Legal Certification of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products in China
1. What are the legal agricultural product quality certification institutions in China?
In 2003, China established the Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center of the Ministry of Agriculture. The three sub-centers of planting products, animal husbandry products and fishery products under the center are legal agricultural product quality and safety certification institutions, which are responsible for the certification of all kinds of pollution-free agricultural products throughout the country. Among them, the Fishery Product Certification Sub-center of the Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center of the Ministry of Agriculture is affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences and is responsible for the specific certification of fishery products.
Secondly, the key to the quality of agricultural products in China lies in circulation.
In China, most agricultural products trading markets are spontaneously formed on the basis of agricultural products markets. This spontaneously formed trading market has no strict institutional constraints, and sales activities are often carried out by retail investors, making it easy to get in and out. There is no uniform specification for the products sold, and the products are generally purchased by retail investors themselves, which seriously affects the operating efficiency of the agricultural product trading market. In the production of agricultural products, due to the spontaneity of agricultural products trading market, it is difficult to form collective procurement management, collective cooperative production of agricultural products, scale economy and production efficiency decrease obviously. In the procurement of agricultural products, there are too many links from the field to the kitchen in China, and agricultural products have to go through at least four links to enter the market. Farmers are responsible for producing agricultural products and selling them to agricultural brokers, who wholesale the purchased agricultural products to traders, who then sell them to farmers' markets or supermarkets and finally sell them to residents for consumption. This complicated circulation mode prolongs the circulation time of agricultural products and increases the loss of fresh agricultural products. In addition, with the recent rise in oil prices, the new losses of each link have also increased, which makes the prices of each link increase by at least 5% to 10%, which greatly increases the circulation cost of agricultural products, pushes up the prices of agricultural products and reduces the price competitiveness of China's agricultural products market.
The 4th China Cold Chain Logistics Industry Conference sponsored by Shanghai Commercial Committee and China Logistics Technology Association opened in Shanghai. At the meeting, the National Development and Reform Commission's Development Plan for Cold Chain Logistics of Agricultural Products was released, aiming at establishing a unified guiding ideology and development goals for the national cold chain logistics enterprises.
The reporter learned from the planning that China is a big country in agricultural production and consumption. At present, vegetable production accounts for about 60% of the world's total output, fruit and meat production accounts for 30%, and poultry eggs and aquatic products account for 40%. In recent years, the output of fresh agricultural products in China has increased rapidly, with about 400 million tons of fresh agricultural products entering the circulation field every year, and the proportion of cold chain logistics has gradually increased. At present, the cold chain circulation rates of fruits and vegetables, meat and aquatic products in China reach 5%, 15% and 23% respectively, and the summer transportation rates of cold storage reach 15%, 30% and 40% respectively, and the scale of cold chain logistics is growing rapidly.
For a long time, the postharvest loss of agricultural products in China is very serious. The loss rates of fruits and vegetables, meat and aquatic products in circulation reach 20%-30%, 12% and 15% respectively, and the annual loss of fruits and vegetables alone reaches more than 654.38+000 billion yuan. In developed countries in Europe and America, the corruption rate of fruits and vegetables in circulation is generally only 5%-6%. In other words, logistics companies also transport 10 tons of vegetables, which will only "waste" hundreds of kilograms in Europe and America, and "evaporate" 2-3 tons in China. With the increase of consumption in logistics, the cost of retail terminals naturally rises, and the price of vegetables that residents have to bear naturally rises.
The price of vegetables in circulation has risen sharply.
At present, a vegetable in Tiantou costs only 1 yuan, which may cost as much as 3 yuan through circulation and wholesale. Strangely, however, the middlemen in every link put their hands on their wallets and claimed that they "didn't make money".
In Guilin Town, Tongnan County, Chongqing, vegetable farmers sell radishes to food buyers at the price of one kilogram of 0.9 yuan. Vegetable buyers transport radishes to Panxi vegetable wholesale market in Tongnan county, and the transaction price with wholesalers is per kilogram 1. 1 yuan; Wholesalers sell to vegetable vendors at the price of per kilogram 1.2 yuan; Vegetable vendors pull radishes to Nanping Zhengyang Farmers' Market and wholesale them to market terminal vendors at the price of per kilogram 1.4 yuan; According to the size of radish, vendors set the price of radish at 2.7 yuan, 2.8 yuan and 3 yuan per kilogram. In this way, the price of these radishes from Tiantou to the county vegetable market tripled, and the price increase in circulation reached 2. 1 yuan per kilogram.
In Pudong New Area, the price of lentils purchased by a lentil production cooperative from vegetable farmers is per catty 1. 1 yuan, and the transaction price in the wholesale market is per catty 1.4 yuan. In Chongming, the price for cooperatives to buy a catty of cabbage from vegetable farmers is 0.5 yuan. Through wholesale markets and vegetable vendors, the retail price exceeds 1.5 yuan.
The lentil transporter in Pudong New Area said that 0.05 yuan is the gross profit of the enterprise, and 0.25 yuan is the cost of logistics and labor. Vegetable wholesalers in Chongqing also stressed that a large part of the price increase in logistics links is to offset the loss of agricultural products in transit.
Experts suggest that reducing lost circulation is the key.
"These unnecessary losses in the transportation process indirectly lead to high prices of agricultural products retail terminals and high living costs for urban residents. At the same time, farmers increased their production without increasing their income, and gradually lost their enthusiasm for planting and breeding. "
At the cold chain industry conference, many representatives said that further development of cold chain logistics during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period can effectively reduce the decay rate of agricultural products in circulation and alleviate the pressure of urban residents from the "vegetable basket".
Liu Min, director of the Market System Construction Department of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Commerce, said that the biggest cost of circulation is logistics, and the long-term measures and responsibilities of the government are to build a good platform, cultivate a good market and reduce logistics costs from the social scope. "Shanghai has taken a number of measures to stabilize vegetable prices, and some specific measures will be introduced next week."
Qin Peng, vice president of Zhengzhou Sinian Food Company, even boldly predicted that if the loss of vegetables and meat in transit can be reduced, there is still room for urban residents to reduce the price of vegetables by about 10%.
Thirdly, the example of brand building of agricultural products in China shows that Wanquan brand agricultural products sell well in domestic and foreign markets.
In recent years, the food processing industry in Wanquan county has shown a large-scale, high-standard and wide-ranging industrial development trend, forming a gratifying situation in which "leading enterprises" drive large-scale agricultural product processing enterprises and small-scale agricultural product processing enterprises scattered around. At present, the county has developed more than 2 10 agricultural products processing enterprises, among which more than 30 brand products such as "Hejiu" and "Kangxi" are not only sold well all over the country, but also exported to Japan, South Korea, the United States, Canada, Russia and other countries and regions.
Small foods make big brands. With the advantage of agricultural resources, the county develops food processing industry, pays special attention to the two leading projects of "fresh corn" and "oat processing", and actively provides services for various agricultural products processing enterprises. According to the intensive management mode of "farm+factory" and fixed production by sales, Lv Zhong (Hebei) Food Development Co., Ltd. was promoted to implement the export projects of corn deep processing and vegetable preservation, which radiated thousands of farmers in six counties, including Wanquan and Guyuan, and all the products were exported to Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia. Seven kinds of oat products, such as "Kangxi" brand oatmeal, "Lvwantianyuan" brand oatmeal powder and oatmeal rice, have passed the examination of China Green Food Development Center, and obtained the A-level product certification of green food, accounting for more than 1/3 of the total sales of oat products in the county.
Standardize the industrial chain. Leading agricultural enterprises actively responded to the call of the county party committee and government to implement the strategy of industrialization, standardization and internationalization, put forward the slogan of "promoting industrialization through standardization", strengthened measures, and vigorously promoted agricultural standardized production. Taking the formulation of standards such as Technical Regulations for Pollution-free Production in Wanquan County and Green Food Standard as an opportunity, the leading agricultural enterprises in this county have vigorously developed business models such as "enterprise+base+farmers" and "leading enterprises+professional organizations+farmers' shares", organically combining farmers, land and enterprises, and strengthening the standardization of production, processing and sales, which has become an important driving force for rural development. Many leading enterprises have also begun to consciously adopt national standards and international standards to promote enterprise upgrading. There are more than 0/00 kinds of registered agricultural products in the county, and 9 enterprises have obtained the right to export themselves. The county's annual food export reaches more than 7 million US dollars.