This is the first successful cheap papers in the United States, founded by Benjamin Day on September 3rd. 1833. Benjamin Day was born as a printing apprentice and came to new york to open a printing factory in183/kloc-0. In order to get rid of the slow business, he decided to run a cheap papers for ordinary people. He took some measures: (1) insisted on issuing at a low price, with four editions (that is, a penny), mainly on the street. He also gave a big discount to newspaper vendors, and the wholesale price of 100 newspapers was only 67 cents to promote distribution. (2) The contents of newspapers are mainly local news, social news and various human stories. He also hired wisner, an Englishman who is good at writing police news, to write for the newspaper, which is very popular with readers. (3) Newspapers attract a large number of advertisements by virtue of their ability to spread to thousands of households. Rich advertising revenue makes it possible for newspapers to update their equipment. Because 1837 adopted the most advanced drum printing machine at that time, it printed 4000 newspapers per hour, which ensured a large number of publications.
The above-mentioned practice of The Sun created a precedent for American business tabloids. It should be said that the style of this newspaper is not high. In order to attract customers, newspapers are full of low-level, vulgar and sensational things, even at the expense of counterfeiting and arbitrary fabrication. For example, in August of 1835, the newspaper published a series of reports of British scientists observing the moon with super-large telescopes at the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, fabricated the existence of birds and animals on the moon, and later discovered the moon man, and vividly described the details of the moon man with wings and the shape of a bat, which caused a great sensation at one time. Later, the scam was exposed, and peers rose to blame. However, the newspaper's management method has achieved obvious success. When it was first published, it printed 1000 copies, and sold 5,000 copies four months later, ranking first among all newspapers in new york. One year later it reached 10,000 copies, and three years later it reached 30,000 copies, which shocked the press. With the increase of circulation, advertisements have also increased sharply, and newspaper owners have made a fortune.
1837, Benjamin Day sold the sun to others. 1868, Charles Dana, a famous newspaper, took over and became the editor-in-chief for 29 years, which led to the revival of the Sun, and its sales volume once again led, reaching130,000 in 1876. Dana advocates a concise and clear news style. He thinks that ordinary Americans work hard and they need warm and interesting news. Newspapers should present "a true picture of daily activities all over the world" in an extremely concise and vivid form. After Dana, the newspaper changed hands several times, and 1920 stopped publishing. The rest of the evening papers were merged into other newspapers at 1950. New York herald.
Published on May 6th, 1835. Originally called MorningHerald, it was renamed The Herald six months later. The founder, JamesGordonBennet, is the deputy editor-in-chief of Courier and Inquirer. In the preface of the Herald, he said that an independent non-partisan newspaper should be established to record the facts, report impartially and independently, and comment appropriately. He identified the readers as "the broad masses of the society" and the newspaper was priced at 10 cents (in the second year, the space was expanded to 20 cents). As a cheap papers, The Herald is also keen on sensational topics, but it covers a wider range and pays more attention to all-round news reports. It devotes itself to collecting and writing local news, but also pays attention to national information and international news. Bennett personally interviewed the Wall Street financial market and wrote reports and comments, which attracted the attention of the financial community. This newspaper is the first social news, which is devoted to the social gathering of wealthy families and attracts the attention of all walks of life. The newspaper took the lead in providing sports news to attract fans, opening up a column of letters from readers, and reflecting people's feelings and public opinions. The Herald sent reporters to Washington from 184 1 to report the political situation in the capital and the debates in Congress in time. It also sends journalists to major cities. During the civil war, more than 40 journalists were distributed in various battlefields, and the number of war reports exceeded all competitors. These practices of the Herald have achieved remarkable results. Established for half a year, the sales volume is close to the sun, and the circulation of 1850 exceeds 30,000. In the 1960s, it reached 60,000 copies, ranking first among all newspapers in China and widely read in Europe.
187 1 year, this newspaper sent a reporter Stanley to the hinterland of Africa to find the missing explorer Livingstone; Two years later, the newspaper cooperated with the British "Daily Telegraph" to let Stanley lead the expedition to continue the exploration in Central Africa. Since then, the newspaper has also organized Arctic expeditions and desert expeditions in Central Asia. In the course of these activities, newsletters from far away are constantly published, reporting stories that many readers have never heard of. In 1970s and 1980s, the sales volume was about 6.5438+0.5 million, and then it gradually declined. In 654.38+0.924, it merged with Tribune to form New York Herald Tribune. Tribune in new york
1841April 10. The founder HoraceGreeley is a journalist and political activist who advocates social improvement. He was born as a printer and founded a printing factory in partnership with others. In 1930s, he worked as an editor of the Whig Party newspaper and joined the Whig Party. Later, he succeeded in creating momentum for the Whig Party in the governor election and the presidential election, thus becoming one of the three giants of the Whig Party in new york. In this context, the Tribune he founded is often inextricably linked with the political activities of the Whig Party.
Compared with other cheap papers, Tribune has its own characteristics. First of all, it abandons grandstanding. Although there are also social news and police reports, they mainly explain the process and do not blindly pursue stimulation, thus gaining the nickname "moral organ". Secondly, pay attention to speech and publish a lot of articles advocating social reform. His remarks were closely combined with the concerns of the lower class, including propagating utopian socialism, advocating the development of the western region, demanding the crackdown on speculative businessmen, severely punishing corrupt officials, advocating the prohibition of smoking and alcohol, and protecting tariffs, which had an important impact.
Tribune's reform speech has two biggest influences: (1) advocating the development of the western region. This is the inevitable trend of American economic development at that time, and it is also the way for the urban poor to make a living. The newspaper put forward the loud slogan "Young people, go west", which played an important role in the wave of Americans' westward advancement in the 1940s. The newspaper also actively urged the government to build railways, set up power lines, formulate a "homestead law" (preferential treatment for western immigrants to buy land), and publicize the knowledge of scientific farming, which was well received by farmers in the west. (2) Oppose slavery. In 1950s, the national abolitionist movement rose, and the Tribune actively publicized it. Grilli also participated in the establishment of the * * * and the party advocating the abolition of slavery (split from the Whig Party), helped Lincoln enter the White House, and later promoted the war against the South. 186 1 June, the newspaper said "March on Richmond" became the marching order of the northern military and civilians. 1862 In August, the newspaper called for the rapid liberation of slaves in the conquered areas with "the prayers of 20 million people". Three days later, Lincoln gave a positive answer in an open letter, and a month later, The Emancipation Proclamation was published. Therefore, American historians highly value the role of Tribune in the abolitionist movement, and think that its influence is second only to Lincoln himself.
Tribune attaches importance to recruiting talents to run the newspaper and attracts people of insight from all walks of life to write articles. Marx served as the newspaper's correspondent in Britain for a long time. During the period of 185 1- 1862, he wrote more than 500 comments on European issues for the newspaper, which greatly enhanced its reputation.
Tribune was sold for one cent when it was founded and two cents the following year. The circulation is slightly less than that of The Sun and The Herald, but its influence on society is far more than that of the two, especially in the central and western regions, which is almost a household name. Some people think that its influence is second only to the Bible. 1924, the newspaper was merged by the tribune New York Herald (1966).
The above three newspapers were all tabloid pages, which were then called the three "tabloids" in new york.
New york Times (new york Times)
1851September18 was founded by Raymond in partnership with two colleagues. 184 1 after graduating from university in, henry raymond worked in Tribune, Messenger and Inquirer and Harper's Monthly successively, and took an active part in political activities. 185 1 was elected speaker of the new York state legislature. When this newspaper was first published, it was named The New-York Daily Times. There were four editions and the price was one cent. The following year, it sold for twenty cents, and 1857 was renamed new york Times.
The newspaper abandoned the sensational style of The Sun and The Herald, ruled out the radical political attitude of Tribune, and advocated informative news, objective reporting and peaceful remarks to meet the needs of readers whose reading level was constantly improving at that time. The newspaper was published for three months, with 20,000 copies, and reached 40,000 copies in the fourth year. During the American Civil War, it became an outstanding daily newspaper. At that time, the newspaper sent more than 30 war correspondents, and Raymond personally reported the war, and the report on the war was excellent. In order to explain the mistakes made by southern states when they tried to secede from the Union, Raymond wrote four open letters to southern readers, which not only expressed his understanding of the southern viewpoint, but also calmly refuted it, fully showing the "peaceful" tone of the newspaper. It should be pointed out that from 1930s to 1950s, readers became more mature, and they needed news reports with substantive content, not just grandstanding. Although cheap papers is also making progress, The New York Times is obviously better in this respect, and the press does not regard it as a tabloid.
Raymond, editor-in-chief of The New York Times, has been engaged in political activities, and has served as Speaker of New York State, Deputy Governor, Chairman of the Party National Committee and Member of Congress. Therefore, although the newspaper advertised independence, it actually always reflected his partisanship. Raymond died, and Jones, a partner, took over. It was not until the 1980s that he officially got rid of the influence of * * * and the party and became a completely independent newspaper.