The Reform Movement of 1898 (1) was a bourgeois reform movement and a preliminary attempt by the bourgeoisie to reform the social system. The reformists tried to establish a bourgeois constitutional monarchy politically. Economically developing national capitalism conforms to the historical development trend.

2. The Reform Movement of 1898 was a political movement of patriotism and national salvation. At the moment when the national crisis became more and more serious, the reformists carried out extensive propaganda and agitation with the goal of saving the country through political reform. They hope to make China independent, democratic and prosperous through reform, so as to get rid of the aggression of imperialist powers, show strong patriotic enthusiasm and inspire people's patriotic thoughts and national consciousness.

3. The Reform Movement of 1898 was an ideological emancipation in modern China. The bourgeois reformists advocated new learning and civil rights, and lashed out at feudal thoughts, paving the way for the vigorous rise of modern thoughts in the Enlightenment and promoting the awakening of China people.

Many legacies left by the Reform Movement, such as emancipating the mind, changing ideas, establishing societies, setting up schools, starting newspapers and periodicals, advocating women's studies, changing customs and so on. Become a valuable asset in the history of Chinese civilization.

4. The Reform Movement of 1898 was an enlightenment trend of thought. The reformists advocated new learning, criticized old learning and emphasized the promotion of civil rights, which greatly improved the democratic consciousness and participation consciousness of the whole society. Since then, democracy has become a surging social trend of thought, which has greatly changed the face of China's ideological and cultural circles.

China's new bourgeois culture was also initially established in the Reform Movement of 1898 and the following years. Bourgeois new scholarship, philosophy, history, economics, literary theory, etc. It has sprouted, and revolutions in poetry, style, novel and drama have emerged one after another. The new bourgeois culture, both in content and form, has become the mainstream of modern culture in China.

Second, 1898 results of the reform movement:

Because the reform harmed the interests of the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, it was strongly resisted and opposed. 1Sept. 2, 8981Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched the coup of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France, Japan respectively, and Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen of the Reform Movement were killed, which lasted 103 days and failed.

Third, the fundamental reason for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 is:

The strength of the bourgeois reformists is too weak, which is the weakness of the bourgeoisie; The die-hards represented by Cixi have real power and strength.

1, Lao Wei is awesome. At that time, the supreme leadership of the country was not in the hands of Emperor Guangxu, but in the hands of princes and ministers headed by the Western Empress Dowager. There are only a few reformers who have no real power. At first, the Western Empress Dowager instructed that "it is advisable to focus on western learning now", but when she felt that the reform touched her power and the interests of the nobles in the Qing Dynasty, she began to contain and suppress it.

2. The reformists lack correct theoretical guidance. Kang Youwei's Textual Research on New Classics accuses Liu Xin of forging all the ancient China classics in the Western Han Dynasty, while the Textual Research on Confucius' Reform dressed Confucius as the ancestor of "reform and legislation". Neither of these two books has sufficient and convincing evidence. Needless to say, the old school opposed them, and some enlightened people at that time did not approve of them. In addition, some radical propaganda of reformists has also increased social resistance.

3. Reformists lack strong organizational leadership and are divorced from the broad masses of the people. They only hope for the emperor and a few bureaucrats who have no real power, and even have unrealistic illusions about imperialism.

4. Some radical measures taken by the reformists and Emperor Guangxu in carrying out the reform. At the beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was dissatisfied with the self-restraint and contradiction of his teacher and military attache Weng Tonghe, so he returned to his hometown. A large number of redundant staff were laid off and six ministers were dismissed at once because Wang Zhao was banned. In a hurry, you lose too much.

5. The means of political reform is single: a simple top-down "peaceful" and "legal" way is adopted.

Extended data:

Six gentlemen were arrested for different reasons:

1, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi:

Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi are Kang Youwei's right-hand men, and Rong Lu, Empress Dowager Cixi's assistant, hates them the most. Naturally, Empress Dowager Cixi is required to win them first.

Liu Guangdi worked in the punishments department for more than ten years. After more than ten years in the punishments department, few people in Beijing know him. At that time, punishments accepted bribes, but Liu Guangdi never accepted them, so he was very cautious and meticulous. Once, the manager of the disciplinary department tried to make him "bend the law" because he took bribes in a case, and was rejected, so he offended his boss and lost the chance of promotion. This made Liu Guangdi see clearly the decay of state affairs.

2. Tan Sitong

Tan Sitong: Tan Sitong doesn't want to be like James Zhang in the Han Dynasty, looking for a door to stop everywhere, which will bring trouble to people with lofty ideals and friends. He also hoped to awaken the hope of China people's change with blood, so he wanted to die and refused to flee.

3. Xu Lin

Xu Lin: After Empress Dowager Cixi placed Guangxu under house arrest, Xu Lin urged Empress Dowager Cixi to save Guangxu, regardless of her safety, in order to repay Emperor Guangxu. Finally angered Empress Dowager Cixi and was put in a black prison.

4. kang

Kang Ren Guang: Kang Renguang is Kang Youwei's younger brother. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao had no time to inform Kang when they fled, and finally Kang was arrested in Nanhai Guild Hall. Although in the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang was only responsible for running newspapers, because he was Kang Youwei's own brother, Empress Dowager Cixi assigned Kang Fa to Caishikou on the charge of his brother's behalf.

5. Yang Shenxiu

Yang Shenxiu: After five people went to prison, Yang Shenxiu felt that they were young and promising and should not die, so she pleaded with Empress Dowager Cixi for them. Yang Shenxiu's integrity became an argument demanding that Empress Dowager Cixi return the right to Emperor Guangxu, and finally he lost his life.

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