"Black holes in the 20th century" and Lenin's assassination

On August 30th, 85 years ago, "female spy" Fanny Kaplan assassinated Lenin. On this day in 2003, I came across a newly published research book, Fanny Kaplan or Who Killed Lenin, which was jointly published by X-History Publishing House and Russian "History Research Society", in the largest bookstore in Moscow (in Arbat Street in the center of the city). Later, when interviewing Russian scholars, I learned that although time flies,

At present, most historical researchers in Russia believe that Kaplan was the real murderer of Lenin and a terrorist appointed by the right-wing social revolutionary party. However, some scholars have put forward the opposite opinion. According to their historical data and valid evidence, Kaplan did not directly participate in the assassination of Lenin, because she suffered from eye diseases and her eyesight was poor, so she could not shoot normally. These scholars even put forward bold assumptions and reasoning: the assassination of Lenin became the fuse of the later "Kremlin trial"! But in any case, it is precisely because of Kaplan's assassination of Lenin that the events related to it became the top secret of the Soviet regime for nearly a century, so that it eventually became a "black hole" in the 20th century and an eternal mystery in Russian history. The author of Fanny Kaplan or Who Killed Lenin believes that the protagonist Fanny Kaplan still lives in this black hole.

Why was Kaplan, a female assassin, arrested and quickly executed after her assassination? What is Kaplan's situation after Lenin's assassination attempt, and what is the internal connection with that period of Russian history? During my stay in Moscow, with the help of several news organizations in Moscow, I found some information about the China female assassin, which was both familiar and unfamiliar-some top-secret documents of the Moscow National Historical Archives. I think it is of great reference value for readers to understand Kaplan's identity, interpret Russian history and analyze the significance of Fanny Kaplan or Who Killed Lenin.

Kaplan's full name is Fanny Yefeimovna Kaplan. She was born in a Jewish family in Warren Province, Ukraine on 1890. Kaplan's father was a devout and loyal person to the regime at that time, but his little daughter Kaplan later became the sworn enemy of the new Soviet regime-she actually shot and wounded Lenin, the leader of this regime!

1905 after the Russian revolution, Kaplan began to approach anarchists and began to participate in their various activities. When she was active in revolutionary circles, she used the pseudonym Dora. Kaplan first participated in terrorist activities in 1906, when she was 16 years old. At that time, she planned to participate in the assassination of the chief executive of Kiev, but failed and she was arrested. The military court of Kiev authorities initially sentenced her to death, but in view of her unsuccessful terrorist activities, she was sentenced to life hard labor. Therefore, Kaplan, who was very young, began to taste the heaviness and pain of life behind bars very early. According to the historical data of lifting the ban in Russia, she was almost completely blind at that time, and later she was sent to a missionary hospital for medical treatment before she recovered. However, her eyesight has not recovered. It is precisely because of this that Russian and western historical experts have suggested that it is debatable whether a semi-blind woman is really the gunman who assassinated Lenin.

However, for Kaplan, this hard labor undoubtedly changed her political life. While in prison, she met Maria sperry, a famous Russian activist of the right-wing Social Revolutionary Party, and Kaplan's initial thoughts began to shift from anarchism to the view of the Social Revolutionary Party. 19 17 After the February Revolution in Russia, she was released from prison at the age of 27. That year, the October Revolution that shocked the world broke out in Russia. She was forced to move to Kharikov, where she underwent eye surgery. There are also sporadic written records about this action in the archives of the Russian KGB.

Later, the day of the incident, namely1965438+August 30, 2008, was called "a fatal day in Russian history" by Russian historians. On that day, a workers' rally was held in the Michele Pine factory in the Letsky district of ZaMoscoff, and Lenin, leader of the Soviet regime, made a speech at the meeting. After the meeting, Lenin was assassinated at the gate of this factory. The murderer shot Lenin three times in the body!

According to the records of the Russian National Archives and the Soviet Security Intelligence Agency, Kaplan was arrested outside the factory instead of being captured by workers and sailors when he ran outside the factory after shooting the lens in Lenin film 19 18.

Recently, I also saw Russian scholars' descriptions of the assassination scene in the former Michele Pine Factory and the present Lenin Memorial Hall, which are inconsistent with the archives of the above two official institutions. The record reads: "... Kaplan made a mistake, maybe she wants to die for it." At that time, she stood there, motionless leaning against a tree, watching the screaming people run out of Michelle Pine's door. All the sailors and young workers ran out, and they shouted,' Get her, don't let her get away!' At this time, Kaplan first adjusted his shoes in situ, then narrowed his eyes and looked at the dark place like a person with high myopia. People who rushed to her side looked at her and shouted,' That's her! She shot him! "

That's how Kaplan was arrested.

In the Lenin Memorial Hall in the original site of the Helson factory in Moscow, the interrogation materials and photos of Kaplan and other social revolutionaries by the former Soviet Cheka (Soviet security spy agency) personnel are also well preserved. The executors of this trial were Yurovski, who personally executed the execution of the last Russian czar's family, and another prosecutor, Jin Jisep. According to the investigation photos in the memorial hall, Kaplan shot Lenin next to a bus. Kaplan was obviously closer to Lenin than the car. Therefore, investigators believe that even if the murderer is a person with high myopia, it is impossible to shoot at such a close distance and miss the target! After reconnaissance, Kaplan fired four shots, two of which hit Lenin. The file also contains the interrogation record of Kaplan's colleague в Novikov. According to the file, Novikov put on a sailor's sea soul shirt that day and was responsible for stopping the crowd at the gate of Lenin's workshop to report on Kaplan's shooting at Lenin. I think this is what the movie called: "Don't crowd, let Comrade Lenin go first!" " That man. His confession reads as follows: "Kaplan said goodbye to a man named Semenoff and went to the factory where he was having a meeting. I stayed with Semenoff first, and then he told me to stay on the other side of the road, waiting for the shot of the assassination, and then reported the result to him. Semenoff himself is waiting for news in a residential building in a Moscow area called Domilino. About 20 minutes later, I heard several shots. I don't remember whether I was three or five. Then many people poured out of the factory gate. I saw Kaplan in the crowd. She took a cigarette out of her purse and lit it. Just then, I saw a Red Army soldier recognize her as Lenin's assassin and ran to catch her. Then some Red Army soldiers rushed up, and they made great efforts to stop the workers who rushed up, otherwise Kaplan would be dead. "

Russian writer and scholar You Liya Skareva once confirmed in her research works that Kaplan was shot three days after his arrest. The place of execution is in the Kremlin. At that time, a light truck drove in, and the gunshots were covered by the roar of the truck motor. After Kaplan's death, her body was not buried, but stuffed into an iron bucket and burned with gasoline. I also read a historical research article written by a Russian scholar in Moscow, saying that Kaplan admitted at the beginning of the trial that she was the murderer of Lenin. Moreover, she claimed that she assassinated Lenin because she was firmly opposed to the October Revolution. In February 2008, when she was recuperating in Simferopolis, the leaders of the Constituent Assembly talked with her and made an assassination plan. I also saw this expression in another document: "Kaplan admitted in the trial that the Constitutional Assembly believed that Lenin betrayed the revolution and his behavior deviated from socialist thought for decades." But Kaplan stressed that the decision to shoot was made entirely by herself, without any specific instructions from either side.

Let's look at the following words again. This is the record of the head of Cheka, the secret organization of the Red Army, who was in charge of detaining and interrogating Kaplan. It reads: "This is a temporary special prison for holding felons in the Kremlin compound. At noon that day, we opened the big iron lock on Kaplan's cell door, and the shaft of the heavy and huge iron gate made the sound of a blender. The Kremlin guard shouted: "prisoner Kaplan, come to the door!" " Kaplan's face was pale, his hair was unkempt and his feet were shackled. She struggled towards the door. At this time, the sound of our car engine came from the open space outside the cell. This time, she didn't think the car was not for a prison change or an arraignment. Today, it has been decided that she should be executed! "

I interviewed Ms. You Liya Skareva, who is a scholar specializing in the history of Moscow. She told me that the information she collected showed that the Cheka staff of the Soviet Red Army, who was in charge of interrogating Kaplan at that time, tried to pry her mouth open. There was a passage in the written record that they had planned the interrogation in advance, which was to make Kaplan finally admit that he was a killer sent by British spies and to let her recognize the instigator behind the scenes or the planner who assassinated Lenin.

1965438+On September 3, 2008, Kaplan was executed in a corner of the Kremlin compound in Moscow without any trial. In the record of the person in charge of Cheka, there is such a writing: "This time, we didn't take her anywhere, but photographed her in the same place, not far from Alexander Rove Garden (in the past, this was the place where ladies walked with round lace umbrellas)." You Liya Skareva said to me, "Unfortunately, Kaplan was shot before he could tell his secret, perhaps the secret of an era. This is not only a historical regret, but also a regret of the Soviet regime, because the truth of the incident was not completely revealed to the world, and the execution of the death penalty was too fast, so that it was hasty. Kaplan took his secret to the grave, and history made this woman famous. Because her name was later not only written into all textbooks of the Soviet era, but also made into the film Lenin in 19 18. That is, from that day on, all the textbooks of Soviet countries and even later Soviet children have such words:' This woman assassinated Grandpa Lenin.' "Created by Liu Hongping.