2. expansion. For more than 400 years, the Jiangdong language of the Han Dynasty was formed. "In the twelfth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was one Wu, and the latter one was divided into three. The number of the world was three Wu, and Xing Wu, Wu Jun and Huiji were one of them." Wudong dialect is the source of southeast languages.
3. change. 60% to 70% of people from Luanhua, Yongjia, Du Nan and Zhongzhou moved eastward to Jiangzuo. The personality of the scholar-officials in Wei and Jin Dynasties was integrated into wuyue, and the strong spirit of ancient wuyue was Confucian, and the ancient Wu dialect was transformed into the medieval Wu dialect. Jiangnan has been advocating literature since then.
4. development. A splendid Jiang Nanan was formed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and wuyue's smart, elegant and wise temperament became the norm, with developed economy and prosperous culture.
5. Voice of the country. In the Southern Song Dynasty, he became the direct successor of the context. "People from all directions gather in Zhejiang, which is a hundred times more common" and "dajia is a rich businessman" and "the title is the cradle of scholar-officials, and the world's sages and beautiful men avoid it". "Nomads have entered the Central Plains. In the north, except for Jin dialect, I lost my tone. The medieval Wu dialect evolved into a rhyming Wu dialect.
6. prosperity. In the Ming dynasty, "the right to advance and retreat at sea is good." If the Sioux think it is elegant, it will be elegant in all directions, and the vulgar will follow. " The people are proud of saying Su Bai.
7. Decline. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War and chaos, the influx and forced popularization of non-Wu-speaking refugees put Wu language at risk.
8. stick to it. Language is the carrier of culture and the symbol of local people. Parents and teachers teach Wu well, so that the ancient Wu language can be passed down from generation to generation. Create a social Wu language atmosphere. Wu dialect is one of the oldest languages in China. Its formation history can be traced back to the end of Shang Dynasty, and it has a history of 3,200 years since Jishi moved eastward. At that time, Taibo went to the State of Wu, and Taibo He was the eldest son and the second son of Zhou, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty. They established their own faction in the Taihu Lake basin, the vassal state of Wu, surnamed Ji. Confucius said, "Tai Bo is the ultimate virtue, and the third is to let the world and the people have nothing to say." The indigenous civilization in the south of the Yangtze River and the ancient civilization in the Central Plains merged into an advanced Wu culture. The source of ancient Wu dialect is ancient Chinese. Great kindness, the king of Jiangdong, is a wild land, "Jingyi, so it belongs to more than a thousand families." Sun Wu's vote for Wu became Sun Tzu's art of war. In its heyday, Soochow broke Chu in the west and Xu in the north. There is also the "Huangchi Conference" in the Jin Dynasty. Wu people died in Vietnam during the Northern Expedition for hegemony, and the Vietnamese people said that they were lying on the credit book. Wuyue folk customs are similar, "homophonic * * method, on the star, under the * * * reason". The etymology of Yuhang, Gusu, Wucheng, Wuxi, Wu Shang, Yuyao and other places all reflect the ancient Yue language. Historical Records ranks first in the family, tenth in the Chu family and eleventh in the Yue family.
"Jiangdong" used to be a place of martial arts, and later Jiangdong was also "Jiangnan" in the literary and economic sense. This is the hometown of splendid articles and the world is Taicang. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Yiguan Nandu established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Luo Jing capsized, and Zhongzhou women avoided the river and left chaos." During the Six Dynasties, Jiangnan was relatively stable, dominated by Wu culture, with ancient Central Plains culture. There are nearly 500 folk songs in the Southern Dynasties, which started in the Three Kingdoms and ended in Chen, and they are divided into two categories, namely "Four Seasons at Midnight" by Wu. Numerous famous poets in Tang and Song Dynasties left eternal poems in Jiangdong, and it was wuyue's ancestors, pavilions and pink tiles that shaped these cultural landscapes. "My heart and dream are in Wu and Yue, flying over the mirror lake and the bright moon overnight." Li Bai wrote a famous poem in Tianmu Mountain. Xin Qiji was also intoxicated by the gentle and beautiful Wu Yin in Shangrao, Xinzhou. Wuzhong Gusu, who is known as "Yichuan tobacco, the wind blows all over the city, plums are raining yellow", and Hangzhou wuyue, who wants to compare with the West Lake and learn Chinese characters, is always suitable for light makeup and heavy makeup, is the representative of China culture. Jiangnan has a high status since ancient times, and Wu dialect is closer to middle ancient Chinese, and some words reveal the flavor of ancient Chinese. Historically, Wu dialect area was the cultural and economic center of many times, and also the gathering place of ancient scholars. Wu dialect retains the elements of authentic Chinese. Wu dialect has changed. Historically, Wu people east of the ancient river were called "people" and "farmers", and Wu farmers were called Wu people. At present, people in northern Wu are not called "people's voices", but some areas in southern Zhejiang are called "people's voices". Mandarin is influenced by the ancient Hu people in the north, and Wu dialect inherits many characteristics of middle ancient elegant words.
In the past 30 years, schools have banned Wu language, children's language environment has been forcibly changed, the spread of Wu language media has been restricted, and there are many foreigners. People have begun to realize the protection of Wu dialect in Jiangnan area, where Wu dialect culture is weak. the Spring and Autumn Period
The origin of Wu dialect can be traced back to the establishment of Yue State and Ben Wu. More than 3,000 years ago, Zhou Taiwang's sons Taibo and Zhong Yong went south and arrived in today's Changshu and Wuxi. Their language is combined with the local language, forming the foundation of Wu dialect. Although wuyue is two countries, its language and customs are the same. In the south of Huiji, Baiyue language is spoken, and the song of Yue people is "indifferent, careless, prosperous and sincere to Changzhou, and Lianzhou is indifferent to Qin, devoted to Zhao, indulged in Qin and followed the rivers and lakes."
Under the impact of ancient Chinese, wuyue language in the Spring and Autumn Period formed the ancient Wu dialect. In ancient times, there was a Chu language in the south, and wuyue belonged to the State of Chu during the Warring States Period. The original Wu language may also be influenced by Chu language. Today, there are some phonetic similarities between Wu dialect and Guxiang dialect.
Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Wu dialect developed steadily in Qin and Han dynasties. Yongjia Nandu and Wu dialect in Jin Dynasty were influenced by ancient Zhongyuan dialect. Wu dialect is a necessary dialect for a large number of literati who moved south. At that time, Jinling said Wu dialect was not today, and it was recorded in the documents of the Six Dynasties. Shi Shuo Xin Yu Pai Diao recorded Wang Dao's writing about Wu Yu.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Wu dialect had a great influence on Japanese. Five tones is a Japanese phonetic pronunciation of Chinese characters, which was introduced to Japan directly from the Southern Dynasties or through Baekje on the Korean Peninsula. Five tones are deeply integrated into Japanese and are often used in basic vocabulary, which was called "harmony" in ancient times. After the Heian period, students studying in Japan promoted Chang 'an sound and called Jiangdong sound "five tones".
Wu yin is similar to modern Wu language, such as Japanese mother; "He" Wu Yinワ corresponds to the Wu dialect "He School"; Mountain deletion rhyme Wu Yin, etc. The ancient Wu dialect in the Southern and Northern Dynasties can be found in the five tones of Japanese.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
"Zi Jian" (Volume 185) recorded that Emperor Yang Di was "right and good". There may be Wu dialect along the Yangtze River and north of the Yangtze River in the early days, but it broke away from Wu dialect in the Song Dynasty at the latest.
There are Wu language records in the rhyme books of the Tang Dynasty, such as "Qi, Pulang, Su, Wu Renyun". The legs of Wu people are called P? Ah, let's go.
In the Tang Dynasty, the country was stable and prosperous, and the Wu dialect was consolidated. Ji Yun in the Northern Song Dynasty was classified as Wu dialect.
Changshu dialect has eight tones, and people in the middle Tang Dynasty also have eight tones, so there are many old sayings in Changshu dialect, such as "little official" and "young lady".
Song and Yuan Dynasties
The formation and present situation of Wu dialect in Song Dynasty. The author of Dong 'ou film Yongjia wrote a calligraphy book according to his own dialect, and the professional bookstore wrote literary works: various Yongjia drama scripts, which enriched the dialect characteristics. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, The Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun recorded Wu's phonology with folk word shooting games.
Ming and Qing dynasties
Suzhou had a high level of economy and culture in Ming Dynasty. Feng Menglong's Folk Songs is a collection of Wu Dimin's songs, which is a dialect of Wu. Sanyan, Mohanzhai Biography, Huansha Ji and Qingzhongpu were also written by Wu.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the population of Wu dialect accounted for 20% of the whole country. There are Su Bai's novel Wu Ge Cargill in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Biography of Flowers on the Sea combines classical Chinese and Wu dialect.
The outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the late Qing Dynasty had a serious impact on Jiangnan. The burning, killing and looting of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom have dealt an unprecedented blow to Wu's economy and labor resources, and the population of Wu dialect has dropped sharply. There was a local "vacuum" in Xiwu, and the problem of refugees led to Huaihua.
Modern Times
From the end of 19, English sofa/beer, etc.
In the late 1980s, schools in Wu-speaking areas began to teach in Putonghua, which influenced students' language concepts by popularizing slogans, even in kindergartens, while students read Putonghua Pinyin questions for a long time and received universal Chinese education. Wu TV series in Shanghai was banned in the 1990s. 0 1, two primary school students in Xianju were slapped 400 times for speaking dialects.
The lack of Wu language education makes some teenagers have poor Wu language ability and popularize thinking and reading. People demand that Wu language teaching be resumed, Wu language knowledge be popularized, Wu language reading and writing be encouraged, students be required to speak Wu language, local media use Wu language, and Wu language classes be set up in kindergartens. Before the age of 7, the mother tongue was acquired naturally. 1 1 years ago, I could speak my hometown dialect fluently all my life, and defend Wu dialect from a doll.
Today, the vast majority of Wu and Yue people still only speak Wu dialect in society.
A country should have a standardized language, but Mandarin is only a dialect, and there are too many problems. The Wu royal family, whose surname is the same as Zhou's, comes from the Central Plains and has the word "Hou Yi" as proof. Wuyue Wang Zhu's sacrificial weapons all use Chinese characters. The son of Wu is familiar with the rites and music of the Central Plains and travels around the world, and is known as "the martial arts are used to rituals". Confucius disciple Zhongjiang Nanwei Wu Yanyan. Upper-class people learn Chinese. I just don't know whether to use the original sound or the neighboring sound. Judging from the appeal of Wu Zixu, Ai Bo, Wen Zi, Fan Li, Chu people in the Spring and Autumn Period and Uncle Xiang Liang in Wu at the end of Qin Dynasty, it is possible for Xiang Yu to lead 8,000 children from Jiangdong to cross the river against Qin.
Qin Shihuang was divided into 36 counties, located in Huiji County in the east of Wu Yue and Yanji County in the west. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was merged, then changed to Wu Jun in Huiji, and changed to Danyang in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han Dynasty set up Huiji and Wu Jun. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a county was established. Among the official garrison troops, Central Plains immigrants lived in Wu, Huiji and Wanling, and were governed by the county. The development of Wu dialect is centered on this. At that time, some Vietnamese entered the mountainous areas and became "mountain-crossing people", while Fujian in southern Zhejiang was dominated by Vietnamese. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered people to move to Ouyue, Dongyue and Fujian and Guangdong in Jianghuai, "moving their people between Jianghuai, and the land of Dongyue and Guangdong became empty", and the Vietnamese diaspora retreated into the mountains and then returned to their hometown. "Dong 'ou survivors often come out gradually" and "Fujian and Vietnam are quite out of the valley". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Yi, a title of generals in ancient times, was sent to crusade against Dongou with the water army. Until the Three Kingdoms, Xu Jing said to Cao Cao, "South to Jiaozhou, East Ou, Fujian and Vietnam, Wan Li, no Han".
Compared with northern Wu dialect, southern Wu dialect has more characteristics of ancient Wu dialect. Compared with dialects, Wenzhou dialect has many similarities with southern Chuyuan dialect, such as Xiao/Dan/Hui/Peng /Xi/ Du Gou/Lan and so on. Among them, the characteristic words, such as fear of anger, benefit from illness, agitation and abandonment, are all Chu dialect, which has played a certain role in the formation of Wu dialect, especially in the south. In addition to the combination of ancient Vietnamese, the formation of Wu dialect may also be formed by the integration of Chu dialect and Zhongyuan dialect. Some people in the Central Plains say that Wu people have a sound of Chu, which is called the sound of Chu. The ancient wuyue dialect and Dongchu dialect merged to form Jiangdong dialect with local characteristics, which developed for 560 years until the fall of Luoyang in Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty. Wang Chong's Lun Heng records that when he was eight years old, "there were more than 100 people in a small library", and his education was developed in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Wu and Western Jin Dynasties, the number of counties and counties increased repeatedly and dialects expanded.