1. Realism is not only a world view, but also the emergence and development of a set of hypothetical research paradigms containing various realistic theories and viewpoints. Realism is first of all a long-standing philosophical tradition and world outlook. As a world outlook, realism is based on a pessimistic understanding of moral progress and human ability. Realists regard history as a cycle rather than progress, and they deeply doubt whether human beings have the ability to overcome recurring conflicts and establish lasting cooperation and peace.

Old Man Gao, Eugenie Grandet, Poverty of Philosophy, Red and Black, Human Comedy, Vanity Fair and Hard Times.

2. Nihilism-as a philosophical meaning, the existence of the world, especially human beings, has no meaning, no purpose, no understandable truth and no essential value. It is not so much an openly expressed position as a tit-for-tat view. Many commentators think that Dada, deconstruction and punk are nihilism, and nihilism is also defined as the characteristics of some times. For example, Baudrillard called postmodernism the nihilistic era, and some Christian theologians and authorities asserted that modernity and postmodernism were nihilistic because they rejected God.

Han feizi and cultural nihilism, the history of Russian nihilism movement.

3. Naturalism has two meanings in philosophy: naturalism in a broad sense generally refers to those philosophical thoughts that advocate explaining all phenomena with natural reasons or natural principles. For example, Wang Chong of China in Han Dynasty explained human wisdom and stupidity with the thickness of natural qi, Zhang Zai of Song Dynasty explained human nature with different natural qi, and the natural attributes of human beings were used to explain human moral phenomena in the history of European philosophy. Naturalism in a narrow sense refers to a school of philosophy formed in the United States in the 1930s.

Confusion of mind, natural genetic theory, introduction to experimental medical research, naturalism in drama, naturalistic novelist.

4. Decadence, or decadence, comes from the Latin Decadentia, which originally meant decadence and decadence. Decadence is a reflection of European bourgeois intellectuals' dissatisfaction with society but their inability to resist in the field of literature and art. It was first expressed in the works of French poet Baudelaire and symbolist Malaheim, so later generations often regard symbolism and decadence as one. The ideological basis of decadence is subjective idealism and irrationalism. The so-called "skill" of decadent school is a method of rejecting natural reality and adopting surreal, overhead and obscure skills. They advocate expressing things that have never been explained in thought, expressing the most obscure and easily disappearing outline that has never been seen in form, and creating a style that goes beyond the scope of never saying. This is decadent style.

Portrait of Dorian Gray, Call of the Wild, Salome.

5. Humanism, as a trend of thought or ideology, applies to bourgeois thinkers at the latest. It is an individual-oriented view, which advocates that everyone is an independent entity, pursues their own goals, respects the individual's rights of equality and freedom, recognizes the value and dignity of human beings, and regards human beings as human beings, not as tools for being human. Its original form is humanism.

Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights, memoirs of Saul Ferino, bloody days.

Romanticism belongs to idealism. It originated from the word Romance (meaning "legend" or "novel") in medieval French, from which the word "romance" was transliterated. The purpose of romanticism is opposite to "rationality", and its main feature is to pay attention to the expression of personal feelings, with less restraint and freedom. Romanticism transcends reality in a fantasy or retro way. The word romance in French means rich feelings and sentimentality.

Medusa's raft, people's free leadership, Falstaff and fate.

7. Idealism is idealism, which is also translated into idealism. It is a discussion and view on the relationship between philosophy and thought, mind, language and things. Marxism holds that idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy and a theoretical system opposite to materialism. The school of philosophy advocates the primacy of spirit and consciousness and the secondary nature of matter, that is, matter depends on consciousness and matter is the product of consciousness. It includes subjective idealism and objective idealism.

Subjective idealism regards the subjective spirits of individuals such as feeling, experience, mind, consciousness, idea and will as the source and foundation of the emergence and existence of all things in the world, and all things in the world are derived from these subjective spirits and are the manifestations of these subjective spirits. Therefore, in the eyes of subjective idealists, subjective spirit is primitive and primary, while things in the objective world are derived and secondary. Subjective idealism inevitably leads to solipsism, because it regards everything in the world as the expression and product of the subjective spirit of the individual self, which actually means that everything in the world can only exist in the subjective spirit of the individual self. Without the subjective spirit of individual self, there would be nothing in the world. China's Lu Wang School's viewpoints of "mind is reason", "my mind is the universe", "nothing outside the mind" and "unreasonable outside the mind" and Becker's viewpoints of "being is perceived" and "things are a collection of ideas" are representative and typical subjective idealism and solipsism.

Objective idealism is one of the two basic forms of idealism philosophy. According to objective idealism, an objective spirit or principle is an ontology that exists before and is independent of the material world, and the material world (or phenomenal world) is only the externalization or expression of this objective spirit or principle. The former is primary and primary, while the latter is derivative and secondary. China's Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Cheng in Song Dynasty, Plato's idealism of ancient Greece and German Hegel's absolute idealism are all objective spirits or principles as world noumenon. The so-called objective spirit or principle of objective idealism is actually to absolutize human thinking or general concepts, sublimate or refine them into entities that exist independently not only from human mind, but also from the material world and concrete things or before, and further deify and idolize them, thus falling into mysterious creationism and religious beliefs. Therefore, objective idealism is closely related to religion. It can be said that objective idealism is a more refined form of religion, while religion is a vulgar form of objective idealism.

Locana, the wisdom of apes, Gestalt psychology.

8. Materialism is a philosophical thought. This philosophy holds that between consciousness and matter, matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of the objective world in the human brain. That is, "material comes first, spirit comes second, the origin of the world is material, and spirit is the product and reflection of material". Materialism is different from mechanical materialism and dialectical materialism. Mechanical materialism holds that the material world is made up of individuals, just like all kinds of mechanical parts make up a big machine, which will not change. Dialectical materialism holds that the material world is always in motion and change, and they influence and relate to each other. The representative of mechanical materialism is Feuerbach, and the representative of dialectical materialism is Marx and Engels.

Contradiction, dialectics of nature, anti-Turin, materialism and empirical criticism, stressing materialism.