Structure of observed learning results

Introduction "SOLO" is the abbreviation of "structure of observed learning results" in English, which means: the structure of observable learning results. Solow's classified evaluation theory is a method of student academic evaluation initiated by J.B.Biggs, a professor of educational psychology at the University of Hong Kong, and it is a qualitative evaluation method characterized by grade description. This theory not only has a complete system, but also has a solid practical foundation. Biggs and his colleagues have done a lot of experiments in Australia and Hong Kong, combining theory with the evaluation of history, geography, mathematics, English and other disciplines, and achieved good results.

SOLO's evaluation concept is based on the idea that the quantity and quality of any learning results are determined by the teaching procedures and the characteristics of students in the learning process. It is based on the characteristics of students' existing knowledge structure, learning input and learning strategies, from concrete to abstract, from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional, from disorder to order.

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The ideological source of Thoreau's classification evaluation theory can be traced back to Piaget's theory of development stages. Piaget is an influential child psychological development scientist. He believes that children's cognitive development has stages, from low to high, which are perceptual movement stage, pre-performance stage, concrete performance stage and formal performance stage. In 1970s, Biggs' colleagues refined Piaget's classification into five stages: 1. Pre-performance stage (4-6 years old); 2. Primary specific performance stage (7-9 years old); 3. Intermediate specific performance stage (10-12 years old); 4. Summarize the performance stage (13-15 years old); 5. Formal performance stage (after 16 years old), and start to combine this theory with the learning evaluation of specific disciplines.

But practice has proved that Piaget's theory is only a genius hypothesis, and the real child psychology is much more complicated than this theory. Biggs' colleagues encountered two puzzles in practice: First, children's psychological development has different manifestations in different disciplines. For example, in geography, he may be in the stage of concrete generalization, but in mathematics, he is still in the stage of intermediate concrete operation. Second, children's psychological development is repeated. For example, a child's mathematics level has reached the stage of formal expression, but after a period of time, it will regress to the stage of intermediate concrete expression.

Faced with these two puzzles, Biggs formed his ideological theory: first, the thinking structure shown by a person when answering a question has no direct relationship with the overall cognitive structure of this person. A person's overall cognitive structure is a purely theoretical concept and cannot be detected. Biggs calls it "hypothetical cognitive structure", which is abbreviated as HCS in English. However, when a person answers a question, his thinking structure can be detected. Biggs calls it "the structure of observed learning results", which is abbreviated as SOLO in English. Therefore, it is difficult for us to label the students according to Piaget's classification and identify which stage of development he is in, but we can judge which level the students' thinking structure is in when answering a specific question. This evaluation method of analyzing students' thinking height when solving problems is called SOLO classification evaluation method.

Secondly, according to the SOLO classification evaluation method, Biggs divides students' learning results of a problem into five levels from low to high: pre-structure, single-point structure, multi-point structure, related structure and abstract extended structure, with the specific meanings as follows:

1. Pre-structure: Students basically can't understand and solve problems, but only provide some answers with confusing logic and no arguments.

2. Single structure: Students find an idea to solve a problem, but they converge on it and jump to the answer according to a small argument.

3. Multi-structure: Students found many ideas to solve problems, but failed to integrate them organically.

4. Relationship structure: Students have found many ideas to solve problems, and they can combine these ideas to think.

5. Extended Abstraction: Students can summarize the problem abstractly, analyze the problem from a theoretical height, deepen the problem and expand the meaning of the problem itself.

From the above classification, we can first see that the thinking classification structure proposed by Biggs is a hierarchical type from simple to complex, specifically, it is a development process from point, line, surface, three-dimensional and system. The more complex the thinking structure, the higher the level of thinking ability. Secondly, the focus of SOLO classification lies in the "quality" of students' answers to questions, rather than the "quantity" of answers to questions. Although the embodiment of quality is inseparable from the support of quantity, the evaluation of quality is really very different from that of quantity. For example, in the traditional college entrance examination history questions, we are used to dividing the answers into several scoring points to score subjective questions, which is basically a way to evaluate quantity. Individual evaluation doesn't care how many words are correctly close to the standard answer, let alone how many words students have written. It just tries to analyze what kind of thinking level the student can reach from his answers.

Third, people's understanding not only has the characteristics of stages in general, but also shows the characteristics of stages in the understanding of specific issues. The improvement of students' learning ability is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change, not only in a general sense, but also in the study of a specific knowledge point. From the five-level classification of SOLO, we can see that the first three levels are the accumulation of basic knowledge, and the last two levels are the leap of theoretical thinking. To achieve a breakthrough in thinking ability, it is inseparable from the accumulation of basic knowledge. This idea is quite enlightening to our history teaching. In recent years, our research on historical thinking ability seems to have evolved into a slogan-style word game. Everyone is talking about cultivating students' dialectical thinking and creative thinking, but few people can make a solid study in combination with specific historical issues. The enlightenment that Biggs gives us is that the study of historical thinking ability cannot be divorced from specific problem situations.

Therefore, Biggs' solo classification is quite different from Piaget's stage theory. SOLO classification is based on students' academic performance, and Piaget's stage theory is based on students' age. The difference between SOLO evaluation method and traditional evaluation method is also huge. It strives to accurately evaluate the depth and breadth of students' thinking ability. The advantages of SOLO classification are obvious. First of all, it has strong operability. Practice has proved that both liberal arts and science problems can basically be divided into thinking levels according to this method. Secondly, it helps teachers to set teaching goals. Teachers can pre-determine the thinking level that students should reach when learning a certain problem according to the teaching plan, and gradually improve students' thinking level according to the step-by-step method. Thirdly, it helps teachers to test the teaching effect and can clearly show students' understanding level of a specific problem. Fourthly, it provides a practical method to test students' advanced thinking ability.

Next year's college entrance examination will cancel the composition, and multiple choice questions are similar to the composition topics that everyone will face. Actually, the difficulty is the same. You should also write your paper from different angles and choose materials to explain it!

For example:

Composition questions:

"You can't see the rain and wet clothes, and you can't hear the idle flowers" is a poem written by Liu Changqing, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, in "Other Poems Garden". Someone once understood this poem like this:

1, which is a beautiful mood to celebrate spring.

2. Idle flowers and drizzle express unknown loneliness.

Seeing and hearing doesn't mean doing nothing. This is a bleak way of life.

This kind of artistic conception is no longer suitable for today's world.

Write a composition according to your point of view. The topic is self-made and the genre is not limited. More than 800 words

Candidate's composition:

I love the Olympics.

Midsummer, night and late at night.

Jingshan is at the top.

There are people on the mountain, two people, a man and a woman.

These two men are the two most famous killers in Wulin today. The man's name is Qiuyu, and the woman's name is Ye. Jianghu people call it "drizzling flowers".

The poet Liu Changqing once described these two terrible killers as "the rain makes the wet clothes disappear, and the idle flowers fall to the ground and listen to silence". Drizzle wet clothes, wet clothes are blood; Idle flowers fall to the ground, and heads fall to the ground. These two men killed without leaving a trace. If they want to kill you, you will be dead before you see their figures or hear their voices.

Qiuyu received a post three days ago, calling for killing Ye. After the job is done, he not only has three million and two thousand Mingbi, but also can be allowed to play the role of Cao Xueqin in the talent show A Dream of Red Mansions!

But killing Ye is much more difficult than killing Bill.

No one in the Jianghu knows Ye's martial arts origin, personality and temper, but everyone knows Ye's story.

Ye has a pair of charming big eyes. It is said that she used to stare at Zhao Wei and Gao Yuanyuan, but she was only seventeen years old that year.

Ye Huaxian's voice is as intoxicating as an oriole. Legend has it that Lin Chi-ling was numb and numb for a whole year after listening to her talk. Do you think this will be fatal?

Ye's flying skills are unique in Wulin. She walked through the snow without a trace and landed silently, claiming to surpass Wei Yixiao, the king of green-winged bats. She was seen stealing Liu Xiang's Olympic Pass on the highway last week. Liu Xiang chased 10,000 kilometers and was finally exhausted.

Most people were scared to buy diapers when they heard Ye's story, but Qiuyu didn't buy them.

Qiuyu is not an ordinary person.

He knows that killing people depends not only on technology, but also on character!

The drizzle in autumn is very calm. He is trimming his nails with a nail clipper. His fingers are slender and powerful.

He has to wait, waiting for the other person to lose his temper. There is no room for any mistakes when the masters contend. People who are impatient first will show their flaws.

Fatal defect!

So, Qiuyu didn't say anything, just quietly playing with nail clippers.

Unexpectedly, Ye went to rest, wearing lipstick and perfume leisurely.

Qiuyu had to strike first and say, "You know why I called you out."

Ye Huaxian said softly, "Can't we talk before we start?"

Qiuyu said, "I'm here to kill people, not to chat."

Ye Huaxian said, "Are you sure you want to kill me?"

Qiuyu said, "I never do anything I am not sure about."

Ye Huaxian said, "I want to remind you of one thing."

Qiuyu said, "You say."

Ye said, "Bai is a killer. My little girl ranks first in the killer list, and you are only second. Can you really kill me? "

Qiuyu said, "I want to remind you of one more thing."

Ye Huaxian said, "Tell me."

Qiu Yu said: "As for the killer's strength, I am ahead of you, but Bai Xiaosheng's ranking is based on SMS system. There are too many' anthomaniac' in China, so you can't get the first place."

Ye Huaxian's face changed and said, "I want to remind you that my fan group is called' pollen', not' anthomaniac'!"

Qiuyu said: "I want to remind you finally that all your' pollen' is anthomaniac. Besides, we digress. "

Ye Huaxian said, "Aren't you afraid of trouble if we work so hard?"

Qiuyu said, "You don't have to be afraid of trouble anymore. There is only one kind of people in the world who are never afraid of trouble, dead people! "

Ye Huaxian said, "So you have to force me to do it?"

Autumn rain didn't answer, so he didn't have to answer.

Qiuyu said: "Bright weapons!"

Ye Huaxian said, "I use a knife."

Autumn rain said, "you use a knife? Where is the knife? "

Ye Huaxian said, "I am the knife!"

Ye gave a sweet smile and suddenly took off her clothes, leaving only a lace bikini and black stockings.

Ye's face is breathtaking, and with such a figure, this dress is full of a primitive temptation.

Her eyes can talk, her smile can talk, her hands, her breasts, her legs ... her body can talk every minute.

She knows that as long as he is a man who is not blind, he will be fascinated by her now.

Qiuyu is a man, he is not blind.

But now he seems blind and completely indifferent.

He knows that a beautiful woman is a knife. When you are intoxicated, the knife will cut into your chest.

Qiuyu mused, "I just want to ask you one thing."

Ye Huaxian smiled and said, "Go."

Autumn rain said: "In summer, you are not afraid of mosquito bites if you wear so little?"

Ye was silent for a long time, faint tunnel: "You must think I just sprayed perfume, don't you? I tell you, I used Liushen toilet water! "

Ye Huaxian added, "but this is no ordinary LiuShen. This is a specially refined potion. Colorless, odorless and nontoxic, but it will slowly spread in the air. People who smell it will be paralyzed and unable to move. "

The drizzle in autumn surprised me, and I suddenly felt numb and broke out in a cold sweat.

Ye Huaxian added, "You think I'm talking nonsense with you because I'm afraid. I think I took off my clothes to seduce you. In fact, it is to delay the time and let the potion spread around you. "

Qiuyu was quiet and said, "Aren't you afraid of powerful potions yourself?"

Ye Huaxian proudly said, "At first, the lipstick I wore was the antidote, so I can still move freely."

Ye Huaxian stared at the autumn rain and asked, "Do you still think you can kill me?"

Autumn rain said: "I can!" "

Ye Huaxian said, "Isn't it ridiculous that you can kill me if you can't move me?"

Qiuyu said, "That's funny, but you will definitely be killed by me."

Ye Huaxian said, "Why did you kill me?"

Autumn rain suddenly asked: "Can flying knives kill people?"

Ye Huaxian said, "It seems that I can."

Autumn rain said, "Do I have hands?"

Ye Huaxian said, "There is."

Autumn rain said, "Do I have a knife in my hand?"

Ye Huaxian said, "It seems that you only have nail clippers in your hand."

Autumn rain said, "That's enough."

Ye Huaxian said, "Is this enough?"

Qiuyu said, "If I had a hand and a knife, I could kill people."

Leaf said, "nail clippers can also kill people? That's ridiculous! "

Qiu Yu said, "Seventy-three people in the Jianghu used to think my nail clippers were ridiculous."

Ye Huaxian said, "What about now?"

Qiu Yu said: "Now everyone is dead, dead by this sword."

Ye Huaxian said, "Can your hands still move?"

Qiuyu said, "Do you want to try?"

The smile on Ye Xianhua's face gradually solidified. Suddenly, she came!

A trick of "fake nine yin and white bone claws" approached the top of the skull in the autumn rain. She practiced this trick for seven years, four months and 29 days, and she was completely confident that no one could resist it.

But this time she was wrong.

The knife flashed, and the "pirated Xiao Li flying knife" had been inserted into her throat.

She wouldn't believe it until she died. Nail clippers will kill her!

Idle flowers finally landed!

After three hours, the efficacy of the potion gradually faded, and the autumn rain finally moved.

Looking at Ye's body, Autumn Mao Mao Rain said, "Although you are dead, I have to tell you two things. First, I have been using nail clippers to trim my nails and adjust the synchronization rate of my hands and knives. To put it bluntly, it is to find a feel. Second, the real purpose of killing you is not for money or fame. "

As she spoke, Qiu Xiaoyu searched Liu Xiang's Olympic entry card from Ye's pocket.

Qiuyu said firmly: "I love Beijing and I want to watch the Olympics!" "

Since then, no one has ever seen autumn rain.