This movement is essentially the continuation and spread of the British "Arts and Crafts Movement" in the European continent, and it has not surpassed the "Arts and Crafts Movement" in thought and theory. Art Nouveau movement advocates artists to engage in product design, thus realizing the unity of technology and art.
Chinese name: Art Nouveau Movement in mbth Time:19 Location in the late 20th century: Originated in France and influenced art forms: historical origin, social factors, cultural factors, technical factors, dissemination and development, main features, contact differences, main influences, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Austria, representative figures, historical origins and social factors since the Franco-Prussian War, Europe has enjoyed peace and political and economic stability for a long time, and many newly independent or unified countries are trying to join all ethnic groups in the world and enter the fierce international market, which requires a new and non-traditional artistic expression. Cultural factors The so-called "holistic art" philosophy is very popular among artists, who are committed to integrating all aspects of visual art, including painting, sculpture, architecture, graphic design and handicrafts, with natural forms. Technical Factors Designers are very keen to explore new structural materials, such as cast iron. For artists themselves, new art reflects their aversion to historicism and the need for a new style to interact with it in the new century. The emergence, spread and development of Art Nouveau has gone through a long gestation period. Many famous designers believe that British culture paved the way for Art Nouveau. However, the British arts and crafts movement has the deepest influence on the development of new art. william morris emphasized the consistency and coordination of decoration and structural factors, so he abandoned the traditional decorative patterns passively attached to the existing structure and strongly advocated the use of natural theme decoration, which started the process of refining from natural forms, smooth linear patterns and plant forms, and the designers of new art pushed this process to the extreme. Emily Gali's idea of arts and crafts movement in her glass works spread widely in the European continent, and eventually changed to accept mechanization in the process of pursuing the ideal of aesthetic society, which finally triggered a wide-ranging design movement centered on the Art Nouveau movement, and reached * * * 19 10 from 1 890. Main features: 1, emphasizing handicrafts. Fundamentally speaking, the Art Nouveau movement is not against industrialization; 2. Completely abandon the traditional decorative style and create a new natural decorative style; 3. Advocating natural style, emphasizing that there are no straight lines and planes in nature, and highlighting curves and organic forms in decoration; 4. The decoration is influenced by the oriental style, especially the decorative style and ukiyo-e painting in the Edo era of Japan; 5. Explore the possibility of artistic expression brought by new materials and technologies. The connection between difference and arts and crafts movement Eiffel Tower 1, they are all responses to pretentious Victorian style and other over-decorated styles; 2. They all strongly embody the style of industrialization; 3. They all aim to re-establish the importance and enthusiasm of traditional handicrafts; 4. They all gave up the reference of traditional decorative styles and turned to some decorative motives in nature; 5. They are all influenced by Japanese decorative styles (the art and decorative styles in the Edo era, Ukiyo-e painting), and the difference from the arts and crafts movement is that they pay attention to the Gothic style in the Middle Ages (also called Goethe style); Art Nouveau movement: completely abandon any traditional decorative style, move towards natural style, emphasize that there is no straight line in nature, emphasize that there is no complete plane in nature, and highlight the curve and organic form in decoration. The motive force of decoration basically comes from the "curve style" of natural form. The styles that mainly influenced the Art Nouveau movement were varied and influenced all countries. In different countries in Europe, they have different styles and even different names. Art Nouveau is a French word, named after France, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy. Germany calls it Jugendstil, Vienna and Austria call it separatism, and Scandinavian countries call it Arts and Crafts Movement. France France is the birthplace of new art. Art nouveau, originally the name of a shop in Paris, was founded by the publisher samur Yubin 1895 65438+ in February, and was named Art Nouveau Gallery on the basis of imitating the design office in william morris. France, as the birthplace of "new art", formed two centers shortly after its beginning: one is the capital Paris; The other is Nancy. Among them, the design scope of Paris includes furniture, architecture, interior, decoration of public facilities, posters and other graphic design, while the latter focuses on furniture design. Design organization: Art Nouveau House, Modern House and Six-person Group; Representatives: samur Bing, Julies Meyer Graffy, Emile Gare, Louis Mayorell, René Larik, Eugè ne Grasett, Toulouse Lautrec, Pierre Bonaire, Hector Kima. Germany Germany is called "young Germany". Representative: Peter Behrens: Turbine Workshop; Endel: Munich Theatre darmstadt 190 1-03 Modern Art Exhibition Belgium's Art Nouveau movement is second only to France, and its innovation movement is quite democratic. There are quite a few artists and architects with democratic ideas in Belgium. They advocate the democracy and idealism of artistic creation and design, and put forward the purpose of artistic design serving the public. When Belgium entered the Art Nouveau movement, ideologically, they were the important founders of modern design thought. Victor Horta's architectural work Solvay, a Belgian Art Nouveau movement, is called "avant-garde movement" in the history of Belgian design. It started in the 1980s at 19. 188 1 year, Okta Plymouth founded Modern Art, an art publication with strong democratic color, to promote new artistic ideas. 1884, a group of 20 people was set up to expose Belgians to modern artistic ideas through holding art exhibitions. 1894, the group was renamed "Free Aesthetics Society". Design organization: a group of 20 people, and representatives of Free Aesthetics Association: victor horta and Henry Van der Wilde. Antoni Gaudi (1852— 1926), a representative of Spain, is the most important representative of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement. As an architect and designer with a unique style, he comes from humble origins and is the son of an ordinary craftsman. Suffering from pneumonia all his life, he was silent since childhood. /kloc-started studying architecture in Barcelona at the age of 0/7, and his design was inspired by a large number of books he read widely. In his early years, he had a strong feature of Arabian Moorish style, that is, the "Arabian Moorish Style" stage of his design career. At this stage, his design is not only retro, but also eclectic, mixing various materials. The typical design of this style is Vinson apartment, which was built between 1883 and 1888, located in Caroline. A large number of glazed tiles are used for mosaic decoration on the wall of this design. Since the Middle Ages, Gaudi has combined the characteristics of Gothic style in his design, developed the organic form and curve style of Art Nouveau to the extreme, and endowed it with mysterious and legendary metaphors to express complex feelings in seemingly casual designs. Gaudi's most creative design is bartholomew apartment, whose shape symbolizes the details of marine animals. At first glance, the whole building is full of innovation. Mira Apartment Mira Apartment further develops the form of bartholomew apartment, and the facade of the building is treated as a series of horizontal undulating lines, which makes the high vertical sense of multi-storey buildings contrast with the horizontal undulation of the surface and shine. The apartment is not only wavy outside, but also has no right angle inside, including furniture. Try to avoid using straight lines and planes. Because of the different spans, the parabolic arch he used produced roofs with different heights, forming an amazing roof landscape, and the whole building was like a melting ice cream. Mila apartment has been criticized by Barcelona citizens for its extreme style. Newspapers attacked the design with various nicknames, such as worms and bumblebee nests. Of all Gaudi's designs, the most important one today is the Sagrada Familia, which he devoted 43 years to until his death. The church was commissioned by Gaudi on 188 1 and completed on 1884. Due to lack of financial resources, work was stopped many times. The design of the church mainly simulates the medieval Gothic architectural style, with 18 towers. By September 2065, 438+02, eight towers and two doors had been completed. Although the minaret retains its Gothic charm, its structure is much simpler. Inside and outside the church are covered with stalactite sculptures and decorative pieces, which are covered with colored glass and stones, as if it were a mythical world. The whole church has no straight line and clear rules, and it is full of the breath of challenging the world's industrialized style. Louis Dominique Montagni (1850- 1930) is another representative of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement in the Sagrada Familia Cathedral in Antoni Gaudi. His design style is basically synchronous with that of French and Belgian, but he pays more attention to function. The representative design is katara Orchid Concert Hall. Austrian Art Association The Art Nouveau Movement in Austria was initiated by the Vienna Separatists. This is a group of avant-garde artists, architects and designers, founded in 1897, formerly known as "Austrian Art Association". Because they flaunt parting ways with traditional and orthodox art, they call themselves "separatists". Its slogan is "for the art of the times, for the freedom of art". The main representatives are: architects Otto Wagner (1841-kloc-0/918) and josef hofmann (1870- 1956). Wagner, a representative figure, is an advocate of Austrian Art Nouveau. He engaged in architectural design in his early days and formed his own theory. He admired classicism in his early days, and later, under the influence of industrial technology, he gradually formed his own new views. His theory is embodied in the book Modern Architecture published by 1895. He pointed out that new structures and new materials will inevitably lead to the emergence of new design forms, and the retro style in the architectural field is extremely absurd. Design is for modern people, not for classical revival. His prediction of the future architecture is very radical, and he thinks that the future architecture is "like a horizontal line popular in ancient times, a flat roof like a desktop, extremely simple and powerful structures and materials". These views are very similar to those of modernist architecture represented by Bauhaus later. He even thinks that the core of modern architecture is the design of transportation or communication system, because architecture is a place where human beings live, work and communicate, not just an empty surrounding space. Architecture should have such communication, communication and traffic-centered design considerations, with the purpose of promoting communication and providing convenient functions, and decoration should also serve this purpose. He designed and built apartment No.40 of Vienna New Monastery in 1900- 1902, which embodies his design principle of "function first, decoration second", abandons the meaningless naturalistic curve of "Art Nouveau" style, adopts simple geometric form and achieves decorative effect with several curves. Inhofe Church in Otto Wagner was built in 1899. Although it can be regarded as one of Wagner's representative works, the exterior decoration of the whole building is very luxurious, and the bricks in Mallorca color are in sharp contrast with the simple vertical and horizontal squares. However, only in his later works can the unique features of Vienna Art Nouveau be truly reflected, and all unnecessary decorations are abandoned. For example, the headquarters of the Vienna Separatist School, built in 1897- 1898, fully adopts simple geometric shapes, especially squares, with a small number of plant patterns on the surface, which makes the design highly consistent in function and decoration, in sharp contrast to the buildings designed by Gaudi with strange shapes and poor functions. Joseph Olbrich and josef hofmann are Wagner's students. They inherited Wagner's new architectural concept. The Separatist House designed by Olbrich for the annual exhibition of Vienna Separatists summarizes the basic characteristics of separatists with its geometric structure and few decorations. The alternation of cubes and spheres constitutes the theme of the building, as simple as a monument. Compared with Olbrich, Hoffman made greater achievements in the Art Nouveau movement, even surpassing his teacher Wagner. 1903, he initiated the establishment of Vienna Production Alliance, a handicraft factory similar to Morris Design Office during the British Arts and Crafts Movement. While producing furniture, metal products and decorations, he also published "Sacred" magazine to publicize his design and artistic ideas. Hoffman has made great achievements in architectural design, graphic design, furniture design, interior design and metal ware design all his life. In his architectural design, the simplicity of decoration is very prominent. Because he prefers square and three-dimensional shapes, in many of his interior designs, such as walls, partitions, windows, carpets and furniture, the furniture itself is regarded as a rock-like three-dimensional. In his graphic design, the repetition of graphic design, such as spirals and black and white squares, is very eye-catching. The basic elements of his decorative techniques are juxtaposed geometric shapes, straight lines and black and white contrast tones. This decorative technique of black-and-white checkered graphics was initiated by Hoffman and dubbed as "checkered Hoffman" by academic circles. The painter Klimt is the most important artist of "Vienna Separatists". He also used a lot of simple geometric figures as the basic composition in his painting style, and used very gorgeous metallic colors, such as gold, silver and bronze, plus other bright colors to create very decorative paintings, which caused great shock in the painting world at that time. He used ceramic mosaic technology for the murals of architectural design, and added a lot of charm to the design by using his skillful painting skills. Mo Ze, another representative of the Vienna Separatist School, is famous for his paintings for a long time, but he has very close cooperation with separatist designers. Their decorative painting style is simple and lively, which is in sharp contrast with Klimt's painting style and tends to be monochrome or black and white. For example, 1898, he designed exhibition posters for the Viennese separatists, which are typical works of Art Nouveau. Representative works include gustav klimt, Alphonse Maria Mucha, Aubrey Beardsley, Eugene Grasett and edvard munch. Henri de Toulouse Lautrec Pierre Bonnard built Auguste endel, Antoni Gaudi and victor horta. Joseph Hoffman, Hector Gemade, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, louis sullivan, Otto Wagner. Furniture Design Carlo Bugatti Henry van de Velde Glassware Daum Frè res Emile Gallé René Lalique Other Decorative Arts of louis comfort tiffany C. R. Ashbee, Samuel Bing, William ballare and Jules Brun. The poster was designed by Herman Aubrey and Philippe wolfers Alphonse Mucha (1860- 1939, France), Peter Behrens (Peter Behrens, 1868- 1940, gustav klimt (gustav klimt,1862). Austrian) Dudley Hardy (UK) henry van de velde (1863- 1957, Belgium) Will Bradley (1868- 1962, USA).