Eight Important Historical Knowledge 1
The invasion of China by modern western powers and the struggle of China people.
1. "It never rains but it pours, and the country is in danger"-Lin Zexu: Humen destroyed opium. In order to commemorate the smoke in Humen, the United Nations designated June 3 as "International No Smoking Day" and June 26 as "International Anti-Drug Day".
2. The first military contest between modern China and western capitalist countries, the beginning of modern China: 1840, the first opium war. The Opium War was the first war in which foreign powers invaded the Yangtze River basin.
3. The modern history of China began with the Opium War, mainly because the social nature of China began to change.
The principal contradiction in modern China: the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation.
4. The treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in which China began to lose its independent status, ceded Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom with an indemnity of 2,654,380 million yuan, and opened Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports. China had to negotiate with the United Kingdom on the tax payment of British import and export goods-China Customs lost its role in protecting China's economy.
5. "The general has not returned to the border, and the children of Huxiang are full of Tianshan Mountains, and the newly planted willows are three thousand miles away, winning the spring breeze and jade pass"; "Those who attach importance to Xinjiang protect Mongolia, and those who protect Mongolia protect the capital" and "the meaning of heaven and earth"-Left Tang Zong regains Xinjiang; From 65438 to 0884, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier.
6. The first Japanese war of aggression against China was the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.
7. "On this day, the whole world is crying and has a strong naval force." "water under the bridge, but I am not alone. I swear by the survival of the whole ship." -Deng Shichang (Zhiyuan Ship Pipe Belt). (1894 Sino-Japanese War, Yellow Sea War)
8. The symbol of the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement-beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in the Battle of Ahava.
9. 1895, Li Hongzhang and Ito Bowen signed the treaty of shimonoseki, cutting "Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands" to Japan, compensating Japan for its military expenditure of 220 million silver, allowing Japan to set up factories in China and open more trading ports. -Hinder the development of China's national industries. The treaty of shimonoseki differs from other treaties in that it allows Japanese to set up factories in China to facilitate capital export. The imperialist aggression against China changed from commodity export to capital export.
10. "The queen mother didn't know about the national crisis, but she still held a birthday present in danger and misappropriated military funds to make peace. How can this battle not fail? " -"This War" refers to the Sino-Japanese War 1894+65438.
1 1. "Taiwan Province Province has now been returned to Japan, and the Summer Palace has put up a canopy"-the first sentence means "1895 treaty of shimonoseki ceded Taiwan Province Province and the Penghu Islands to Japan"; The second sentence refers to "the 60th birthday celebration of Empress Dowager Cixi"; The contrast shows the corruption and traitorous behavior of the Qing government.
12. 1900 the purpose of Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China was to suppress the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the boxer rebellion.
13. The most striking difference between the Xin Chou Treaty and other treaties is that the powers have obtained the privilege of directly interfering in China's internal affairs.
14. In modern China, the treaty with the most compensation was the Xin Chou Treaty, with compensation of 450 million taels. Among them, "prohibiting people from participating in anti-imperialist activities" shows that the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and the Qing government has completely become a "foreigner's court".
15. A historical event marking the beginning of China's modernization:19 The Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" in the 1960s and 1990s.
16. The fundamental purpose of the Westernization Movement was to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. The root cause of failure: the feudal system was not touched.
17. The concept of Westernization Movement: Make use of advanced production technology in the West to make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of difficulties and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Slogan: "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage; Nature: the self-help movement of the failed feudal landlord class.
18. Representative of Westernization Movement: Central Committee Member-Game? ; Places-Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong; The first new school founded by Westernization School: Shi Jing Wentong Museum.
19. Li Hongzhang said: "I have been doing things all my life, training the army and training the navy. They are all paper tigers, just barely drawn. " -reflecting that the Westernization Movement was a failed self-help movement of the feudal landlord class.
20. The position and function of the Westernization Movement: The Westernization Movement did not make China prosperous, but objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China and played a certain role in resisting the aggression of western powers. Westernization Movement is the beginning of China's modernization.
2 1. 1895 triggered the event of "writing on the bus": the signing of treaty of shimonoseki; Overture to the Reform Movement: "Writing on the Bus"
The symbol of the beginning of the Reform Movement: Emperor Guangxu promulgated "making the country the imperial edict".
22. The World Bulletin, founded by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, was later changed to Chinese and Foreign Daily, the organ of Xue Qiang Society, marking the formation of a reformist political group.
23. The basic proposition of the Reform Movement: advocating political reform and establishing a constitutional monarchy.
24. "Buddhism is the public instrument of the world; Change, the world is right. " -Liang Qichao advocated political reform and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
25. Yan Fu, an enlightenment thinker in China, who was called "China's first western learning" by Liang Qichao, translated The Theory of Evolution (Darwin's theory of evolution), which inspired intellectuals to explore the advanced western society, encouraged people to "strive for self-improvement and protect species", save the nation and oppose foreign aggression. Advocacy: follow the example of the west, carry out reform and improvement, and establish a constitutional monarchy.
26. In the Reform Movement of 1898 (June-September, 1898), the measures that directly violated the interests of the die-hards were to reform government institutions, abolish redundant staff and appoint reformists.
27. The nature of the Reform Movement of 1898: the bourgeois reform initiated by the bourgeois reformists.
28. "If you are willing to kill a thief, you will be powerless and die a fair death. Come on! " -Tan Sitong
29. In modern times, countless people with lofty ideals have made arduous explorations to save the country and the people. A letter from Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao on the bus and the Reform Movement of 1898. Sun Yat-sen-Xinhai Revolution; Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao-New Culture Movement;
30. The nature of the Revolution of 1911: the bourgeois revolution led by the bourgeois revolutionaries (national bourgeoisie).
3 1. The first bourgeois political party in China: 1905 China United League; Official publication: People's Daily; Guiding ideology: Three People's Principles;
32. The change of Sun Yat-sen's thought: from the old Three People's Principles (nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood) to the new Three People's Principles (alliance with Russia, alliance with * * *, and assistance to peasants and workers). The core idea of the old Three People's Principles: civil rights.
33. The Revolution of 1911 failed amid "cheers". "Cheer" here refers to the establishment of the Republic of China 19 12 1.
34. The successful performance of the Revolution of 1911: overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy system for more than 2,000 years, established a bourgeois democratic republic, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts; After the founding of the Republic of China, some measures were taken in economy, politics and culture, which promoted the development of capitalism in China and the modernization of China.
35. The failure of the Revolution of 1911: The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary task was not completed, the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social nature of China remained unchanged, the revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai, and China entered the period of the rule of Beiyang warlords.
36. Reasons for the failure of the Revolution of 1911: the strength of imperialism and feudalism, the weakness of the bourgeoisie, and Yuan Shikai's stealing of revolutionary achievements failed to mobilize the broad masses of the people.
37. Limitations of Sun Yat-sen's "Three People's Principles": there is no explicit demand for anti-imperialist struggle, and the national concept is narrow.
38. Banners held high by the New Culture Movement: Democracy (Mr. De) and Science (Mr. Sai); Main position: Youth magazine, later changed to New Youth; The spearhead mainly points to: "respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways" (Confucianism) countercurrent; Nature: an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement initiated by bourgeois radicals; Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun and Hu Shi; The October Revolution (known as the dawn of the new century) refers to the historical events of the victory of ordinary people and the victory of Bolshevism.
Eight historical knowledge II
new-democratic revolution
39. The nature of the May 4th Movement: a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement; The slogan that best embodies the nature of the May 4th Movement: "Fighting for sovereignty outside and getting rid of national thieves inside" (the direct goal of the struggle); Leaders: advanced intellectuals; The fuse: China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.
40. The May 4th Movement marked the beginning of the new-democratic revolution, because the proletariat became the main force of the revolution and showed great strength.
4 1. The "First Congress" of the China * * * Producer Party:1921July was held in Shanghai, and then changed boats with Nanhu in Jiaxing, Zhejiang, marking the birth of the China * * * Producer Party; The meeting defined the central task of the party: leading the workers' movement.
42. The first national cooperation: time:1924; Symbol: the convening of the first national congress of the Kuomintang; Name of United Front: Revolutionary United Front; Significance: It promoted the development of the national revolution and made the Northern Expedition win one after another.
Second national cooperation: time:1937; Logo: the Kuomintang announced the Declaration on Sino-US Cooperation; United Front Name: Anti-Japanese National United Front; Significance: It marks the establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front and the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
43. The origin of August 1st Army Day: On August 1927, the Nanchang Uprising led by Zhou Enlai, He Long and Zhu De marked the beginning of the armed struggle led by the China * * * production party independently, and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang.
44. A single spark can start a prairie fire: the first rural revolutionary base: Jinggangshan base.
45. The adaptation of the Three Bays established the party's absolute leadership over the army;
46. The most profound lesson from Nanchang Uprising to Autumn Harvest Uprising is that the revolution moved from the city to the countryside, taking the road of encircling the city from the countryside and seizing power by force.
48. The Zunyi Meeting (1935. 1) marked the maturity of China's * * * production party. It was the first meeting with a turning point since the founding of the Party, and it was also the turning point of the Party's life and death.
49. 1934 10, the Red Army's Long March started from Ruijin and passed through Jiangxi (Ruijin), Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou (Zunyi), Yunnan, Sichuan, Xikang, Gansu (Huining), Shaanxi and other provinces.1935/kloc-0.
50. Historical events related to Song Songhua River: September 18th Incident (193 1 September 18, the "Wicker Lake Incident" made by Japan in the suburbs of Shenyang). In this regard, Chiang Kai-shek adopted a policy of non-resistance, and China's local war of resistance began.
5 1. The ethnic contradiction between China and China gradually rose to become the main contradiction in Japanese society: "September 18th Incident".
52. "The actions of the Japanese army in Shenyang can be taken as a local incident, hoping to avoid conflicts and prevent the situation from expanding. All negotiations with Japan will be handled by the central government. " -Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance.
53.Xi 'an Incident Time:193665438+1February (25 years of the Republic of China); Sponsors: Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng; Purpose: to force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan; Settlement: peaceful settlement; China * * * producer Zhou Enlai and others mediate; The starting point of peaceful settlement: for the benefit of the whole nation, to achieve consistent anti-Japanese; Significance: The 10-year civil war between the two parties ended and the anti-Japanese national United front was initially formed.
54. July 7th Incident (also known as Lugouqiao Incident):1On July 7th, 937, Japan provoked it, marking the beginning of Japan's all-out war of aggression against China and the beginning of China's national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
55. 1937 The Red Army of Workers and Peasants was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.
56. Three major battles in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression: ① Pingxingguan victory-the first victory since the Anti-Japanese War; (Lin Biao Eighth Route Army First Division 1 15) ② Taierzhuang Battle-a major victory of the Kuomintang army in the frontal battlefield since the Anti-Japanese War; (Kuomintang troops led by Li Zongren) (3) Hundred Regiments War-the biggest battle for China troops to attack the Japanese army on their own initiative. (Peng leads the Eighth Route Army)
57. Hundred Regiments War: Purpose: To crush the enemy's cage policy and three light policies; Goal: destroy the enemy's communication lines and the strongholds of the Japanese and puppet troops; Scale: China took the initiative to attack the biggest battle of the Japanese army.
58. Three major battles in the War of Liberation: ① Liaoshen Campaign-under the command of Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan, the whole Northeast was liberated, and the PLA began to gain a numerical advantage. (2) Huaihai Campaign-laid the foundation for the liberation of Jiangnan provinces. (Related to Jiangsu, the enemy was wiped out the most) ③ Pingjin Campaign-the peaceful liberation of Peiping ("Fu" Uprising), and the whole territory of North China was basically liberated.
59. "Those who die in battle are honored, those who live with it are ashamed, those who share the honor and disgrace are light, those who share the nation are heavy, and the country is difficult." -Tong: It embodies the patriotic spirit of linking one's honor and disgrace with the fate of the motherland.
60.1In April, 945, the Seventh Congress of the Party was held in Yan 'an, which formulated the Party's political line and made a report on "On the Coalition Government", which prepared the conditions for the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the bright future of China.
6 1. Japan surrendered: 15 In August, Japan announced its unconditional surrender; On September 2, Japan officially signed a surrender letter with its allies; On September 3, the Japanese government submitted a surrender letter to the Allies, which came into effect. On September 9th, the Japanese governments of Okamura Ningji and China signed a surrender letter in Nanjing. 10/0/25 (Taiwan's recovery day), Japan, Japan and Ando Rikichi signed a surrender letter, and Taiwan Province Province returned to the embrace of the motherland. (September 3rd is the anniversary of the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China)
62. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was the first complete victory of the people of China against foreign aggression in modern times, and it was a turning point of the Chinese nation from decline to rejuvenation.
63. Chongqing negotiation time: 65438+August 28th 0945-65438+10/0; Chiang Kai-shek's purpose: to deceive public opinion politically and gain time to prepare for civil war;
64. All-out Civil War broke out:1In June, 946, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched a crazy attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area.
65. The sign that the People's Liberation Army changed from strategic defense to strategic attack:1In the summer of 947, it led the main force of the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan People's Liberation Army into the Dabie Mountains.
66. "There was a yellow storm in Zhongshan, and millions of heroes crossed the river. Tiger's dragon card is better than in the past, upside down and generous. It is advisable to chase after the poor with courage, not to learn from the overlord. If the sky is affectionate, if the sky is old, the world will be vicissitudes. "
"Millions of brave men crossing the river" refers to the battle of crossing the river; "It is advisable to take advantage of the situation to pursue the poor bandits" means to pursue the remnants of the Kuomintang army and liberate the whole country.
1On April 23rd, 949, Nanking was liberated, and the revolutionary party regime that ruled China for 22 years was destroyed.
67. In modern times, China has undergone three historic changes: the Revolution of 1911, the founding of New China, the establishment of the socialist system and reform and opening up.
68. Three great ideological emancipation movements in modern China and their influence;
(1) Yan Fu's Enlightenment; Encourage intellectuals to explore advanced western societies, crack down on stubborn feudal forces, and promote the Reform Movement of 1898;
(2) Xinhai Revolution; Putting forward the "Three People's Principles" makes democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts;
(3) New Culture Movement; Encourage people to pursue democracy and science, explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and create conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.
Eight Important Historical Knowledge 3
I. Opium smuggling
1. Reasons for Britain's massive opium smuggling to China:
Britain became the number one industrial power; In the legal trade between China and Britain, China is in a transcendental position to reverse the unfavorable situation; In order to open up overseas markets.
2. The harm of opium flooding: the massive outflow of silver directly threatened the finance of the Qing government; Seriously destroy the spirit and physique of smokers; Leading to political corruption; The combat effectiveness of the army was weakened.
Second, destroy opium in Humen.
/kloc-at the end of 0/938, Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban smoking. Lin Zexu is known as "the first person in the world" in modern China.
Time: 1839.6.
Character: Lin Zexu
Significance: The destruction of opium in Humen is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.
Third, the Opium War:
Time: 1840.6- 1842.8 China VS UK.
The root cause: Britain opened the China market and protected the opium trade.
Direct cause: Lin Zexu's anti-smoking campaign/Humen's opium destruction.
War process:
1840.6 broke out →→→→→→ blocked the Pearl River Estuary → captured Dinghai, Zhejiang Province → headed for Tianjin → dismissed Lin Zexu and reassigned Qishan →→→→1captured Hong Kong Island →→→→→→ Humen Fort, and Guan Tianpei died →→→→→→/kloc-0.
184 1 autumn, Xiamen, Dinghai and Ningbo invaded Wusong again →→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→ Chen Huacheng sacrificed →→→→→→→→→ captured Zhenjiang →→→→→1942.8 arrived in Nanjing →→→→→→→→→→→→→ the Qing government surrendered.
Reasons for failure: the decadent feudal autocracy in Qing Dynasty-the root cause; Rulers are ignorant; Economic backwardness; Weapons are out of date.
Revelation: If you fall behind, you will be beaten.
Fourth, the signing of treaty of nanking.
The treaty of nanking signed by China and Britain was the first unequal treaty in modern China history.
Content (hazard):
① Five-port trade: "Recovering to Ningxia" (southeast coast)-convenient for Britain to dump goods and plunder raw materials;
(2) Land cession: Hong Kong Island-undermining China's territorial sovereignty.
③ Compensation: 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars-increasing the burden on the people.
(4) Tax negotiation: The taxes that British businessmen should pay when importing and exporting goods must be agreed by both parties-this undermines China's tariff sovereignty.
(2) Accessories
1843 sino-British humen treaty: consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment, and the right to rent land and build houses at trading ports.
1844 Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty and Sino-French Huangpu Treaty
Influence: The Opium War changed the historical development of China. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.
Eight important knowledge points in history:
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of eighth grade history
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★ Summarize the important knowledge points in the history of Grade Two.
★ Summary of knowledge points in the latest eighth grade history textbook in 2020
★ Classic summary of historical knowledge points in the first volume of the second day of junior high school
★ Unit 65438, Volume 1, Grade Two Classic Summary of Historical Knowledge Points +0-2 Summary
★ Summary of the history review outline of the first volume of Grade 8 (two materials)
★ History Review Outline of Volume I of Grade Eight (People's Education Edition)
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of eighth grade history
★ Quickly master the important knowledge points of eighth grade history.