1, yongzheng emperor in Qing Dynasty: Yongzheng set up a military department to strengthen centralization; The implementation of the principle of land tax collection combined with Ding Yin's contribution reduced the burden on farmers and consolidated the rule of the country. ?
2. Emperor Gaozong in Qing Dynasty: The main achievement of Qianlong was to pacify the rebellion in Junggar and Hezhuo and consolidate the unity of many nationalities; Presided over the compilation of Siku Quanshu.
3. Qing Renzong Jiaqing: Jiaqing put forward the slogan of "salt reform" to rectify internal affairs, but failed to effectively prevent the demise of the Qing government; During his reign, domestic class contradictions were sharp, peasant uprisings appeared everywhere, and the Qing government was unstable.
4. Daoguang of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty: During his reign, the Opium War broke out, and the treaty of nanking was signed by the Qing government and Britain, which was the beginning of China's modern history.
5. Emperor Wen of the Qing Dynasty, Xianfeng: During the Xianfeng period, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement took place and he began to resolutely suppress it; Actively began to fight against Britain and France.
6. Tongzhi of Mu Zong in Qing Dynasty: During Tongzhi period, Cixi seized power.
7. Qing Dezong Guangxu years: The Sino-Japanese War, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Boxer Movement all took place in Guangxu years. He was controlled by Cixi all his life and was imprisoned by Cixi in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai during the Reform Movement of 1898.
8. Xuan Tong Emperor Puyi: He was the last emperor of the Qing government and was finally pardoned and became a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Extended data:
A, qing sejong yongzheng:
1, Introduction:
Yong Zhengdi (1678 65438+February13-1735 65438+1October 8), the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the third emperor after Beijing made its capital, was honored as the Chirade Tu Tu class in Mongolia. The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi, whose mother is Empress Xiao Gongren, namely Wu Yashi, was born in Yonghe Palace in the Forbidden City.
In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), Baylor was sealed; In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Yin Zhen was made Prince of Heshuoyong. After the second abolition of Prince Yin Reng, Yin Zhen actively tried to compete for backup. On November 13th, the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi died in Changchun Garden in the northern suburb. He succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Yongzheng the following year. Yong Zhengdi carried out a series of reforms during his reign.
In order to strengthen the rule of southwest ethnic minorities, we should reform the soil and return to the countryside. The implementation of "land to the tiller" and the cancellation of poll tax triggered an unprecedented population explosion, and the population of China broke through the 1 billion mark for the first time in history, even 300 million.
And vigorously rectify the finances, reduce exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, implement the policy of envy returning to the public, and establish a system of yanglianyin. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), he sent troops to Qinghai to quell the rebellion of Rob hiding in Tenzin. During the Yongzheng period, the bureaucracy was reorganized, and a secret system was set up in the central government to monitor the subjects, and military aircraft were set up alone.
Moreover, the system of secret storage was perfected, and the way of succession to the throne was institutionalized, which avoided the situation that Kangxi emperor contended with princes to some extent. During Yong Zhengdi's reign, he was diligent in political affairs, boasting that "diligence is the best in the world" and "courtiers remonstrate at dusk".
A series of social reforms in Yong Zhengdi have played a key role in the continuation of the prosperous period of Kanggan. In the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), he died, and the temple number was Sejong. Yun Jian, the head of Jingtian in posthumous title, was named Wu Yingming, Kuan Renxin, Yi Rui, Sheng Daxiao and Cheng Xiandi. He was buried in the Tailing Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty and passed on to his fourth son, Li Hong.
2, nine children seize the office:
In the 14th year of Kangxi (1675), Kang Xili's second brother was the Crown Prince (2 years old). Later, the crown prince became arrogant and formed a clique for personal interests. In the forty-second year of Kangxi (1703), Kangxi killed Sotu, and the relationship between father and son was tense.
In the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (1708), in Bulhasu Palace in Mulan paddock, Emperor Kangxi announced the abolition of the Crown Prince, on the grounds that the Crown Prince "violated the law by his ancestors, but did not listen to my orders, but abused public power and was violent and promiscuous". Later, many bosses began to covet the throne.
My brother Yin Mi is the eldest son of an ordinary family. He was never liked by Kangxi, and he knew there was no hope. He proposed Yin Mi to Kangxi on the grounds that "the warlock Zhang Mingde will taste Yin Mi very expensive" and said that he would kill Yin Mi for his father, which made Kangxi extremely chilling and severely reprimanded Yin Mi and took strict precautions. Yin Cuo was raised by his mother, Hui Fei, when he was a child, so he had a good impression on him.
At this time, Yin Zhi, the third brother, exposed that the mobile phone harmed Yin Mi in Yan Town, and Kangxi imprisoned the mobile phone. Kangxi was tired of plotting with Yi Yin, and he was also detained and then released. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Yin Yong was restored as Prince in March.
At the end of the fiftieth year of Kangxi, the defendant colluded with Qi Shiwu, the minister of punishments, Tuo Heqi, the commander of infantry, and Geng, the minister of war. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), the prince was deposed again in September. After that, the abandoned prince was imprisoned to death. Yin Zhi, the third brother, saw this mess and voluntarily withdrew from the competition.
After Yi Yin was abolished again, the May 8th Movement turned to support the May 4th Movement (the May 4th Movement and his mother and brother), the May 9th Movement and the May 50th Movement? Quine, the warlord starling. May 13 was a vassal of Huang Hongfa, and May 4 was a vassal of Yin Zhen.
Yin Zhen is a princeling. After the prince was just abolished, he dared to put in a good word for Yin. After abolishing Yin Yong for the second time, Yin Zhen saw that Yin Yong could never be rebuilt, and began to engage in cronyism and peep into the storage space. At this time, two major forces were formed, namely, the grandpa four party headed by Yin Zhen and the grandpa eight party headed by Ginza.
In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi died in Changchun Garden. At that time, the May 4th Movement, supported by the Eight-Ye Party, was in the northwest and stayed in Beijing. Long Keduo, the commander of Kangxi (the younger brother of Xiao Yiren, the holy father of Qing Dynasty), announced that Kangxi's will declared Yin Zhen as Yong Zhengdi's successor to the throne. In the future, these eight Ye party member will be liquidated. Nine sons seized the office and ended in the victory of Yongzheng.
In order to prevent the tragedy of brothers competing for the throne from happening again, Yongzheng implemented a secret storage system and no longer publicly established a prince. The emperor wrote letters and put them on a fair plaque in Gan Qing Palace. Until the emperor died, the heirs could not be opened and announced.
Second, the Qing emperor Qianlong:
1, Introduction:
Aisingiorro Hongli (17 1 1 September 25th-1February 7th, 799) was the sixth emperor in the Qing Dynasty and the fourth emperor after Beijing made its capital. The year number "Qianlong" means "Heaven prospers". After 60 years in office, he continued to talk about politics and actually exercised supreme power for 63 years and 4 months. He is the longest-serving and longest-lived emperor in the history of China.
Emperor Qianlong was a famous emperor in China feudal society. During the Qianlong period, the Qing Dynasty reached the highest peak since the prosperous time of Kang Yong. On the basis of Kang Yong's martial arts, he further completed the unification of multi-ethnic countries and further developed social economy and culture.
Qianlong paid attention to social stability, cared for the people, exempted money and grain from the world for five times and eight provinces for three times, which reduced the burden on farmers, protected agricultural production and enriched the treasury of the Qing Dynasty.
During the Qianlong period, martial arts flourished, and made outstanding achievements in quelling the frontier rebellion, perfected the rule of Tibet, formally incorporated Xinjiang into Chinese territory, expanded the territory of the Qing Dynasty to the maximum extent, and formally laid the foundation for the territory of modern China.
During the Qianlong period, the national policy of "governing according to customs" was implemented. Sinology has made great progress, opening the subject of Ci, and revising Sikuquanshu. At the same time, folk art has made great progress, such as Beijing opera, which began to take shape during the Qianlong period. However, in the later period, bureaucrats were corrupt and many uprisings broke out.
Strictly resist British and Russian aggression, but the closed-door policy widened the gap with the West, and China was on the eve of modern times.
Sixty years after Qianlong (1795), Qianlong Emperor Zen was located in the fifteenth son. Jiaqing died in hall of mental cultivation on the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1February 7, 799) at the age of 89.
Emperor Gaozong, the temple name, posthumous title Fatianlong was transported to the sincere enlightenment body, Shi Wenfen, the holy and clean emperor Wu Xiao, and was buried in Yuling, Dongling, Qing Dynasty.
2. Vertical storage:
In the fiftieth year of Kangxi (17 1 1), Li Hong was born at midnight on August 13 (September 25th of Gregorian calendar) in the Ruyi Room of Wang Mi Dong Academy in Yongqing, Beijing.
My biological mother, Princess Xi, is Yong Zhengdi's concubine, Fang Gege (said to be a maid). At this time, Li Hong's second brother Hongyun died young when he was two years old, and he never did it again. Hong Hui, the eldest brother, and Hong Yun, the third brother, passed away one after another. Only Hongshi was older than Li Hong, so Li Hong ranked fourth among Yin Zhen philosophers, and was actually the second son. Li Hong was very clever since he was a child and went to school at the age of five.
In the 60th year of Kangxi (172 1), it is said that Emperor Kangxi first met his grandson Li Hong in Qin Yong Wang Mi. At that time, Li Hong was ten years old, and his grandfather Kangxi was so surprised and loved that he taught at the Childcare Palace and visited Jehol Summer Resort with his grandfather. In November of the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi died and Yin Zhen acceded to the throne. Because Hongshi was more indulgent at that time, he was inconsiderate and fell out of love with his father.
In the last years of Kangxi, Li Hong was favored by Emperor Kangxi, which made his father in a favorable position in the battle for storage. Therefore, at the beginning of Yong Zhengdi's reign, Li Hong, who was only thirteen years old, was regarded as Chu Jun in his mind.
In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), in August, Yongzheng issued a secret order to appoint Li Hong as the heir, which was hidden in a box and placed behind the "aboveboard" plaque in Gan Qing Palace.
Under the careful training of Yong Zhengdi, Li Hong became proficient in Manchu, Chinese and martial arts in just a few years. At the end of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Kangxi "celebrated his birthday again" and Li Hong "sacrificed Jingling" for his father for the second time.
In July of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), they got married. Li Hong married Fu Chashi, the daughter of Li Rongbao, the general manager of Chahar, who was born in Manchuria, and lived in the Second West Palace of the Forbidden City (Li Hong was renamed China Palace after he ascended the throne). That year, the third brother Hongshi was deprived of clan membership because of indulgence, and Li Hong's powerful competitor no longer existed.
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