1. After seeing the hostages and bodies, British Minister Elgin and British Commander Grant thought that only the destruction of Yuanmingyuan could deal a great blow to Emperor China. As a result, they regarded the resplendent royal garden as the private property of Emperor China and became the object of revenge and anger of the Allies.

2. The second Opium War was launched by the British and French expeditionary forces invading China. 1856 (the sixth year of Xianfeng), 10, Britain used the Yarrow Incident to provoke the Second Opium War. 1857 In March, the British government appointed Elgin, the former governor of Canada, as the plenipotentiary, and the French government appointed Baron Gro as the plenipotentiary to lead troops to China. In 65438+February, the allied forces assembled in the Pearl River Estuary, with more than 5600 people, including French 1 000 people and British 4600 people. More than 20 warships occupied Guangzhou, set up a Coalition Committee and colonized Guangzhou. 1858, the allied forces invaded the suburbs of Tianjin, forcing the Qing government to withdraw southward after signing the Tianjin Treaty. The following year, when exchanging the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty, Proust, the British minister, and Boolean Brown, the French minister, pieced together a joint fleet and arrived in Haikou, Tianjin again. * * * More than 2,000 soldiers and more than 20 warships were defeated. 1860, Britain and France expanded the war, re-appointed Er Jin and Ge Luo as plenipotentiaries, appointed Clinton and Meng Douban as commanders-in-chief of the invading armies of the two countries, and led18,000 British troops, 7,000 French troops, 73 British ships and 32 French ships, all assembled in the Sea of China. Tianjin was occupied on August 24th, and Beijing was occupied on October 3rd, 18. The invading army committed heinous crimes by burning, killing and looting. The burning of Yuanmingyuan, a famous imperial garden, has caused great losses to China culture. 165438+1quit Beijing in early October. 186 1 year 10, China withdrew from Guangzhou after paying all the reparations for British and French military expenses stipulated in the Beijing Treaty. During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces entered Guangzhou on 1857 and captured Governor Ye. 1858, British and French allied forces went north, captured Dagu Fort in May, arrived in Tianjin, and threatened to attack Beijing. On June 23rd, they forced Gui Liang, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, to sign the Tenshindon Treaty with Britain, France and the United States respectively.

The main contents are as follows:

1, Minister in Beijing;

2. Kainiuzhuang (Niuzhuang is located in the south of Haicheng, Anshan City, Liaoning Province, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng). On June 25th, Britain, France, the United States and Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Tianjin Treaty, and Niuzhuang, Dengzhou, Taiwan Province, Chaozhou and Qiongzhou were listed as five trading ports. When the British invader Thomas Midler conducted a general survey of Niuzhuang Port with warships, he found that Niuzhuang was "shallowly silted" and large ships could not enter. On the contrary, Wugouying (now Yingkou) in Liaohe Estuary is deep and wide, suitable for large ships to enter, so he called Yingkou Niuzhuang for short, and Yingkou officially replaced Niuzhuang in April of 186 1. ), Dengzhou (now Yantai), Taiwan Province Province (now Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (now Shantou), Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Zhenjiang are trading ports;

3. Foreign merchant ships can freely enter the trading ports along the Yangtze River;

4. Foreigners can travel and do business in the Mainland;

5. Foreign missionaries can preach freely in the Mainland;

6. determine consular jurisdiction;

7. China compensated Britain for four hundred and twenty silver and France for two million and two thousand silver;

8. Agree to change the contract in Beijing every other year. Later, he and Britain signed the Trade Tariff Aftershock Treaty in Shanghai, recognizing opium as legal. 1. 1859 British and French ships went to Beijing to change their contracts, and there was a gun battle in Dagu and they were injured. 1860, Dagu and Tianjin fell one after another, and soon the allied forces entered Beijing, ransacking and burning the Imperial Gardens Yuanmingyuan and Jingyi Garden, while Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty fled to Jehol in the name of Xi Shou.

In June 6.5438+10, the allied forces threatened to burn down the Forbidden City, forcing Prince Gong to negotiate peace. In addition to completing the exchange of Tianjin Treaty, they also joined Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaty as supplements to Tianjin Treaty.

The added clauses include: opening Tianjin as a commercial port; Cut Kowloon to Britain; Allow foreigners to buy and sell people in China; Confiscated Catholic churches and property will be returned, and French missionaries can rent and buy fields to build churches at will in various provinces; The reparations to Britain and France each increased to 8 million taels of silver. As soon as the Beijing Treaty was signed, ministers such as Britain, France and Russia immediately said that as long as the Qing government "fulfilled the treaty" seriously, it could get "any assistance". 186 1, 1 year, the Qing government established the "Prime Minister's House". 1862 65438+ 10, the Qing government established the policy of "using teachers to help quell the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Incident" and led foreign troops to help quell civil strife.