1934 10 after the failure of the fifth counter-campaign against encirclement and suppression, the Red Army, the main force of the central government, was forced to make a strategic shift, withdraw from the central base area and carry out the Long March in order to get rid of the encirclement and pursuit of the Kuomintang troops.
The Long March is a great miracle in human history. The Central Red Army fought more than 380 times and captured more than 700 counties. The Red Army sacrificed more than 430 cadres at or above the battalion level, with an average age of less than 30, and defeated hundreds of regiments of the Kuomintang army.
In the meantime, * * * passes through 14 province, crosses 18 mountain, crosses 24 rivers, walks through grasslands and crosses snow-capped mountains, with a journey of about 25,000 li. The Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi on 1935 and joined forces with the Red Army in northern Shaanxi.
1936 10, the Red Second and Fourth Army arrived in Huining, Gansu, and joined forces with the Red Army. The three main forces of the Red Army joined forces, marking the victory of the Long March.
Extended data:
The background of the Red Army's Long March;
The Long March of the Red Army took place at a time when China was facing national peril, and anti-Japanese national salvation became a top priority for the whole nation.
The September 18th Incident was the beginning of Japanese attempt to destroy China. 1932, the Japanese army launched an attack on Shanghai, creating the "December 28th Incident", which further accelerated the pace of aggression against China.
1in the spring of 933, the Japanese army successively captured Shanhaiguan and Jehol, and occupied some areas north of the Great Wall, aiming at Ping Jin. The Japanese army stepped up its invasion of China, and the crisis of the Chinese nation became increasingly serious. Uniting against Japan and saving the nation has gradually become the political theme of China society and the * * * requirement of the people all over the country.
However, Chiang Kai-shek went against the historical trend, stubbornly taking "doing things outside must be done inside" as the basic national policy to deal with internal and external relations, repeatedly compromising with Japan and constantly mobilizing heavy troops to "encircle and encircle" the Soviet area and the Red Army.
1April 6, 933, Chiang Kai-shek declared in "Tell the General to Lead the bandits to Talk about Anti-Japanese Electricity" that "if the frontline generals plead in the north, they will not tolerate them unintentionally"; It is said that it is anti-Japanese "and" no forgiveness. " Under the non-resistance policy of Chiang Kai-shek clique, both the "December 28th" War of Resistance and the Great Wall War of Resistance ended in failure.
Under the increasingly serious national crisis, Chiang Kai-shek's policy of "settling down first when busy outside" has been dissatisfied by Chinese people and condemned by public opinion, and even opposed by some people in the Kuomintang ruling group and local power groups.
An article entitled "If I were Chiang Kai-shek" published in Independent Review criticized the policy of non-resistance as "the worst suicide policy", which turned China into "a big piece of fat meat" and then the Japanese "cut it off with one knife".
The members of the Kuomintang Central Committee in Guangdong called the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, saying that "there is no other way but to fight the war of resistance" and demanded that the National Government earnestly carry out the war of resistance.
1933 In May, Feng Yuxiang established the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Coalition in Zhangjiakou, and then recovered all the lost land in Chahar Province.
While the Red Army in the Central Soviet Area was in a passive position in the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression", Chen, Jiang Guangnai and Cai Tingkai, the generals of the Kuomintang's No.1 19 Route Army in Fujian, joined forces with the anti-Chiang forces, and launched the "Fujian Incident" on June1933+065438+1October 20, publicly announcing their anti-Chiang.
In the face of the increasingly serious national crisis, China's * * * production party has always held high the anti-Japanese banner, constantly issued declarations, strongly condemned the Kuomintang government's non-resistance policy, declared war on Japan, and called on the people of the whole country to unite against Japan; It is proposed that the Red Army is prepared to sign an armistice agreement with any army to fight against Japan under the three conditions of immediately stopping attacking the Soviet area, ensuring the people's democratic rights and arming the people.
Help and strengthen the anti-Japanese Coalition forces in Chahar. 1In July, 934, the 7th Army Corps of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants formed the "Anti-Japanese Advance Team to the North", and one of its tasks was to "launch the highest anti-Japanese movement in Fujian and Zhejiang". Despite the unremitting efforts of all parties, the national crisis in China was still intensifying before the Long March, and cooperation against Japan seemed out of reach.
When Japan stepped up its aggression against China and the national anti-Japanese national salvation movement rose, China's * * * production party, which held high the anti-Japanese banner, should have further formulated correct strategies and tactics according to the new situation of rapidly changing domestic class relations, United all forces that could be United, and promoted the development of China's revolutionary cause with War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression as the center.
However, the dogmatists, represented by Wang Ming, gained a dominant position in the Party and made serious "Left" errors on the issue of the life and death of the revolution, which plunged the Party and the Red Army into a crisis of life and death.
Although they advocated anti-Japanese, they ignored the new changes in domestic class relations caused by the rising ethnic contradictions between China and Japan after the "September 18" incident, and denied the anti-Japanese demands of the middle forces with the national bourgeoisie as the main body.
Denying the existence of divisions within the Kuomintang on the issue of anti-Japanese, and concluding that the centrist is the most dangerous enemy of the China revolution, and rejecting all upper-class elements and middle forces, so long as they are "soldiers", they do not want officials. They arbitrarily think that "the center of China's current political situation is the counter-revolution and the desperate struggle of the revolution".
To this end, they ignored the objective reality that the enemy was strong and we were weak, opposed the effective policy of "luring the enemy deep" of the Red Army, and advocated a preemptive attack strategy. Under this offensive strategy, they oppose the necessary guerrilla warfare and mobile warfare, and "demand positional warfare and so-called' regular' warfare that rely entirely on the main force" and so on.
In the army building, they took a series of measures to "transform the Red Army":
First, implement the policy of sectarian cadres and reorganize the leading organs of the party and the Red Army in various Soviet areas;
Second, cancel the collective leadership system of party committees and strengthen the individual decision-making role of political commissars;
Third, cancel the tasks of fund-raising and mass work of the Red Army, and emphasize that the tasks of the Red Army are limited to fighting;
4. Oppose the necessary guerrilla nature of the Red Army, and unilaterally emphasize regularization, thus weakening the combat effectiveness of the Red Army.
The evil consequence of Wang Ming's "Left" deviation is that the fourth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" in the Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei Soviet areas and the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" in the Central China, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi Soviet areas failed one after another. The Red Army suffered heavy losses, the army building was severely damaged, and the Party and the Red Army were forced to implement strategic shift.
The failure of the Central Soviet Area's counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" changed the general pattern of China's revolutionary war, affected other Soviet areas, and made the Long March shift from local to overall.
Two major crises tested the desperate the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Red Army, and launched the Long March for survival and development on the land of China.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Long March
What is the background of the Red Army's Long March?