In different historical periods and regions, "bandits" have different names. For example, the robber in the Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties is called "Xiangma" (Qin Qiong, the founding hero of the Tang Dynasty, is now worshipped as a goalkeeper, and the hero of Wagangzhai came from ancient times, and the Shandong local opera "Bangzi" has the name of "Xiangma");
For another example, the strongmen gathered in the mountains in the water margin are called bandits, bandits, tall ones are called "outlaws", those in power are called leaders, and those who handle affairs are called slaves. The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were also troubled times. Bandits have sprung up all over the country, and those who pull poles in the northeast are called "beards".
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The main targets of robbery in Shandong Xiangma are caravans. One theory is that they tie many bells around the horse's neck, so that the horse can run and jingle, hence the name Xiangma. There is also a saying that they will use "shooting arrows" as a warning before robbery, and ride horses back and forth, so they are called "ringing horses"!
Bandits on horseback appeared in ancient Shandong Province. Before committing a crime, I often say, "What do officers and men do?" The "most wonderful" appearance of Shandong Xiangma in modern times was the carjacking case in Lincheng initiated by Sun Meiyao in May 1923.