The legendary life of Pakistan's founding father Ali Jinnah: The last Indian empire before British rule was the Mughal Empire. In the world map of 16 and 17 centuries, there are three giant empires established by * * * *, the Ottoman Turkish Empire at the westernmost end, the Persian Empire in the middle and the Mughal Empire that ruled India. The Mughal Empire was founded by Turks. He wants Timur to restore the glory of his ancestors like Genghis Khan, and to create a world on the grassland in Central Asia, but he is losing ground on the grassland in Central Asia. Under difficult circumstances, he crossed mountains and mountains, crossed Afghanistan and entered South Asia, where he defeated the Sultanate of Delhi and established the Mughal Empire. The ruler of the whole Mughal Empire is * * *, and the lower level is Hindus, but the number of Hindus is far more than * * *, which is very similar to the Mongols in the East. After two centuries of prosperity, at the beginning of the world in 18, the Mughal Empire inevitably declined, and the British colonists stepped up their aggression against India. 1857, there was an anti-British uprising in India, and the main force of the uprising was * * *. Hindu princes and ordinary people sweep the snow themselves, and some even write letters to the British to express their gratitude for eliminating those wicked people. After the failure of the anti-British uprising, the whole empire was completely occupied by British colonists, the Mughal Empire collapsed, and the last emperor of the empire was exiled to Myanmar and died there. Two: * * In India, from the former ruling class to the bottom of society, the whole society is depressed, and * * * is facing the dilemma of lack of education and a large number of unemployment. Under such circumstances, starting from 1880, a group of * * * intellectuals began to educate their own people to carry out * * * reform, and they established a number of schools to accommodate * *. Three: It is no exaggeration to say that Pakistan would not exist without Arijinna. Jinnah is the child of a peddler in a fishing port in Karachi. He has been particularly clever since he was a child. When she was less than 16 years old, Jinnah was admitted to Mumbai University. His father is particularly open-minded. In order to let the young Jinnah accept advanced knowledge from the west, he was sent to London to study law. After arriving in London, Jinnah was qualified as a lawyer at Lincoln Law School in England in less than two years. He is the youngest lawyer in the history of Lincoln Law School for hundreds of years. At this time, Jinna was under 65,438+08 years old. Later, Jinnah became a lawyer in England. While studying in Britain, he met Naorojr, a pioneering figure in Indian history. Naorojr first worked for the British East India Company. After moving to England, he resigned, and he founded the "London India Society" in London. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, he was the first person to be elected as an Indian in Britain. Jinnah especially admired him and joined the revolution with Naorojr. After returning to India, Naorojr became one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, 1896. Jinnah also returned to India and became the private secretary of party member and Naorojr of the Congress Party. Although it is * * *, at this time, Jinnah has completely lost the religious color of * * *. He devoted himself to the unity politics of Hindus and * *, and put forward the slogan "Unity can save". 19 13, Jinnah joined the first mass political party marked by religion as the National Congress-All India Alliance. At this time, there was no special boundary between the * * * Alliance and the Congress Party, and many people joined both sides at the same time. 19 16 and 65438. 4: 19 15 Gandhi returned to India from South Africa and became the leader of the Congress Party. At this time, Ali Jinnah drifted away from the Congress Party. Many people say that this is an ideological split, because Gandhi's political ideas are entirely Hindu, including perseverance and not resisting arrival, which has nothing to do with religion. If we look at it from another angle, people like Jinnah will not live in seclusion forever, and these two people can't live at all. Jinnah's prestige at that time was not the same as Gandhi's, but he never called Gandhi's myth the "Mahatma" of all India, and every time he mentioned Gandhi, he was addressed as "Mr. Gandhi". 192 1 year, Jinnah withdrew from the Congress Party. In recent years, due to the publication of a large number of documents, there has been the latest research on the relationship between Jinnah and Gandhi and Nehru, including why Jinnah later changed from an opponent of separatism to a staunch advocate of Pakistan's independence. The real reason is that the Congress Party led by Gandhi and Nehru refused to give freedom to minority areas, and division was not what Jinnah originally wanted. After the outbreak of World War I, the Indian colonial movement flourished. At this time, Jinna is far from politics. He returned to England to continue as a lawyer. He is a successful lawyer and has accumulated a lot of wealth. He bought a valuable house and a lot of mahogany furniture in London and lived a comfortable life. At this time, the Indian * * * Alliance advocated secession under the leadership of iqbal. He advocates the establishment of a new Republic of India, whose name is Pakistan. PAKS in Pakistan was first put forward by a student named Chowdhury in 1933. This word is a word game. The first letter and the last letter of the five settlements are put together to form a name. P refers to Punjab, A refers to Afghanistan, K refers to Kashmir, S refers to Sindh, and tan refers to Balochistan, the state where northwest India lives. There is no evidence that Jinnah is interested in this word. He has always opposed the establishment of an independent country. At this time, Jinna was a minority, but opposed to splitting the country. 1934, iqbal, who first put forward the theory of two nationalities and deepened it to the independence of Pakistan, was terminally ill. Iqbal is also an English lawyer, but his original intention of going to England is different from that of Jinnah. He wants to study politics and solve the problem of India's future. He went to England with this ideal. After he returned to India, he led the * * * alliance to arrive. When Jinnah left India, iqbal's ideas were not accepted by him, and they quarreled. At the end of iqbal's serious illness, he went to his assistant, Liakat ali khan, and asked him to find Jinnah. He said, "Although Jinnah has differences with himself, Jinnah is the only one who can lead the All-India Alliance and finally realize the founding of Pakistan." Ali khan immediately went to London and asked Jinnah to go home. Five: When Ali Khan meets Jinnah, tell him that the All India Alliance needs you to go back, otherwise the party will be over. After repeated persuasion, Jinnah made the decision to return to China. He sold his luxury apartment in England and gave all the mahogany furniture he decorated to one of his lawyers. At that time, a set of mahogany furniture for lawyers was very expensive Jinnah said, I don't care. From now on, I want to build a new one. After returning to China, Jinnah changed from a staunch opponent of Pakistan's independence to a staunch supporter of Pakistan's independence. His transformation is decisive for the fate of Pakistan. If he doesn't lead the * * * alliance, the idea of * * * building a country independently will not spread to the people and will not affect politics. When Jinnah was in charge of the * * * Alliance, the * * * Alliance could not get 5% of the votes in India's * * * inhabited areas, and most of them voted for the Congress Party. When Chenna came back, the situation was completely different. He began to give speeches everywhere. He emphasized a difference, that is, the difference between * * * and Hindus, and this difference is not a question of religious belief, but a question of living space. After the British left, did India continue to exist as a country or separate? At that time, only those intellectuals and elites supported separation. They care about cultural values, while ordinary people are not so civilized. How to instill this intellectual concept of founding a country into the people? Intellectuals can't do it, but they can. He emphasizes differences and never compromises. He rejected all Hindu acts of showing kindness to * * *. In short, he did not negotiate. Since Jinnah's political views have changed, he is ready to fight resolutely. But it was difficult to complete reunification at that time, so he finally insisted on * * * independence. Through his leadership, in a few years, he turned an elitist thought of a few people into a popular thought, which was deeply rooted among the masses. This is the real identity enlightenment. He told * * * in India that you are * * * and you are not Indian. Jinnah did it. 6: 1940, the All-India Alliance held its annual meeting in Lahore, and adopted the Lahore Declaration, establishing a merged * * * country or part of * * * countries as a bill. At that time, what was to be achieved was separation from India. As for whether to reunite after separation, that's * * * your own business, and we'll talk about it later. Because Jinnah knew very well that the * * * society at that time did not have the conditions to establish a unified country, because there were contradictions within * * *. If a unified country is proposed, where is the capital of this country? What are the main sects? * * * Internally, independent abortion decisions will be made on these issues. Before the country is established, it will first lead to division. Only by solving external problems and establishing an independent country can internal problems be solved. The Lahore Declaration also laid the groundwork for Pakistan and led to the division of East and West Pakistan, but it was not a mistake at that time, it was a political convenience. After World War II, Jinnah accelerated Pakistan's independent transportation. His means of struggle are strong character and uncompromising will. He is familiar with British political tricks. He was taught by the British. He is always dealing with the British by British means. He is better than the British. This is wisdom. 1June, 947, the Mountbatten plan was announced. In August, India and Pakistan were formally divided and Pakistan became independent. Jinnah's goal was to build a country at all costs, and his mission was accomplished. As for what happened later, Jinnah could do nothing, because his time was running out. Seven: Jinnah is a staunch leader of the national independence movement. He is very clever and very tenacious. He was familiar with the problems and chaos that India was facing at that time. He also knows that this newly established country has many congenital deficiencies, but he has his own mission. He established a country by himself and has been fighting for a unified political system that provides protection for ethnic minorities. Today, there are many Jinnah admirers all over India. For example, former Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee said that Jinnah was a respected national leader and a noble leader, and he was irresponsible for the turmoil during Pakistan's separatist period and the subsequent rise of fundamentalism. The newly established Pakistan has many problems. Although * * * is a religion, there are many sects in the whole * * * and it is not a belief system. There is no unified belief among sects. How to make these people live together has become a very realistic problem. Pakistan is a combination of several regions, and local rights always affect unified management. There are also questions about centralization or federalism. How to bring tribal forces and people's traditions into the new national order? In addition to Sindh and Punjab, several major regions are tribal systems in Northwest Frontier Province and Baluchistan Province, and * * * cannot move tribal systems at all. Wait, this series of problems has been with Pakistan.