Westernization Movement —— A movement of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" carried out by Westernization School in 1960s and 1990s to safeguard feudal rule by introducing western military equipment, machine production and science and technology. The introduction of advanced western science and technology, such as telegraph and railway, led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China.

Five ministers went abroad-1905 (thirty-first year of Guangxu). In order to save the crisis, the Qing government had to accept the slogan of "constitutionalism" of the bourgeois reformists, put up the signboard of "preparing for constitutionalism", and sent five ministers to the East China Sea, including Zhen Zaize, Dai Hongci, assistant minister of inpatient department, Xu Shichang, assistant minister of Ministry of War, Duan Fang, governor of Hunan Province, and Ying Shao, minister of commerce. Bring back a lot of books and materials, and quickly write the "Essentials of European and American Politics" introducing the political systems of European and American countries for the court to choose. Later, he wrote 133, Political Leaders of Various Countries, and introduced the origin and general situation of politics in various countries. These books are of great reference value for the reform and system construction of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, and for the preparation of constitutionalism.