Qin):
Xiao Zhuan is also called "Qin Zhuan". During the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to unify the characters, which was called Xiao Zhuan. It was in the Qin dynasty. The shape is long, even and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan.
In italics:
Regular script is also called official script, or real book. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name. Began in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Cursive script (Chinese):
A style of Chinese characters. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing.
Run the script:
A font between regular script and cursive script, which can be said to be cursive or cursive. It is to make up for the shortcomings of slow writing in regular script and illegible cursive script. The brushwork is not as sloppy as cursive script, and it is not required to be as correct as regular script. There are more methods of mold opening than cursive writing, which is called "mold opening". Cursive calligraphy is more than modular method, which is called "cursive calligraphy". Running script was produced in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Characteristics of Chinese characters:
Chinese characters are a writing symbol system for recording Chinese and one of the oldest characters in the world. It was gradually created by Han ancestors in long-term social practice. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, and ideographic symbols are used to represent words or morphemes of Chinese characters. A Chinese character usually represents a word or a morpheme in Chinese, which constitutes the unity of sound, form and meaning of Chinese characters. Chinese characters are square characters composed of strokes, so they are also called square characters. Such as car, business, culture and so on. Car, business and Ming directly express the meaning of language in the form of words, which express both meaning and sound. The door is sound and the mouth is meaning.