Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) or Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as Spring and Autumn. Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the influence of the King of Zhou weakened, and there were disputes among the heroes. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Song Xianggong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang successively dominated, and were called "the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period". (Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, Gou Jian, King of Yue). The Spring and Autumn Period was followed by the Warring States Period.
Chunqiu was named after Confucius revised Chunqiu. This book records the history from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). For convenience, modern scholars generally refer to the period from the first year (770 BC) to the forty-third year of the week (477 BC) as the "Spring and Autumn Period".
In the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period, there were more than 170 vassal states, but their deeds of alliance and conquest were obvious, including Qi, Jin, Chu, Qin, Lu, Song, Wei, Yan, Chen, Cao, Cai, Zheng, Wu and Yue.
After Pingdong moved eastward, some vassal States developed after a long period of rest, but the royal forces gradually declined and gradually lost their ability to control the vassal States. The powerful princes no longer obey the Zhou royal family. Some of them invaded Zhou's land, while others attacked other vassal States. In the 12th year of King Huan of Zhou (708 BC), King Huan of Zhou led troops to fight against the unruly State of Zheng. Zheng Bo not only dared to lead the troops to resist, but also defeated Julian Waghann and hit Zhou Wang on the shoulder with an arrow. This shows that the status of the king of Zhou at this time has been seriously reduced, but he still retains the name of the Lord of the world.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were 128 princes' names in the history books, but there were more than a dozen important ones. There are Qi and Lu in Shandong today, Wei, Song, Zheng, Chen and Cai in Henan today, Jin in Shanxi today, Yan in Beijing and surrounding areas today, Qin in Shaanxi today, Chu in Henan and southern Anhui today, Wu in central and southern Jiangsu today, and Yue in Zhejiang today. With their strength, these relatively large vassal States used war to expand their territory, forcing the weak countries to obey his orders and compete with each other, thus forming a situation in which the vassals competed for hegemony. Ba, also written as Bo, means the oldest in Wang Zizhong.
Qi Huangong was the first master. Qi was a vassal state of Lu Shang and Tai Gong. Later emperors devoted themselves to rectifying politics, giving full play to the advantages of coastal fish and salt, advocating home textile industry, developing commerce and handicrafts, and gradually developing their national strength. After Qi Huangong (reigned from 685 to 643) succeeded to the throne, he took Guan Zhong as the prime minister, reorganized the state administration, abolished the public land system, determined taxes according to the fertility of the land, set up salt, iron officials and coins, increased fiscal revenue, incorporated soldiers into agriculture, and merged grass-roots administrative organizations with military organizations into one, thus increasing the source of soldiers and fighting capacity, and quickly became the most prosperous country in China. Then he played the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", repeatedly called on the vassals to help or interfere in other countries and resist the invasion of the righteous emperor, and finally became the overlord in the third year of King Zhou Nuo (679 BC). In the twenty-first year of King Hui of Zhou (656 BC), Qi Huangong led the allied forces of eight vassal states, forcing Chu to submit to him with superior forces, and concluded the alliance of Zhaoling (now Yancheng, Henan), which reached its peak.
After Qi Huangong's death, there was a civil strife in Qi State for monarchical power, which weakened the strength of Qi State. Chu took the opportunity to develop its power, destroyed several small countries in the north of it, and pointed the finger at the Central Plains. Song Xianggong (reigned 650-637 years ago) tried to become the overlord of the Central Plains with the call of resisting the Chu people's invasion to the north. However, in terms of national strength and performance, Song Xianggong is not enough to occupy a dominant position. In the fifteenth year of King Xiang of Zhou (638 BC), the armies of Chu and Song met in the flood and suffered a heavy defeat. Even Song Xianggong was shot in the leg and died soon.
Just as Chu dominated the Central Plains, the Western State of Jin developed. Jin Wengong Zhong Er (reigned from 636 to 628) was exiled for "rebellion against Li Ji" 19 years. That is, after he acceded to the throne, he reformed politics, developed economy, reorganized the army, gained the trust of the people, stabilized the royal family, and was friendly to Qin, and gained high prestige among the princes. In the twentieth year of King Xiang of Zhou (633 BC), the Chu army surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the Song State. At the beginning of the following year, Jin Wengong led his army to save the Song Dynasty, defeated the Chu army in Chengpu and became the overlord.
After his death, he sought to develop eastward and was blocked by Jin. In World War I, Qin Jun was completely annihilated and turned westward, annexing some Rongdi tribes and dominating Xirong.
After the Battle of Chengpu, Chu developed eastward, wiped out many small countries, and developed economically and culturally from Yunnan in the south to the Yellow River in the north. Chu Zhuangwang (before 6 13 -59 1 in office) reformed internal affairs, put down riots, built water conservancy projects, and gradually gained national strength. He even asked King Zhou Ding's special envoy about the size of Zhou Ding. In the tenth year of Zhou Ding (597 BC), Chu and Jin fought in Zhai (now southeast of Wuzhi, Henan) and won a great victory. Before long, the Jin people were afraid to save the Song Dynasty, so the small countries in the Central Plains turned to Chu, and the Chu people dominated the Central Plains.
The continuous war has brought great disasters to the people and caused the boredom of small and medium-sized countries. In addition, the two big countries in Chu Jin are evenly matched, and neither can eat the other. So initiated by the Song Dynasty, two appeasement alliances were held in the seventh year (579 BC) and the twenty-sixth year (546 BC) of Zhou Jianwang. Since then, wars have been greatly reduced.
The hegemony of the former governors came to an end, and wuyue, located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, began to develop. In the 14th year of the Zhou Dynasty (506 BC), He Lv, the king of Wu, took Wu Yuan (Wu Zixu) as the general and attacked Chu and the capital of Chu. Twenty-four years ago (496 BC), Zhou led a expedition to the south. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, led troops to fight. The doctor of Yue hit He Lv, and He Lv died of serious injuries. In the 26th year of the week (494 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, avenged his father and defeated Yue. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, made peace and gave it to the precious beauty stone of the King of Wu, who personally led the horse as Fu Cha. Wu Wang's Northern Expedition defeated the Qi army and became a bully. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, lived together for ten years and finally destroyed Wu for three years (473 BC). Focha committed suicide in shame. Gou Jian went north and joined forces with Qi Jin in Xu, becoming the last overlord.
According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn Period of 242 years, 36 monarchs were killed, 52 vassal states were destroyed, more than 480 wars were fought, and princes were invited to form alliances for more than 450 times.
There were five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was called "Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period" in history.
political system
During the Spring and Autumn Period, vassals of vassal states were called vassals, and only Chu, Wu and Yue were called kings. Under the princes, there are ministers, two ministers, three ministers or six ministers. Among them, Zhengqing or Shangqing presided over the government affairs, and the spirit of Chu was hidden, also known as Xiang, and Qin once called Shu Chang and Bu Geng. When the Qing Dynasty went to war, the three armed forces helped. In the Qing Dynasty, Si Tuleideng, Sima, Si Kou were in charge of civil affairs, military affairs, fortifications and legal affairs. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Jin, Chu and other countries began to set up counties in newly merged places, or set several small cities as counties, or divided private fields into counties. In the border areas, there are counties. There is no subordinate relationship between counties, and its chief executive is appointed by the monarch, and only a few are awarded to nobles as fiefs.
economic civilization
During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools were widely used and popularized in Niu Geng, which greatly improved agricultural productivity. Many wasteland has been reclaimed in Cheng Liangtian, and the farming technology has changed from extensive farming to intensive farming, which has greatly increased the agricultural output. The increase of private land, the disintegration of well field system and the development of land relations towards privatization. Governors had to carry out reforms one after another, recognizing private ownership of land, allowing land to be bought and sold, and collecting land taxes from landlords, so farmers' enthusiasm for production was high. The number of horses has increased due to the needs of the war. Animal husbandry in the Central Plains has basically become a vassal of agriculture, and few people specialize in animal husbandry production.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the engravings on bronzes tended to be meticulous and neat, and the shape was light and light, which led to the wrong gold inscription. The existing bronze sword of wuyue is rare in the world for its refined smelting and quenching, skillful alloy technology, exquisite external plating and casting patterns. Salt boiling, iron smelting, lacquer ware and other departments have developed. Iron tools are mainly handicraft tools and agricultural tools. Silk products of Qi and lacquerware of Chu are of high level. Some craftsmen become individual producers and operators, living in the "boss" of the city, producing and selling. Lu Ban, known as the ancestor of craftsmen, lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Metal coins were cast in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Jin was one of the earliest areas where coins were cast and used. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the grain price in Yue was the highest in 60 yuan and the lowest in 30 yuan.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new tax system was created. In the fifteenth year of Shandong (before 594), the initial tax on mu was implemented, and the state collected some taxes from landlords according to the land area. This is the beginning of ancient land tax. During the Lucheng period (590 BC), Ren Jia collected a certain amount of military tax (A) according to the land area, so that the tax and tax were combined into one. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was very common to collect local taxes. In the seventh year of Gong Jian (the first 408 years), Qin implemented the "initial tax" in kind tax system. During the Warring States period, the tax systems of different countries were different. Qin first implemented the household registration system, which was used to collect land rent tax and "head meeting" (population tax).
Scientific development
The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period brought the whole world, including astronomy, into the five elements system. "Heaven" shows "destiny" not only through astronomical phenomena, but also through various celestial bodies. Therefore, people should observe "fate" with various symbols, which has changed the previous method of observing fate with people's hearts. These symbols should be displayed in the "Five Virtues Turn". Expressed in "five elements of luck". Astronomical observation is not only used in national politics, especially in abnormal astronomical phenomena. Because it's about fate. It is highly valued. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some cutting-edge medical technologies were invented and applied in clinic. Lingshu Four Seasons Steaming recorded the earliest abdominal puncture in the medical history of China.
Philosophical thinking
The source of China's thought and culture is Yi. As one of the six Confucian classics, The Book of Changes has a long process of formation and development. What is called "River Map" and "Luo Shu" by later generations is the expression of burning Oracle bones and the reflection of the mutual connection and infiltration of rational thinking and image thinking realized by ancient ancestors in their long-term life and divination practice. According to legend, it was summed up by Fu Yi, who repeatedly arranged yarrow and painted it as gossip, covering all the phenomena between heaven and earth, primitive. Later, it is said that after careful study by Zhou Wenwang, it was standardized and sorted out, and it was interpreted as 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. With divination and diction, it is called Zhouyi. It uses simple images and numbers, and the opposite changes of Yin and Yang to explain all kinds of complex social phenomena, and displays thousands or even infinite numbers, which has the characteristics of using few to show many, using simplicity to show many and being full of changes. It is called "Yi" because Zheng Xuan has three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is difficulty. That is to say, The Theory of Everything has changed, the phenomenon is constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts rich and simple dialectics from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius explained and discussed the Book of Changes and completed the Ten Wings, namely the Book of Changes. In this way, Zhouyi has developed into a profound philosophical work about the change of the universe. The academic origin of Chinese civilization is very early, but it didn't develop until the Spring and Autumn Period. The academic thought at this time can be said to be the great golden age of Chinese civilization. China people call this period a period of "a hundred schools of thought contend".