Summary of historical knowledge points in grade two (1) Knowledge points in the first volume of grade eight 1. Lin Zexu and Humen put out opium (1June 3, 839) (P2, Grade 8): & ldquo The benefits of a country will lead to life, while death will lead to death, so we will avoid it. & amprdquo
1. The reason why Britain smuggled opium: to reverse the trade deficit with China. The fundamental purpose: to open the China market.
2. The harm of opium smuggling to China: it leads to the outflow of silver and the rise of prices; The combat effectiveness of the army is weakened; Threatened the rule of the Qing government.
The purpose of Lin Zexu's smoking ban is to maintain the rule of the Qing government.
4. Enlightenment from the harm of opium: stay away from drugs and cherish life.
5. Significance: Lin Zexu and Humen's ban on smoking is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression. Lin Zexu is a national hero in China's modern history.
Second, "treaty of nanking" (on August 5th):
1, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history-Sino-British treaty of nanking (1842).
2. Main contents: ① cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; (2) The compensation is 2 1 ten thousand yuan; (3) Opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (4) The import and export goods in the UK should be taxed, and China must agree with the UK.
3. Impact: China's territorial sovereignty is incomplete; Increased the burden on the people; Commodity exports beneficial to foreign capitalism began to lose their independent status.
Third, the influence of the Opium War: (8p6)-It marked the beginning of China's modern history.
1, 65438+June 0840 &; Mdash & mdash 65438+August 0842
2. The influence of the Opium War on China society;
① Social nature: China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from feudal society;
② Social tasks: China began to enter the period of anti-aggression and anti-feudalism old democratic revolution;
The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.
Four, the left to recover Xinjiang (P 14)
1, but so do dungans governor to the left put forward don't ldquo lifted the east but fell to the west &; Rdquo, advocating the recovery of Xinjiang;
2. The Qing government appointed Zuo as an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs in Xinjiang, and adopted &; Ldquo goes north first, then goes south, and then slows down to an emergency &; Rdquo strategy.
3. 1878, except Yili, Xinjiang returned to the embrace of the motherland.
4. 1884 Xinjiang is a province.
V. Sino-Japanese War and treaty of shimonoseki (P 15- 17)
1, time:1894 & mdash; 1895. Deng Shichang's sacrifice.
2. Result: ① China was defeated. Beiyang navy was completely annihilated. ② Forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki (P 17). (Content: Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan; Compensation of 200 million taels; Opening Chongqing as a trading port (foreign capitalist forces go deep into the mainland of China); Allow Japan to open factories (marking large-scale capital export and hindering the development of Chinese national capitalism)
3. Impact: China lost more territory and sovereignty, and China's semi-colonial degree greatly deepened.
Six, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China and the "Xin Chou Treaty" (8 P20)
1 and 1900, in order to suppress the boxer movement, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China under the leadership of Lieutenant General Seymour of Britain.
2. The main contents of the "Xin Chou Treaty" (190 1) (P2 1) are as follows: ① The Qing government paid 450 million taels of silver as compensation, which was secured by tariffs and other taxes; (2) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement; (3) Dismantle Dagu Fort and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; (4) BeijingDongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and not allowing China people to live.
Harm: It added a new heavy burden to the people of China, seriously damaged the sovereignty of China, and made the Qing government a tool for imperialism to rule China. The "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Seven. Westernization Movement: 65438+60-90 years. (8 pages 28-30)
1. Purpose: To maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government.
2. Proposition: Make use of western advanced production technology to make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of difficulties and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
3. Slogan: Early period (1960s),&; Ldquo self-improvement. As a slogan,
Later period (1970s),&; Ldquo seeks money &; Rdquo as a slogan.
4. Main contents: ① Establishment of military industry (Part VIII: P29); (2), the establishment of civil industry (eight p29);
(3), the preparation of the navy (P30); (Beiyang, Nanhai, Fujian Navy)
④ Establish a new school (P30 in Grade 8) (the first new school in modern times: Shi Jing Wentongtang).
5. Evaluation (Part VIII P30): The Westernization Movement took place in the special historical stage of modern society in China, and it was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. The subjective purpose of Westernization School is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism. It didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for China's modernization.
Eight, the bus letter (P33):
1895, headed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Opened the prelude to the reform movement.
Ix. The Reform Movement of 1898 (P34): It is a patriotic movement to save the country and the people and promote people's ideological emancipation.
1, date:1June, 898&; Mdash& ampmdash September (* *103 day)
2. Character: Emperor Guangxu,&; Ldquo Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898. (P35, Grade 8)
3. Reasons for failure: ① The reformists divorced from the broad masses of the people and relied only on an emperor who had no real power;
(2) The opposition and destruction of feudal diehard forces.
X. China League (P38): (1905)
1, location: Tokyo, Japan; 2. Leader: Sun Yat-sen
3. Nature: the first national bourgeois revolutionary party in China.
The newspaper of the League is People's Daily.
5. Political platform:&; Ldquo expelled the Tatars, restored China, established the Republic of China, and had equal land ownership &; rdquo,
6. Three People's Principles: Nationalism, Civil Rights and People's Livelihood (The Three People's Principles are the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Revolution of 1911. )
Xi。 Xinhai Revolution: (P39-4 1)
1, Wuchang Uprising (P39):
1911010/October10 broke out, and history called this revolution the Xinhai revolution.
2, the establishment of the Republic of China (P40):
1912 65438+1year 10 (that is, the first year of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen took office as the interim president in Nanjing.
3. Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 (P4 1 8th)
Yuan Shikai replaced Sun Yat-sen as the interim president of the Republic of China in Beijing, stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and established the rule of Beiyang warlords. The Revolution of 1911 failed to accomplish the task of opposing imperialism and feudalism.
4. Historical significance of the Revolution of 1911: The Revolution of 1911 was a great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts.
5. Reasons for failure: imperialism and feudalism are too strong; The weakness and compromise of the national bourgeoisie.
XII. The New Culture Movement (VIII P43-46)
1, the main content of the new culture movement
① Starting logo: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded New Youth and put forward the slogan of democracy and science.
② Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi and Lu Xun.
③ Main contents: advocate democracy and oppose autocracy; Advocating science and opposing superstition; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.
2. & ampldquo The new stage of the New Culture Movement &; rdquo
Li Dazhao was the first person to raise the banner of socialism. 19 18 published "victory of the common people" and "victory of Bolshevism", predicting: ldquo at the future world, it must be a red flag world! & amprdquo
3. Evaluation: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of China. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China, and promotes the May 4th Movement. However, in the New Culture Movement, there was also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation to the eastern and western cultures, which had an impact on later generations.
Thirteen. May 4th Movement (P49-5 1)
1, fuse: The Paris Peace Conference rejected China's just demand. (49 pages)
2. Slogan: & Fighting for sovereignty outside, excluding national thieves inside &; Rdquo, cancel Article 2 1 &; Rdquo opposed signing a peace treaty with Germany and punished traitors Cao Rulin and others.
3. Results: After the success of the first battle, three traitors were dismissed and refused to work in&; Ldquo peace treaty. Sign it.
4. Historical significance: ① This is a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism.
(2) The working class in China began to enter the historical stage as an independent political force.
It marks the great beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
(4) It promoted the combination of Marxism and China workers' movement, and prepared conditions for the establishment of China.
Fourteen, the establishment of China * * * production party (P5 1-53).
1, date of establishment:1921July 23rd.
2. Place of establishment: Shanghai (later transferred to Jiaxing, Zhejiang)
3. Establishment symbol: Zhong * * *&; Ldquo is a big&; The convening of rdquo.
(The conference adopted the party program and determined that the party's goal is to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize capitalism; The central task of the party is to lead the workers' movement. The Congress elected a new leading organization-C.O., with Chen Duxiu as the secretary. )
4. Significance of establishment: The establishment of China * * * Production Party is an epoch-making event in the history of China, leading the China revolution to take on a new look.
Fifteenth, the first cooperation between the two parties in the national revolutionary movement countries: (P55)
1924 Kuomintang &; Ldquo is a big&; The convening of this meeting in rdquo marks the formal establishment of the revolutionary United front based on the cooperation between the two countries, that is, the first cooperation between the two countries has been realized.
Sixteen, the northern expedition (1926) (P56-59)
1. the goal of the northern expedition: to overthrow the rule of the northern warlords and unify the whole country.
2. The main object of the Northern Expedition: Zhang; Wu Pei was captured; Sun Fangchuan.
3. Advance team of the Northern Expedition: Ye Ting Independent Mission. (successively won the battle of Tingsi Bridge and Heshengqiao, and its fourth army was known as & ldquo Iron Army rdquo)
17. Nanchang Uprising (P63):
1, 1 August 9271day, under the leadership of China * * * production party, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the revolutionary army to hold an armed uprising in Nanchang.
2. The Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang, marking the beginning of China's * * * production party's founding of the people's army and its independent leadership of the revolutionary war.
Eighteen, the autumn harvest uprising (1September 9, 927) (P65):
Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the reorganization of Sanwan established the party's absolute leadership over the army and laid the foundation for building a new type of people's army. The uprising team later established a revolutionary base area in Jinggangshan, which opened the road to victory of the China revolution.
Nineteen, the establishment of Jinggangshan revolutionary base area, is the first rural revolutionary base area led by China * * * Production Party.
(Grade 8 P65)
1. Founder: Mao Zedong.
2. The significance of the establishment of revolutionary base areas in rural areas by China * * * Production Party: The establishment of rural base areas such as Jinggangshan opened a road to victory for the China revolution, that is, the city turned to the countryside, the rural base areas were created, and the cities were surrounded by the countryside, and finally the national victory was achieved. This is a road to victory that suits China's national conditions.
XX. Zunyi Conference: (/KLOC-0 was held in Zunyi in 935) (P7 1 August)
1, content: corrected. Left rdquo adventurism mistakes; Affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition; Military command by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, etc.
?
(2) Established the leading position of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong as the core;
(3) Saved the Party, the Red Army and the revolution at a critical juncture;
(4) The turning point of life and death in the history of the Party.
Twenty-one, the red army long March (193410-193610) (section 8 on p70-74)
1. Reason: The Red Army failed in its fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression",1000&; The spread of ldquo left rdquo adventurism mistakes.
2. At the beginning: 1934 10, the Red Army withdrew from the Central Revolutionary Base.
3. Passing through: the central base area-marching into Guizhou-liberating Zunyi-crossing Chishui River (disrupting the enemy's pursuit plan)-crossing Jinsha River (jumping out of the enemy's encirclement)-crossing Dadu River-flying over Luding Bridge. Mdash& ampmdash& ampmdash; General Assembly Division of the Three Services
4. Victory symbol: 1936 10 Huining, Gansu, the three main forces of the Red Army.
5. Historical significance of victory: The attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to stifle the China revolution was shattered, and the China revolution turned the corner.
Twenty-two. Half past nine. 18 &; Rdquo event (page 79):
1,1931September 2008 18, the Japanese bombed the Nanman railway track in Liutiaohu village, Shenyang, and then attacked Shenyang. The three northeastern provinces fell within six months.
This is the beginning of Japan's large-scale invasion of China in order to pass on the economic crisis.
23.Xi incident (P82-85):
1,19361February 12, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng detained Chiang Kai-shek in Xi 'an and implemented & ldquo; s military advice. Force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan.
2, China * * * production party from the overall situation of national liberation, adopted the correct policy of peaceful settlement of the sian incident.
Chiang Kai-shek was forced to accept the cessation of civil war and unite with * * * to resist Japan.
4. The peaceful settlement of the 4.Xi 'an incident became the key to change the current situation, which marked the basic end of the civil war situation for ten years and the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national united front.
24. July 7th Incident (also known as Lugouqiao Incident) P87):
1On July 7th, 937, the Japanese army shelled the ancient city of Wanping near Lugou Bridge, and 29 army fought back, marking the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China.
25. Realizing the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party: It marks the formal establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front. (Grade 8 P92)
The Kuomintang issued the Declaration on Cooperation of China Producer Party as a Publishing Country, and Chiang Kai-shek made a speech recognizing the legal status of China Producer Party.
26. Nanjing Massacre (P90):
1937 12, Nanjing was occupied, and the Japanese army killed more than 300,000 soldiers and civilians in China.
Twenty-seven, Taierzhuang campaign (P94):
In the battle of Xuzhou commanded by Li Zongren, China army won the battle of Taierzhuang. The Battle of Taierzhuang was a great victory on the front battlefield of the Kuomintang.
Twenty-eight, Hundred Regiments War (P95):
The Eighth Route Army, commanded by Peng, was the biggest battle of China's active attack during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, which greatly enhanced the ambition of the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians.
Twenty-nine, * * * seven (eight pairs of P 100- 10 1):
1, in order to completely defeat the Japanese invaders and solve the problem of China's development future after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
2.1April, 945, China * * * production party held its seventh congress in Yan 'an.
3. At the meeting, Mao Zedong made a report on Coalition Government and formulated the party's political line:&; Under the leadership of the Party, ldquo mobilized the masses, strengthened the people's strength, defeated the Japanese aggressors, liberated the people of the whole country and built a new-democratic China. & amprdquo
4. The congress prepared the conditions for the final victory of China Revolution.
Thirty, the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (the eighth P 10 1):
1,1945 August 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender.
2. Events that accelerated the surrender of Japanese fascists: (1)1945 In August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. (2) The Soviet Union declared war on Japan and sent troops to the northeast of China. (3) Mao Zedong published "The Last Battle against the Japanese aggressors", calling for a national strategic counterattack.
3. The significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory: This is the greatest national liberation war in China's modern history. It has changed the situation that the people of China have been repeatedly defeated in the anti-aggression war for more than 100 years, and achieved a complete victory in anti-aggression for the first time.
XXXI. Chongqing negotiation (P 108)
& ampldquo We should not only defeat Chiang Kai-shek, but also defeat him. & amprdquo
1. Purpose: Do everything possible to strive for peace and expose Chiang Kai-shek's plot to fake peace and real civil war.
2. Time: August1945-June 10.
3. Chinese negotiators: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei.
4. Result: The agreement (10, 10) was signed on October 0/0.
On the 34th, Liu Deng's army entered the Dabie Mountains, which was the beginning of the People's Liberation Army's strategic offensive and the prelude to the counter-offensive. (Grade 8 P 1 13)
Thirty-five, three major battles (P 1 17- 120):
1, 65438+September 0948-65438+1October 0949.
2. Liaoshen Campaign: Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan commanded the Northeast People's Liberation Army to liberate the Northeast. (page 93)
3. Huaihai Campaign: Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yi commanded the Central Plains People's Liberation Army and the East China People's Liberation Army, which laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River. (page 95)
4. Battle of Ping Jin: The Northeast People's Liberation Army and the North China People's Liberation Army jointly liberated Beiping peacefully and basically liberated North China, which laid the foundation for national victory. (page 95)
5. The role of the three major campaigns: basically wiped out the main forces of the Kuomintang and greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
36. Battle of Crossing the River (P 120): Hukou, Jiangxi to Jiangyin, Jiangsu.
1the liberation of Nanjing on April 23, 949 marked the end of Kuomintang rule in the mainland.
37. Thinkers who open their eyes to see the world (P 144):
1. To change the status quo, we must learn from the strengths of the West.
2. National Map:
(1) Author: Wei Yuan, who lived during the Opium War.
(2) The purpose of writing a book:&; Ldquo learns from foreigners to control them &; Rdquo learns from foreign strengths to resist foreign aggression.
(3) Content: Introduce the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and America systematically.
3. Evolution theory:
(1) Author: Yan Fu, an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898.
(2) Proposition: The only way to save the country is to follow the example of the West and carry out prestige reform.
(3) Progressive viewpoint: propaganda &; Ldquo Natural selection, survival of the fittest &; Rdquo, and. The world must move forward, and the future will be better than today &; rdquo。
(4) Significance: At that time, China inspired intellectuals to explore the advanced western society, and also attacked the feudal stubborn forces.
Summary of the knowledge points of the second grade history (II) Knowledge points of the second volume of the eighth grade I. Simu Wuding
Representative works of Shang bronzes.
Secondly, Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Li Shizhen and Compendium of Materia Medica.
* * * Similarities:
(1) Hua Tuo is good at surgery and does general anesthesia & ldquo Ma Feisan &; rdquo。
(2) Zhang Zhongjing is the author of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, who comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine, and later generations honored him&; Ldquo medical sage & rdquo.
(3) Li Shizhen and Compendium of Materia Medica: an outstanding medical scientist in Ming Dynasty, who wrote Compendium of Materia Medica.
Third, Dujiangyan
North: P54 Li Bing Stone Statue
Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing and his son, the prefect of Shu County in Qin State during the Warring States Period. By & ldquo； Water-separating fish mouth &; Rdquo& ampldquo flying sand rock &; Rdquo& ampldquo Bottle Mouth &; Rdquo represented the advanced level of water conservancy projects in China at that time and was the wisdom of ancient working people.
Fourth, the Great Wall.
North: (1)P72 (the first volume of Grade 7) Schematic diagram of Qin Changcheng. (2) Qin Changcheng: In order to resist the Huns, Qin Shihuang sent people to build the Great Wall, starting from Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east, with a total length of one Vandory. This is the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.
The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty: (Part II of Grade 7) P 1 17 During the Ming Dynasty, it took nearly 200 years to build the Great Wall on the basis of repairing the Great Wall in previous dynasties. The Ming Great Wall starts from Yalu River in the east and ends at Jiayuguan in the west, with a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers. The project is solid, and the scale and quality have reached the highest level in history.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Grand Canal
North: P4-5 The Grand Canal that ran through the north and south during the Sui Dynasty, with Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south. From north to south, it is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan, connecting Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. This is the longest canal in the ancient world. It embodies the hard work, wisdom and great creativity of the working people in our country.
After the Grand Canal was opened to traffic, it not only became a political, economic and cultural link between North and South, but also became inland Asia & ldquo Silk Road &; Rdquo and the Sea & ldquo Silk Road &; Rdquo center. The navigation of the canal also promoted the development of towns and industries in coastal areas. Successive dynasties continuously dredged and rebuilt the canal, making it continue to play the role of connecting the north and south arteries.
6. Four Great Inventions
North: P40 printing, compass and gunpowder, and papermaking all belong to ancient China people. Four great inventions of ldquo &; Rdquo These inventions have had a great impact on the civilization and progress of all mankind.
(1) papermaking
North: Paper was invented in early Western Han Dynasty in P87. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun used bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets as raw materials for papermaking, which expanded the sources of raw materials, reduced the cost of papermaking, and improved the output and quality of paper. In order to commemorate his achievements, people call his improved paper & ldquo Cai Houzhi & rdquo.
(2) printing
North: The Diamond Sutra, printed by P40 in Tang Dynasty, is the earliest existing printed matter with a clear time record in the world.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. A movable type can be reused many times, which is convenient to save. Movable type printing saves engraving cost, greatly improves printing efficiency, and lays a foundation for the development of modern printing. Movable type printing in China was more than 400 years earlier than in Europe. It has played an important role in spreading knowledge and promoting the development of world civilization.
(3) Compass
North: Song Dynasty, P82, made a compass. Once the compass was invented, it was quickly applied to navigation. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass was introduced to Europe through Arabs, which provided important conditions for global navigation and the discovery of the new continent.
(4) gunpowder
North: P82 began to be used in the military in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the military in the Song Dynasty.
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