& lt- 2006-8-3 12:22
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Development course of universal lamps
The bold imagination of physics professor 1802, in the medical college of surgery in Petersburg, Russia, a physics professor named Petrov announced that he intended to "use electricity to get light". /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, when bonfires, Song and Ming Dynasties, animal and vegetable oils and gas were still the main lighting methods, and electricity was still a new thing, this decision was tantamount to a fable. However, Petrov's enthusiasm was not suppressed by the public's cynicism, because not long ago, American physicist Franklin got inspiration by flying a kite and drawing sparks: Can the sparks generated when the two ends of the battery are connected by wires become a lasting lamp for lighting? In order to achieve the expected results, Petrov made unremitting efforts. Although he had never seen "lasting light" before his death, Petrov discovered "electric arc"-"If two carbon rods are close to each other, there will be a very bright white light or white flame between them, which will make the carbon rods burn faster or slower and completely illuminate the dark room." This is the earliest statement about electric lighting. The discovery of electric arc marks a decisive step in the transformation from electricity to light.
From arc lamp to incandescent lamp
Almost at the same time, 1809, the famous British chemist David, who was immersed in electrochemical research, also discovered the arc. He made a big battery himself, used 2000 voltaic cells, and got a stronger and brighter arc.
Petrov's experimental device is similar to David's, and it is actually the prototype of a new type of lamp-carbon electrode arc lamp. At that time, this kind of lamp used carbon rods made of ordinary charcoal, which burned too fast and the dazzling arc seemed to be a flash in the pan.
About 30 years later, someone remembered and applied hard and dense coke instead of ordinary charcoal. Because the burning speed of coke is slower than that of charcoal, the time of arc light is much longer.
Later, French scientists and technicians installed a clock device on the arc device, which enabled it to automatically adjust the distance between two carbon rods. In this way, the first carbon arc lamp was officially born.
1876, Russian electrician Ya Bu Lochekov transformed the arc lamp. He canceled the complicated clock mechanism and the magnetic lamp adjusting device, and let two carbon rods stand side by side, separated by an insulating piece made of clay or gypsum. He also used a device that can constantly change the direction of current, so that two carbon rods alternately act as anode and cathode, so that the combustion speed of the two carbon rods is basically the same, and the distance between the two ends can remain unchanged. Because these two carbon rods stand side by side and glow like candles, people give it a nice name "electric candle". Electric candles emit beautiful reddish or lavender light, and each candle can last for about two hours.
In the late 1970s, electric candles were all the rage. The electric candles invested and manufactured by the French General Electric Association were once used as street lamps and lit one by one in the street. In Paris alone, thousands of electric candles have replaced the original 70,000 kerosene lamps on the street, making the bustling Paris a veritable city that never sleeps. Electric candles also lit up the streets of London, Britain and ancient Persia, shining on the Grand Theatre of Rome and the Royal Palace of Cambodia. ...
The advent of arc lamp has opened up a new era of electric lighting, which is of great significance in the history of human lighting. Because of its strong luminosity, high luminous efficiency and good color rendering, arc lamp has unparalleled advantages in printing, plate making, film projection and other fields, and still occupies a place today. The electric candle consumes a lot of electricity, has a short life and produces harmful gases, so it almost disappeared in the lighting field after the incandescent lamp appeared.
From 65438 to 0879, Edison made the first batch of practical carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world on the basis of previous research and practice. Edison used an improved carbonization method to spread a cotton thread with carbon powder, bend it into a horseshoe shape, put it in a clay crucible and heat it at high temperature to make a filament, then sealed it in a glass bulb, and carefully evacuated the air inside. In those two days, 10 and 2 1, this light bulb began to light up and lasted for 45 hours! Edison made a great contribution to the invention of incandescent lamp.
From immaturity to maturity
The brilliance of incandescent lamps is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and a large number of inventors are committed to the improvement of incandescent lamps. In fact, before the birth of carbon filament incandescent lamp, people tried to use all kinds of refractory metals as filament, and after the advent of incandescent lamp, people spared no effort to find the ideal filament. Finally, in the ninth year of the 20th century, American Coolidge discovered tungsten, a filament material with excellent performance. Tungsten has many remarkable characteristics, its melting point is higher than any other metal element, and it evaporates little when heated, so tungsten is the most suitable material for filament. Using tungsten filament as filament to make incandescent lamp is a milestone in the development history of lighting technology. The introduction of tungsten filament made incandescent lamp win a decisive victory in the competition with kerosene lamp, gas lamp and gasoline lamp. The application of tungsten wire has strongly promoted the development of electric lighting industry and opened up a new era of electric lighting technology.
The improvement of incandescent lamps is not complacent. 19 13, Langmuir filled the glass bulb with nitrogen for the first time, which was another major innovation of incandescent lamp after the filament was changed from carbon filament to tungsten filament. When the glass bulb is filled with nitrogen, a thin protective layer of stable gas is formed around the filament, which enables the filament to work at a higher temperature, effectively inhibits the evaporation of tungsten filament, and overcomes the performance defects of tungsten filament in the use process (until today, inflation is still an important process in the bulb manufacturing process).
Later, in order to improve the luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps and prolong the service life of bulbs, people once again made great efforts on the composition and structure of filaments. The inventor introduced a new element-rhenium. Rhenium has the advantages of high melting point, corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties and much higher resistivity than tungsten. After rhenium plating, the strength and resistance of tungsten wire are greatly enhanced, and the service life can be extended by 5 times! At the same time, people began to make the filament spiral. On the one hand, it can reduce the occupied space and improve the luminous efficiency, on the other hand, it can continue to reduce the evaporation of tungsten and prolong the service life, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone. 1936, people made a double helix filament, which raised the working temperature of inflatable incandescent lamps to over 2500, and even reached 3000 for photographic incandescent lamps: the first generation of incandescent lamps was mature. 1, chandeliers are suitable for living room lighting. There are many forms of chandeliers, such as cone lights, pointed flat lights, waist lights, five-flowered lights, magnolia lights, olive lights and so on.
2. The ceiling lamp is suitable for the lighting of living room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. Commonly used ceiling lamps include square cover ceiling lamp, spherical ceiling lamp, pointed flat round ceiling lamp, hemispherical ceiling lamp, semi-flat spherical ceiling lamp, small rectangular cover ceiling lamp, etc.
3. Wall lamp is suitable for bedroom and bathroom lighting. Commonly used double-headed magnolia wall lamp, double-headed olive wall lamp, double-headed lace wall lamp, jade column wall lamp, mirror wall lamp, etc.
4. Downlight can be installed on the ceiling around the bedroom, living room and bathroom.
5. Long-pole fluorescent lamps (fluorescent lamps) and energy-saving lamps without lampshades should not be used in each room.
6, chandeliers should be equipped with ordinary light bulbs. Ceiling lamps can be equipped with ordinary light bulbs or round and serpentine energy-saving lamps. Wall lamps and desk lamps should be equipped with ordinary light bulbs. Downlights can be equipped with colored bulbs. Ordinary light bulbs should not exceed 40 watts; Colored light bulbs should not exceed 25 watts.
7, the installation height of the chandelier, its lowest point from the ground should not be less than 2.2 meters. The installation height of the wall lamp shall not be lower than 1.8m from the ground. The height of the bottom of the lampshade of the floor lamp should be1.8m.
In addition, other uses of the lamp include:
Indication-indicator lights on various instruments and equipment.
Navigation-navigation lights, lighthouses and airport navigation instructions.
The hospital uses heated infrared lamps, and the family uses yuba.
Legend of lamp
Legend has it that a long time ago, there were many fierce birds and beasts everywhere that hurt people and livestock, so people organized to defeat them. A god bird was trapped and landed on the earth, but was accidentally shot by an unsuspecting hunter. The Emperor of Heaven was very angry when he learned that. He immediately issued a decree, ordering the heavenly soldiers to set fire to the land on the fifteenth day of the first month, burning all the people, livestock and property. The daughter of the Emperor of Heaven is kind-hearted. She couldn't bear to see the innocent suffering of the people, so she risked her life and secretly rushed Xiangyun to the world to tell people the news. When people heard the news, it was like a blow to the head. I'm so scared that I don't know what to do. After a long time, an old man came up with an idea. He said: "On the 14th, 15th and 16th of the first month, every family decorated their houses, set off firecrackers and set off fireworks. In this way, the emperor will think that people have been burned to death. "
Everyone nodded and said yes, and they were ready to go separately. On the night of the fifteenth day of the first month, the emperor looked down and found that for three consecutive nights, the world was red and the noise was deafening. He thought it was the flame of a big fire, and soon. In this way, people saved their lives and property. In order to commemorate this success, every household hangs lanterns and sets off fireworks on the fifteenth day of the first month to commemorate this day.
Magic lotus lantern
Aquilaria sinensis and her father Liu Yanchang live in a small town. One day, agarwood suddenly found that she had "magic power" and could walk through walls. The magic of agarwood attracted Erlang God and the roaring dog. Liu Yanchang had to tell Aloe all the truth. It turned out that the mother saint violated the dogma and combined with her father, and now she has disappeared. It was his uncle Jiro who destroyed this marriage. Xiaoyu was possessed by martial arts and was caught by the roaring dog. Aquilaria sinensis and clove get married, but they never forget Xiaoyu. Laila was very disappointed. She jumped off the cliff and committed suicide ... Aquilaria broke the array set by Niu and his son and saved the Baihua Fairy on Moyunling, but the Queen Mother still refused to let go of the three Notre Dames. Xiaoyu, who loves agarwood deeply, came to the rescue and was stabbed by the heavenly king. Jiro hid Xiaoyu, helped Xiaoyu maintain her life with her true qi, and turned her into a palm of God. Erlang God subdued the Monkey King with a lotus lantern, turned him into a little monkey, and tricked Aquilaria into giving up the magic weapon.
Broken agarwood went home. He was disheartened and gave up the idea of saving his mother. Liu Yanchang came to the place where he had studied with aloes. Liu Yanchang told his son that nothing is impossible as long as he has perseverance. Aquilaria woke up and began to practice again.
Three years have passed, and agarwood has practiced martial arts again. Aquilaria sinensis saved the Monkey King and decided to design a lotus lantern to steal Erlang God. In order to compete for lotus lanterns, they played Lingxiao Treasure Hall. Sean proposed to revise the dogma, otherwise he would never quit. Finally, Guanyin Bodhisattva said: If the agarwood can save the Three Virgin from Huashan, your majesty can forgive the Three Virgin and modify the heavenly principles. She asked agarwood to find the axe first. Aquilaria sinensis, Eight Princes and others came to Kunlun Mountain and experienced three levels of ice god, power god and death. They finally met the axe. ...
The story of Aladdin's magic lamp
In the endless desert, three people wandering in the desert due to accidents are walking in search of life.
The three of them are an American, an American and a Henan native.
Continuous walking has seriously consumed their physical strength, and not dropping water for two days has brought their spirit to the brink of collapse.
At this critical juncture, they suddenly found a magic lamp on the small sand dune in front of them, as if they had been reborn, and three people tried to rub it up.
Good luck arrival, Aladdin appeared as expected, and he promised three people that each of them could satisfy three wishes.
Americans first said that the first wish is to want a lot of money, Aladdin said, which is easy to realize immediately. The second wish is to have many beautiful women, Aladdin said, which is also easy to handle. Beauty appears around Americans. The third wish is to send him back to his hometown in America at once. . In the blink of an eye, the Americans disappeared and the third wish came true/
As soon as Americans disappeared, people couldn't wait to say, it's my turn. His first wish is to ask for a lot of money. The second wish is to have many beautiful women, and the third wish is to send him back to * *' s home. Brush. . * * Everyone has left.
Finally, it's the turn of Henan people. Henan people slowly expressed their first wish and gave me a bottle of Erguotou. Drumming. Henan people ate it all at once. My second wish was to give me a bottle of Erguotou, and the people in Henan drank the second bottle in one breath. This is the last wish. Henan people shook their heads, thought for a long time and said, call them both back to me. Brush the Americans and * * people came back with a face of surprise.
When they understood the wishes of the people in Henan, Aladdin had already left. They were so angry that they knocked the people of Henan down, but the reality was cruel and they had to move on.
Zhuge Liang invented the sky lantern.
Chinese folk
There are two lights on everyone's shoulders, which can illuminate people's hearts and keep them from getting lost.
People who walk in the dark must never look back. If they turn around, ghosts will blow out the lights on their shoulders.
Finally, people will lose their minds, be bewitched by ghosts and commit suicide!
Interviewee: 694637608- New to Jianghu Level 3 2009-8-9 10:52
Report 1, chandelier is suitable for living room lighting. There are many forms of chandeliers, such as cone lights, pointed flat lights, waist lights, five-flowered lights, magnolia lights, olive lights and so on.
2. The ceiling lamp is suitable for the lighting of living room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. Commonly used ceiling lamps include square cover ceiling lamp, spherical ceiling lamp, pointed flat round ceiling lamp, hemispherical ceiling lamp, semi-flat spherical ceiling lamp, small rectangular cover ceiling lamp, etc.
3. Wall lamp is suitable for bedroom and bathroom lighting. Commonly used double-headed magnolia wall lamp, double-headed olive wall lamp, double-headed lace wall lamp, jade column wall lamp, mirror wall lamp, etc.
4. Downlight can be installed on the ceiling around the bedroom, living room and bathroom.
5. Long-pole fluorescent lamps (fluorescent lamps) and energy-saving lamps without lampshades should not be used in each room.
6, chandeliers should be equipped with ordinary light bulbs. Ceiling lamps can be equipped with ordinary light bulbs or round and serpentine energy-saving lamps. Wall lamps and desk lamps should be equipped with ordinary light bulbs. Downlights can be equipped with colored bulbs. Ordinary light bulbs should not exceed 40 watts; Colored light bulbs should not exceed 25 watts.
7, the installation height of the chandelier, its lowest point from the ground should not be less than 2.2 meters. The installation height of the wall lamp shall not be lower than 1.8m from the ground. The bottom of the lampshade of floor lamp should be higher than the ground1.8m..
Respondents: czql 2008- trainee magician level 2 2009-8-1013:15.
The report is related to the disease. You are a new junior one student, right?
Respondent: bule ide2009- ranking12009-8-110: 55.
Report the types and uses of electric lights.
Lighting electric light sources are generally divided into incandescent lamps, gas discharge lamps and other electric light sources, 1. Incandescent lamp.
1. Common incandescent bulbs. Features: Good color rendering (Ra= 100), continuous dimming, simple structure and low price, but short service life and low light efficiency. Uses: living room, living room, lobby, guest room, shop, restaurant, walkway, conference room, courtyard. Uses: table lamp, ceiling lamp, wall lamp, bedside lamp, corridor lamp.
2. Halogen tungsten lamps are inflatable incandescent lamps containing some halogen elements or halides. It has all the characteristics of ordinary lighting incandescent lamp, the light efficiency and service life are more than twice as long as those of ordinary lighting incandescent lamp, and the volume is small. Uses: special lighting for conference rooms, exhibition halls, living rooms, commercial lighting, film and television stages, instruments, automobiles, airplanes, etc.
3. Fluorescent lamps Fluorescent lamps are commonly known as fluorescent lamps. Features: high light efficiency, long life and good light color. Fluorescent lamps are straight tube type, ring type and compact type. It is a widely used energy-saving lighting source.
4. Characteristics of low-pressure sodium lamp: high luminous efficiency, long service life, high luminous flux maintenance rate, strong fog permeability, but poor color rendering. Uses: Lighting for tunnels, ports, docks and mines.
5. High-intensity gas discharge lamps High-intensity gas discharge lamps include fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps.
(1) fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamp
Features: Long service life and relatively low cost.
Uses: road lighting, indoor and outdoor industrial lighting, commercial lighting.
(2) High pressure sodium lamp
Features: long service life, high light efficiency and strong fog permeability.
Uses: road lighting, floodlighting, square lighting, industrial lighting, etc.
(3) Metal halide lamps
Features: long life, high luminous efficiency and good color rendering.
Uses: industrial lighting, urban lighting, engineering lighting, commercial lighting, stadium lighting and road lighting.
(4) ceramic metal halide lamp
Features: The performance is superior to that of general metal halide lamps.
Uses: Shopping mall, window, key display and commercial street lighting.
5. Features of high-frequency electrodeless lamp: long service life (40,000 ~ 80,000 hours), no pole, instant start and restart, no stroboscopic, and good color rendering.
Uses: public buildings, shops, tunnels, pedestrian streets, high-pole street lamps, security lighting and other outdoor lighting.
6. halogen bulb halogen lamp, also known as tungsten halogen bulb, is a kind of incandescent lamp. The principle is to inject halogen gas such as iodine or bromine into the bulb. At high temperature, the evaporated tungsten wire reacts chemically with halogen, and the evaporated tungsten will solidify again on the tungsten wire to form a balanced cycle to avoid premature fracture of the tungsten wire. Therefore, halogen bulbs last longer than incandescent lamps. In addition, halogen bulbs can work at a higher temperature than ordinary incandescent lamps, with higher brightness and efficiency. However, at this temperature, ordinary glass may soften. Therefore, halogen bulbs need to use timely glass with higher melting point. Because timely glass can't block ultraviolet rays, halogen bulbs usually need to use additional ultraviolet filters. If there is oil in the crystal glass on the halogen bulb, it will cause different temperatures on the glass and reduce the life of the bulb. Therefore, when replacing halogen bulbs, people should avoid touching the glass of the bulbs.
7. Cordless light The researchers of MIT conducted the experiment of "Cordless light bulb" on June, 2007 10. The research team led by Sol Jasik used two copper wire coils as vibrators, and one coil was connected to a power supply as a transmitter. The other is connected to a desk lamp and acts as a receiver. As a result, they successfully lit a 60-watt electric light at a distance of 2. 13 meters from the transmitter. Moreover, experiments show that wireless power transmission technology is harmless to human beings, because electromagnetic field only affects objects that can vibrate with it.