Lycurgus claimed that he got the basic idea of reform from Delphi's Oracle of Apollo, which put a sacred coat on reform. This Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a document called "Great Ritter" by later generations, which mainly includes the following words: building a temple for Zeus and Athena; It is necessary to form new tribes and constituencies, establish a 30-member Council including two kings, and hold mass meetings according to seasons; The Council makes recommendations to the General Assembly and adjourns; All citizens attend the meeting and have the right to make decisions. In fact, the reform measures derived from these simple words are much more complete.
First, new tribes and constituencies were formed. This means replacing the principle of consanguinity of clan organization with the principle of household registration of state organization, which marks the establishment of Sparta country by the reform of Laikugu. Then, various provisions were made on the political system of the country. This is the fundamental law of Sparta with constitutional significance, which is very distinctive. For example, bringing two kings (dual monarchy is a unique tradition of Sparta) into parliament is actually tantamount to depriving them of their kingship, because inclusion means that kings are also regarded as members of parliament rather than leaders. Like other members, they have only one vote, and parliament itself becomes a meeting of gentry and nobles. Except for the hereditary positions of the two kings, the other 28 members of the Senate were all elected by the phratry and passed by the people's assembly (also known as the citizens' assembly) in a cheering way. Only citizens over the age of 60 (actually nobles) can be elected for life. Only the Council can propose a motion to the People's Assembly and dissolve it. On the surface, the citizens attending the people's assembly said that they had the right to make decisions. In fact, they can only cheer for the candidates and proposals put forward by the Council, but they can't express their opposition and discussion, let alone put forward their own proposals. People will be useless. The Council of Sparta is called Ji Rosia, and there is also an official name called "King and Elders" (translated into the Senate in Chinese), because its members are all elders except the king. It is actually an aristocratic meeting that holds the real power of the city-state.
Lycurgus has also set up five inspectors, all nominated by Ji Luoxia and elected with the cheers of the people. Of course, metal nobles and their cronies are among them. At this time, the Ombudsman is as important as nothing in the future. His duty is only to supervise citizens to "shave and obey the law", that is, while ensuring the implementation of legislation in lycurgus, he pays special attention to the discipline and physical exercise of young citizens. To this end, Laikugu has established a set of most distinctive systems: all young citizens are required to live a collective life like a military camp, practice all day and be ready to go out at any time.
In order to make Spartan citizens completely divorced from production and specialize in military exercises, the state provided some economic security, distributed state land to citizens by households, and implemented hereditary system, but could not buy or sell it; The laborers on the land are state slaves transformed from conquered residents. It is said that after the conquest of Ragogna and the capture of Hiilos, Sparta first turned all the conquered people into agricultural slaves. These state-owned slaves were named after Herodotus. In this way, Spartans can fully engage in military activities. It can be seen that the purpose of this system is to maintain the force of the Spartan slave country, so as to suppress foreign wars at home, and Spartans call it "equality commune", and every Spartan citizen who exploited Groot pretends to be equal. It should be said that this system was still in its infancy in lycurgus's legislation, and later it was further strengthened and even rigid because of the need to suppress Herodotus, thus making Sparta unique among the Greek states. From the middle of the 8th century BC to the middle of the 7th century BC, Sparta launched two large-scale wars against its neighbor, Messenia, and finally completely conquered its land and turned its residents into Herodotus. Messenia and Sparta are Dorians, and it is said that their original king and Sparta's father were originally brothers. It is located in the west of Sparta, with fertile land. It was also a country established almost at the same time as Sparta, but it was not an "equal commune" with strict military training like Sparta. However, Sparta, which needs a lot of land and slaves, regards its brothers and neighbors as prey and will soon destroy them.
The first Messenian War took place between 740 and 720 BC. Spartans suddenly invaded under the pretext of border conflict. Messenia accepted the challenge and persisted for more than ten years. Finally, it was defeated by famine, exhaustion of national strength and king's suicide. A few Mycenaeans went abroad, and a large area of land was occupied by Sparta. However, the Messenians refused to give in and held an armed uprising after the middle of the 7th century BC, which turned into the second Messenian War. Aristo Minnie, who led the rebel army, was an outstanding commander-in-chief, who repeatedly attacked the enemy. Spartans suffered heavy casualties, low morale and little desire to fight. Later, Minnie and Alistor, because of the betrayal of their allies, led the people to retreat into the mountains and continued their struggle for more than ten years. After the Spartans finally quelled the uprising and ended the second Messenian War, all the fertile land in this area was shared by its "equal" citizens as Spartan state-owned land. On the other hand, Messenians became Herodotus and were enslaved as slaves of the state. Only a few residents in remote mountainous areas and coastal areas have become pirates who can run industry and commerce without political rights.
Due to the need to consolidate the occupation of Messenia and suppress Herodotus, the original system of Sparta was further strengthened. Land state ownership and slave state ownership are the basis of Sparta's economic life, which also determines Sparta's special class structure. Spartan citizens who claimed to be equal were the dominant slave owners. There are about 9,000 families, and each family got a piece of land from the state, and a number of Herodotus cultivated it. But the ownership of land and Herodotus belongs to the state, and each household can only be handed down from generation to generation, and cannot be bought or sold. Herodotus, who cultivated the land, was the main exploited class, or the main type of slave masses. They lived in their own village, cultivated the land of Spartans by households, and paid 82 barley and a certain amount of oil and wine to the landlord every year, which was about half of the field output. Although Herodotus belonged to a country and could not be betrayed by its master, the amount paid did not change with the master's needs, but as slaves, their lives were completely under the control of the "equality commune". The Spartan government can kill Herodotus at will, and the cruelty of its abuse and persecution is even worse than that of slaves in other city-States.
Besides Herodotus, piris constituted the third class of Sparta. They have no civil rights, only personal freedom, own their own land, workshops and shops, and engage in agriculture, industry and commerce. Because the country stipulates that Spartans can't do business and work, it is mainly beria westerners who are engaged in industry and commerce in Sparta (other businessmen are foreign nationals). Pirasians are not allowed to participate in political activities and meetings of any "equality commune". They have no political rights, but they must pay taxes and perform military service. It can be seen that Sparta's class oppression and class contradictions are extremely acute, and Sparta's national system and life customs have always been based on the suppression of Herodotus. Sparta's political system was basically developed according to the system determined by the reform of Lekugu, and it continued to maintain the dual monarchy system and the Kyrgyzstan-Rosia Conference, while the power of the Ombudsman was greatly strengthened. The two kings were inherited by two royal families, and they enjoyed equal rights. Usually he can only serve as a member of the aristocratic meeting, but he goes out alone in wartime. The power of the prison army has expanded, and when the king goes to war, it is often supervised by the prison army. They can also judge the king and decide the heir to the throne in two royal families. As an aristocratic conference, the Kyrgyzstan-Rosia Conference takes over the military and political power, and all state affairs are discussed and decided by it, and then passed by the People's Assembly. It is also the highest judicial organ, assisting some principal officials to handle government affairs. After the Ombudsman's power was strengthened, the Kyrgyzstan-Rosia meeting was also presided over by them. People's Assembly-The citizens' assembly in Sparta is attended by all male citizens over the age of 30. Nominally, the Ombudsman and members of the aristocratic Council are elected by it, and resolutions are passed by it. However, under the restriction of the cheering voting law, it actually has no power. Everything is manipulated by the Ombudsman and the aristocratic meeting, and is also presided over by the Ombudsman. Thus, the five inspectors elected once a year became the real masters of Sparta, and they mastered the main real power of the city-state. Not only kings and nobles are under their supervision, but ordinary citizens can also be arrested and executed at any time on charges of violating discipline, and the important task of strengthening the special system of Sparta is mainly borne by them.
In terms of social customs, Spartan male citizens who call themselves "equal people" have to live a strict military life according to the requirements of the country all their lives, and their degree of attaching importance to military affairs and despising literature is unprecedented in the history of the world. Every male citizen in Sparta received physical education and military training from an early age, and even babies were abandoned when they were born with unsatisfactory physique. When I was a teenager, I had to go through the test of hard life such as lack of clothes and food, and practicing day and night. As an adult, I have been living in a military camp. Besides marching and fighting, I practiced again and again. Going home to see relatives can only be done secretly. Spiritually, it is also a duty to cultivate a soldier's temperament of absolute obedience and death. In this way, until we are 60 years old, we can return to the fields and live a civilian life. Due to the thorough implementation of this system, the civil society in Sparta is really like a military camp. There are many stories in history that describe the law enforcement of juvenile military training as a mountain, and Sparta goes through fire and water. In this way, Sparta did have the strongest and most disciplined army in the Greek world. Other cultural constructions are completely ignored, so that in the splendid classical Greek civilization, all major cultural creations have nothing to do with Spartans.
On the other hand, the cruel persecution of Herodotus by Spartans has always maintained the highest record in ancient history. Whether there is fault or not, everyone in Herodotus has to be beaten on time every year, so as to "remember" his slave status. The Spartan government often asked young citizens to form teams to make unannounced visits to Herodotus' village. During the day, they explored and searched for strong, brave or disgruntled rebels in Herodotus, and then suddenly attacked them at night and killed them alive. Every year, when the newly elected Ombudsman takes office, a ceremony of "declaring war" on Herodotus must be held first. After the declaration of war, Herodotus became a legitimate public enemy, and arbitrary slaughter was reasonable and legal, not bound by religious taboos. The harsh military training system and Herodotus' ruthless repression fully reflected the class nature of Spartan society, which was not only a slave society, but also a slave society under aristocratic dictatorship. Spartan citizens still have the distinction of nobility and inferiority. Supervisors, royalty and nobles not only monopolize official positions and command everything, but also own land, Herodotus slaves and personal property far more than ordinary citizens. So even the ancient Greeks admitted that Sparta practiced the most thorough aristocratic oligarchy.