The battle of Beijing army against the attack of Vara army in Ming Dynasty. The failure of civil engineering made the Ming Dynasty encounter a serious crisis. Yu Qian stepped forward, worked hard, refreshed internal affairs and strengthened combat readiness. On August 16th (1449), the news reached the capital, and the palace was in a panic. 18, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Xi Wang Zhu and Chyi Yu to supervise the country. Rich and powerful people in Beijing have fled south, and some ministers also advocate moving south. Yu Qian, Chen Xun, and Wang Zhi firmly opposed it, believing that observance is the foundation of the world. Yu Qian was appointed Minister of War. September 6th, Deshengmen, Zhu Qiyu.

That is, the emperor is the King of Jing, the Emperor Yingzong is the Emperor's Father, and next year is the first year of Jingtai. First, he threatened the Ming court with the British Sect, and then led an army to invade Beijing in October. 1October 1 1 day, the vara army arrived at the gate of Beijing, lined up outside Xizhimen, and placed Yingzong in an empty room outside Deshengmen. On 13th, Yu Qian and Shi Heng led an army to fight with the Valla army outside Deshengmen, and the Valla army was defeated. Then he moved to Xizhimen to attack the Ming army, which was also repelled by the Ming army. Unwilling to fail, the Walla army organized an attack in Zhangyimen. The Ming army pretended to lose, and the Walla army pursued Tucheng, and was blocked by the Ming army gunmen lurking in the houses, causing numerous casualties and unable to advance. Coupled with the freezing weather and the struggling resistance of the defenders outside the metropolitan area, 1 1 On the 8th of the month, the Walla army withdrew from the Great Wall and the capital was lifted. -Yu Qian's civil defeat in defending Beijing has affected the mainstay of Beijing. A fatuous emperor made a stupid decision, seemingly powerful personal expedition, but made a low-level mistake, not only being a prisoner, but also almost causing the mistake of national subjugation. At a critical juncture, between life and death, a minister shouted: "The country is important and the monarch is light." It was he who took the lead and defeated the enemy, forcing him to send it back to the fatuous emperor first. Although he fought for his country and worked hard for it, could he die well in the face of the bad king who returned to the throne? Although he was finally beheaded, he left his name in history. He is the first minister of the Ming Dynasty-Yu Qian. After Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, led the army to defeat the Walla army in Hulan, Walla began to accept the title of the Ming Dynasty and maintained a vassal relationship with the Ming Dynasty. However, the Walla army is still stronger than the Mongolian ministries. They often wage wars and annex weak tribes. During the Ming Dynasty, the Walla was unprecedentedly powerful. It controlled Central Asia in the west, Korea in the east, Siberia in the north and the Great Wall in the south.

The vast area in the north became the largest Mongolian regime since the Yuan Dynasty, which seriously threatened the northern security of the Ming Dynasty. In July of the 14th year of the Ming Dynasty (1449), the leader of Valla also led the four armies to the south under the pretext of humiliating tribute, cutting horse prices and refusing to marry. The striker pointed directly at Datong, and Ming Yingzong listened to the eunuch Wang Zhenzhi's words and ventured to personally expedition on July 16. When he arrived at the University, Wang Zhen heard that all the troops had failed one after another, so he quickly decided to retreat and return to Mutubao (Huailai, Hebei Province), where he was also the first to be arrested. More than half of the Ming army was killed and wounded, and Yingzong was captured. The news of the civil fort fiasco reached Beijing and shocked North Korea. Zhang panicked, and some even advocated moving the capital to the south. At this time, Yu Qian, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, resolutely opposed the southward migration, and won the support of Empress Xiao Yi in moving the capital. He was appointed Minister of the Ministry of War, responsible for defending Beijing. In view of the critical situation at that time, Yu Qian and others took a series of measures: First, eliminate the official party and quell public anger. Slaughtering the eunuch Wang Zhen's cronies, hit the arrogance of the official party, calmed the public's anger and initially stabilized the internal affairs; Secondly, support Jingdi and stabilize the political situation. At that time, Yingzong was also used as a political tool to attack the city. Yu Qian put forward the slogan of "the country is important and the monarch is light". Zhu Qiyu acceded to the throne, so even the first plot can't succeed, and facilitate the unified deployment, * * * with the attack on navarre; Third, recommend talents, deploy troops and make proper arrangements. Yu Qian pays attention to promoting a group of talented generals. At the same time, hard-working soldiers were dispatched from all over the country to build armed forces day and night. Around Beijing. Distribution map of Beijing's national defense forces

Arrange troops and strictly control the nine gates. Pay attention to training day and night to improve combat effectiveness quickly. In this way, a battle plan was gradually formed, with the city as the camp, the war as the defense, the reinforcements dispatched separately, and the internal and external attack, ready to fight the Walla army at the gates of Beijing. /kloc-on the first day of October, he led his troops all the way through Datong and Yanghe to occupy Zijingguan. Drive into Beijing. 1October 1 1 day, the vara army approached Beijing. First, the army was arranged to the west of Xizhimen. Yu Qian sent troops to meet the Walla army in Zhangyimen, defeated the pioneers of the first army and recaptured the prisoners 1000 people. At the same time, Yu Qian sent troops to attack at night to tire the enemy. 1October 13, Wara army stormed Deshengmen. Yu Qian ordered General Shi Heng to ambush the troops in the house outside the city, and then sent a small cavalry to pretend to be defeated and seduce the enemy. First, as expected, he was called up and led a large number of troops in pursuit. After the vanguard troops entered the ambush, under the command of Yu Qian, the Ming army began to fight back. I saw the firearms of Ji Shen camp in full swing, and the rocket crossbows shot at the enemy like locusts. The Ming army attacked before and after, and the troops lost first. My brother Boluo Heping was shot, and the Walla army suffered heavy losses. First, it was found that the main force of the Ming army was in Deshengmen, so it concentrated on attacking Xizhimen. Commander-in-chief Sun was bored and led the army to meet and defeat the leading troops. Sun Tun was exhausted and retreated to the city gate because of the constant increase of troops and siege. At this time, the messenger guarding Chengtou gave the order not to open the city. At the same time, the defenders of the city were ordered to fire artillery and rockets at the Vara army. The Ming army dispatched reinforcements from Zhangyimen and Deshengmen, and finally repelled the attack of the Walla army. 1October 14, the Vara army changed to attack Zhangyimen. Yu Qian ordered the defenders to block the streets outside the city, ambush the short gunmen in important areas, and send troops to fight outside the gate of Zhangyi City. The front team of the Ming army bombarded the enemy with firearms, and the back team led the army behind the house with crossbows, repelling the attack of the Vara army. At this time, the eunuchs sent by Jingdi led hundreds of cavalry to attack the enemy lines and seize power, which plunged the Ming army into chaos. The Walla army took advantage of the situation to fight back and catch up with Deshengmen. At a critical juncture, local residents climbed onto the roof and used bricks and stones to fight the Walla army. The reinforcements sent by Yu Qian also arrived in time, repelling the counterattack of the Walla army. First, in the process of attacking Beijing, it was resisted and attacked by the military and civilians everywhere. The people of the whole country organized themselves against the looting by the Walla army. The garrison soldiers in the northern border towns are also determined to live and die with the city and defend their homes to the death. The first attack on Beijing was repeatedly defeated, and the attack of the Middle Route Army in Juyongguan was also frustrated, and it was learned that the reinforcements of the Ming Dynasty were about to arrive. Fearing that the back road would be broken, it was convenient for 15 to lead a team and kidnap Yingzong Zhu Qizhen to retreat from Liangxiang (now northeast of Fangshan, Beijing) to Zijingguan. Yu Qian found that the army retreated first, and ordered Shi Heng and other concentrated artillery to bombard the barracks first, killing ten thousand Dovala troops. On the way back, the Walla army burned and looted all the way, plundering a lot of materials and personnel. Pursue separately from the Ming army; Shi Heng broke the situation of defending Beijing in Yuqian.

Jun Yu Qingfeng Store (now Yixian West, Hebei Province); Fan Guang defeated the Vara army in Gu 'an. He also fled all the way, 10 17 withdrew from Zijingguan, and soon retired to the customs. Hearing that the Middle Road and the West Road had been defeated, the Tuotuo Buhua Army on the East Road immediately retreated and sent another envoy to Beijing to make peace on120. At this point, the Ming army won the victory of defending Beijing. He also led the army to retreat to the Great Wall first, and went south several times, all of which failed because of the tight defense of the Ming army. In view of the failure of political induction and surrender, the military attack failed again. In the long war, we lost a lot of manpower and material resources, and also lost the opportunity to do business with the Ming Dynasty. In desperation, Ming Yingzong was unconditionally released in August of the first year of Jingtai (1450). Since then, in the struggle for the title of king within the Mongols, Xian Ye's power has plummeted and become increasingly exhausted. The collapse of the civil fort almost wiped out the elite troops of the Ming Dynasty, most important towns and passes in the north fell, and the defense portal of Beijing was opened, which almost led to the fall of the capital and the collapse of the regime. These not only have their profound social background, but also have a lot to do with the guiding ideology of the Ming rulers. English sects are ignorant and one-sided. At the beginning, they retreated step by step, fought passively, rushed north to meet the enemy, and were willing to be at the mercy of eunuchs. The result was defeated by the vanguard of the civil fort. The victory of the Beijing Defence War was first attributed to loyal opposition, a minister of civil and military affairs headed by Yu Qian. They killed the official party, stabilized the situation, and inspired the broad masses of soldiers and civilians to fight against the Walla army. At the same time, pay attention to discovering and using talents; Secondly, when the situation is extremely critical, the hawks, headed by Yu Qian, can seize the crux of the problem and immediately establish a new monarch, so that the political ace Yingzong, who thought that strange goods could live in, lost its practical significance, thus enabling the military and civilians to let go of their hands and feet and devote themselves to protecting the city and killing the enemy. In addition, Yu Qian can know yourself and yourself, and calmly analyze the advantages and disadvantages of both sides. Valla Army is good at riding, shooting and fighting, but it has some weaknesses, such as limited strength, being bad at tackling key problems and few firearms. Under the leadership of Yu Qian, the morale of the Ming army was high, relying on the city, fighting instead of defending, and giving full play to the advantages of many firearms and well-equipped. In the enemy line, it first lures the enemy with a few troops, and then suddenly attacks with guns and rockets when the enemy approaches. When enemy positions are disturbed by firearms, infantry and cavalry will launch a fierce counterattack. This gave full play to their own strengths and weakened the advantages of the Walla army, thus making the Ming army quickly change from passive to active, quickly defeating the enemy in just five days and winning the battle of Beijing. The victory of Beijing's defending war not only strengthened the fighting capacity of the capital troops, but also formed a mobile force with strong fighting capacity, which made the Walla army afraid to peep at the capital; But also promoted the construction of border defense, recovered many fortresses and important towns, and further consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty. However, the Beijing Defence War also left a legacy. With the support of eunuchs and courtiers, Yingzong, who was put back by Vala, launched a rebellion to seize the door. In the first month of the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), he regained the throne and deposed Jingdi as king. However, Yu Qian, who supported Jingdi and resisted the enemy, was killed by Yingzong under the slander of despicable politicians such as Shi Xiang and Xu Youzhen. Yu Qian's murder made everyone lament. At present, the enemy is at present, and Yu Qian is bent on defending the country regardless of personal gains and losses. Become the mainstay of Beijing's defense war. His integrity and achievements are eternal. After Yu Qian's death, an official named Chen Kui collected his body. Later, Yu Qian's son-in-law transported the coffin back to his hometown of Hangzhou and buried it by the West Lake like the tomb of Yue Fei, a famous anti-gold star in the Southern Song Dynasty. Later generations remembered the integrity and achievements of the two national heroes with the poem "Lai Youyue was in Shuangshaobao (both of them were sealed with less insurance), and the world began to feel the West Lake". -The logistics strategy for defending Beijing. After the "Civil Fort Change" in A.D. 1449 (14th year of Ming Dynasty), the only civil fort change in Ming Dynasty.

A slightly mobile force-500,000 Beijing troops were wiped out. /kloc-In August of 0/6, the leader of Wala also held the captured Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty hostage. Now all the new security guards in Xuanhua, Hebei Province and Datong, Shanxi Province have gone out to rest. In September, encouraged by Ning, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty who was captured with Yingzong, he wanted to go to Beijing in the name of returning Yingzong. Manzhouli was shocked by the news. At that time, there were only tens of thousands of weak soldiers in Beijing and the situation was critical. Some officials advocate moving the capital to the south to escape. Yu Qian, the assistant minister in charge of the Ministry of War, refused to move the capital on the grounds that "the capital is the foundation of the emperor, and moving the capital will lead to great events", and made suggestions and called on the diligent soldiers in the world to defend the capital to the death. Empress Dowager Cixi, the king of a country and most ministers supported Yu Qian's idea, so they decided to take war as the defense and adjust their troops to prepare for the war. In August of 2 1 year, the court appointed Yu Qian as the minister of war, with full command of the military and civilians to guard the capital. In September, Wang Cheng was made the emperor of Daizong, and Yingzong was honored as the emperor's father. First, the trick of "holding the emperor to make the princes" was shattered. According to the system of Ming dynasty, the minister of war could not directly command the army. To this end, Emperor Daizong specially appointed Yu Qian as the important task of "pre-adjusting the military forces", and all the generals in Beijing accepted his constraints. Any soldier who disobeys military orders has the right to act first and then act. As a result, Yu Qian took on the heavy responsibility of commanding Beijing to defend the war, ranking second only to the emperor. Yu Qian believes that the defeat of the battle of Tubo Treasure has made many military strategists taboo, and poor logistics support is an important reason. Ming Wan's army has been tossing and turning in the wind and rain for a long time, with unprepared rations, unfamiliar ordnance and untimely transportation, and even the only drinking water source has been cut off. You can't win a battle when people are hungry for horses. Therefore, Ming Daizong Zhu Qiyu.

After Yu Qian took office, he first implemented the correct logistics strategy and made good logistical preparations in terms of manpower, material resources and financial resources. In terms of manpower establishment, the Beijing Army was mainly rectified and enriched. After the main force of the Beijing Army was wiped out in the Battle of Civil Fort, only some garrison troops remained in Beijing. In order to meet the battle, Yu Qian reorganized the Beijing army. He urgently dispatched reserve troops from Beijing and Henan, Japanese troops from the coast, troops from Jiangbei and Beijing, and soldiers from Zhejiang to Beijing, which made Beijing's troops rapidly increase from tens of thousands to more than 220,000, and formed an advantage in terms of numbers. And sent 15 important officials, including Bai Gui, to Beijing, Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan and other places for emergency recruitment training, in order to prepare for the supplement. Yu Qian also tried his best to raise weapons and equipment. At that time, only110 soldiers in the Beijing army had armor, and their weapons were seriously inadequate. To this end, on the one hand, he ordered the Ministry of Industry to speed up production, and on the other hand, he transferred 2/3, * * *1.26 million weapons from Nanjing to Beijing to supplement the garrison troops. He also sent personnel to the civil fort to collect more than 9,000 helmets and more than 5,000 pieces of armor discarded during the defeat of the Ming army; Gun1.65,438+00000, spear gun 20000, arrow (rocket) 440000 and gun 800. And changed the uniforms and flags of the Ming army. In terms of grain storage and transportation, millions of stone grains supplied to Beijing at that time were stored in Tongzhou, the eastern suburb, which could be eaten by the military and civilians in Beijing for one year. Because it can't be transported to Beijing in a short time, some people are worried about being used by Vala and advocate burning these foods. Yu Qian disagreed. He believes that these grains are valuable wealth and an important material basis for defending Beijing. If there is no food, the army will collapse without a fight. Therefore, it has taken all measures to transport food. In addition to the 500 carts requisitioned by the government to transport grain around the clock, the masses of officers and men, their families and relatives were also mobilized to bring their own vehicles to Tongzhou to transport grain. It has also been suggested that anyone who transports more than 20 stones of grain to Beijing will be given one or two pieces of silver in addition to the freight as an encouragement. There are brave people under the four rewards. Under the urging of Yu Qian, the grain transportation team kept flowing day and night. Within a few days, millions of stone grains were transported from Tongzhou to Beijing for storage, which greatly boosted the morale of the army and stabilized the people's hearts. On this basis, Yu Qian also ordered all officers and men to pay wages six months in advance, and all the officers and men cheered. In mobilizing the masses to support the front line, Yu Qian mobilized the whole city's military and civilians to prepare for famine. The wooden soil, masons and masons in the city are unified into an engineering team for training. Lots of masonry, wood, lime, tools, etc. It is used urgently in war preparation. We organized forces to strengthen the 45-mile wall around Beijing, and added nine gates in the capital, namely Chongwen, Zhengyang, Xuanwu, Dongzhi, Chaoyang, Xizhi, Fucheng, Desheng and Anding, especially Deshengmen and Andingmen in the north, Xizhimen and Fucheng gates in the west, and changed the inner side of the city from earth to brick, deepened the moat and strengthened the city defense. At the same time, the Ministry of Industry was ordered to organize personnel to set up doors at the mouth of the city wall and tie sand bars on the walls of the east, west and south cities. * * * More than 65,438 gates +0 1000, and the length of sand bar is 5 100, further enhancing the defense performance of Beijing. In order to further mobilize the masses, Yu Qian also spread news to the people in the surrounding counties of Beijing, Shanxi, Hebei and other places, took up arms, attacked the Vara army as appropriate, and cut off the rear route. In order to stabilize internal affairs and boost morale, Yu Qian assisted Daizong and took decisive measures to eliminate Wang Zhen's henchmen and rectify internal affairs. And organizationally recommend talented military commanders from all over the country to form an anti-Japanese war command group. Shi Heng, the former Lieutenant General of Datong, was defeated in the "Battle of Civil Fort" and fled back alone, being demoted to prison. Yu Qian believes that there is no ever-victorious general in the world, and the main responsibility for defeat lies not with him. So he was released, and he was appointed as the general commander of the capital, taking unified command of the infantry troops in the capital. In the later defending battle of Peiping, Shi Heng commanded effectively, fought bravely and achieved remarkable results. "On merit, there are many merits, which are no different from those of Jin Hou". At the same time, he also commanded firearms and cavalry units in Beijing, guarding Datong, Fu Xuan, Juyongguan and Zijingguan, and severely punished a number of distribution schools who were afraid of death and neglected their duties. In addition, Yu Qian also reformed the military system, changing the traditional "three battalions" into 10 regimental battalions, so as to better meet the needs of defensive operations. After more than a month's preparation for building the army, the soldiers of the Ming army have enough food and grass, their morale is greatly boosted, and they are ready to go. 10 year 10 month 1 day, the vara army held the floating emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty and marched south. All the way through Fu Xuan to attack Juyongguan, attracting the Ming army from the front of the capital. He also led the main force of 30 thousand people, attacked Zijingguan by Datong and bypassed the capital. On the 9th, with the help of the eunuch Ning who surrendered in the Ming Dynasty, he also captured Zijingguan first, and took the British hostage through Yizhou, Liangxiang and Lugouqiao, and arrived in the suburbs of Beijing at 1 1. In the face of the strong enemy, Shi Heng put forward the suggestion of withdrawing troops into the city, closed the nine gates, and stood by the city. Yu Qian believes that Walla is powerful, and if you show weakness, it will make the enemy more rampant. He advocated the strategy of fighting a decisive battle to attack the city, and arranged 220,000 troops outside the 9 gates of Beijing, heavily stationed in Deshengmen, forming an operational deployment of taking the city as the camp, defending the war, dividing troops to reinforce, and attacking from inside and outside, and preparing to meet the Walla army at the gates of Beijing. 12 years, after the main force was arrayed outside Xizhimen, Emperor Yingzong was held hostage in Tucheng outside Deshengmen, asking the court to send Yu Qian, Shi Heng and other senior generals to meet him personally, and demanded tens of millions of gold and silk, in an attempt to capture the commander of the Ming army alive and force the Ming Dynasty to offer the city. Yu Qian saw through the enemy's plot. On the one hand, he sent officials to appear before Yingzong. On the other hand, he put forward the idea of "the country is the most important, the monarch is the least", unified the thinking of officers and men, and stood ready to smash the previous deception conspiracy. In the deployment of troops, Yu Qian judged the situation and used troops flexibly; In the main direction of the campaign, hide the main force and stand by to destroy the enemy; The secondary direction should avoid the enemy's main force, adopt the strategy of small-scale harassment and attack everywhere, confuse the enemy and create an illusion for the Walla army. That night, two Ming armies took the initiative to attack, annihilated hundreds of Walla troops and returned home in triumph, greatly boosting their military strength. 13, we also concentrated on attacking deshengmen. Yu Qian pretended to be defeated by several cavalry to lure the enemy. First, he was tricked into riding ten thousand people and was ambushed by the Ming army. The Ming army's magic machine camp was full of firearms, and suddenly there was an ambush, which defeated the Walla army at the gate, killing more than 10 thousand people. The so-called iron neck marshal's younger brother Bob, Ping Zhangmao's children and other important officials also died under the gun. He also gathered the defeated troops and turned to Xizhimen, where he was defeated by the joint action of the Ming army's magic machine battalion, infantry and cavalry. 14, the Ming army defending Zhang Yimen took the initiative to attack, and the people outside the city joined the battle and attacked its route for providing foodstuff. Today, people in Lingqiu, Yuxian, Laiyuan and other places have also organized to attack the Vara army plundered everywhere. After five days of fierce fighting, the Waci army suffered repeated battles and defeats, unable to attack the city, failed in negotiations and low morale. It was also heard that the Walla army that attacked Juyongguan was blocked by the defending Guanming army, and reinforcements from all over the country came one after another, fearing that the road back would be cut off. /kloc-On the night of 0/5, Vala held Ming Yingzong hostage and retreated to Zijingguan from Liangxiang. Yu Qian urged the Ming army to pursue the victory, defeated more than 10,000 Walla troops in Gu 'an and Bazhou, captured 48 generals including Agui alive, and recaptured more than 10,000 robbed livestock. 165438+1On October 8th, all Walla troops were evacuated from the Great Wall. In August of the following year, he released Yingzong to return to China and resumed the relationship with the Ming Dynasty. This is the first time in the history of China that the monarch of the Han Dynasty was plundered by foreign countries and unconditionally released back to China. He showed that Yu Qian commanded the Ming army to resist the invasion of the Walla army and won a complete victory. This battle is in stark contrast to the British-Chinese Civil War. One pays attention to logistics and wins, while the other ignores logistics, which leads to failure. Its lessons are thought-provoking Unfortunately, eight years later, Shi Heng and others, who were reused by Yu Qian, took advantage of Ming Daizong's serious illness and failed to establish a prince, launched a "change to seize the door" to welcome the restoration of Yingzong, which was put back by Vala, abolished Daizong as king, arrested and imprisoned Yu Qian and other officials who were the pillars of the court, and killed them, resulting in "a strange injustice in the world". At that time, not only "women and children in the suburbs of Beijing all shed tears", but Empress Dowager Cixi also "mourned for several days" and "Yingzong also regretted it". Soon, the Walla army attacked the Ming and Ming imperial courts, and everyone was worried. 1466, Yu Qian's unjust case was rehabilitated, and was later named "Suzhong".