Chinese must be memorized * 82 & gt+#vrj

1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion 4E6sih.

Second, the expression technique: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, want to promote first, hold things to express ideas, borrow things to express feelings, associate, imagine, set off (positive contrast, negative contrast) k z! allow

Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy, irony 6 & gtkUg, "F/

Four, six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things \ e _

Verb (the abbreviation of verb) narrative order: chronological, flashback, interjection G9+8 &；; [

6. Description angle: positive description, side description}

Methods of describing characters: language, action, manners, psychology and appearance n~/EgvK

Description of scene angle: vision, hearing, taste and touch 4(gN+

Methods of describing scenery: combining static with dynamic, combining generalization with concrete, from far to near (or from near to far) B, T and d3.

X. Description (or lyric) way: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect) tJAA 'k

Xi。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description l%GQ? =A}

Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order &; & Dad

13. explanation: for example, number, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation, refer to 0g8 |W?

Fourteen, novel plot tetralogy: beginning, development, climax, ending-Ni

Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: characters, stories, and specific environment YvL 4!

Sixteen, the environmental description is divided into: natural environment, social environment] 6 EOV

Seventeen, three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument, argument rc^BUaf3RP.

18. Arguments are divided into factual arguments and rational arguments? yhrcs

Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument # $>D> 78.

20. Demonstration method: demonstrate and refute (refutable arguments, arguments, arguments) TLI-J0f &；;

Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts. Ydf

Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, Irony and Irony +k$baP(9D)

Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection. Hx|"I8fb%

Memorization part (rote memorization "nuclear button?" Appendix Phonetic Idioms, Content Words in Classical Chinese, Function Words)

Language use n[kw/'

1. Compression expansion problem:. Pay attention to the narrative answer: time, place, people, things, process; Note: explain the purpose, object and characteristics; Talk to the center directly and find the conclusion point. _MGi。

Find out the requirements of the topic and see how it requires us to compress it. What are the specific requirements? Z^K_？ *Z*

Read the original text carefully and grasp the central sentence and information sentence, thus summarizing the main meaning of each paragraph of material. ? y~'6#|

(3) Analyze and compare the hierarchical relationship between paragraphs, weigh the primary and secondary, then discard the false and retain the true, and keep the main information of the material. U68QFWdVryH%

According to the requirements of the number of words, the elements of the reserved content are refined, so that the language is standardized, the style is smooth, and the center of the original text can be accurately reflected. This is the answer we need. :NLurgfq ( 1

2. change the sentence pattern: do not change the original intention. Long sentences and short sentences are simple sentences. t 1Id##+fkK

Long sentences become short sentences (extraction method), short sentences become long sentences (insertion method), and loose sentences (different lengths) become whole sentences (short sentence arrangement) [75C r

3. imitation sentence questions. Imitate content, imitate form. The key point is to find out the structure of example sentences: subject-predicate structure, verb-object structure? Is the technique metaphor, personification, exaggeration and duality? Imitate sentences according to the structure of example sentences, and keep the same structure, technique and tone. f3O{nrpQ~$

4. typo modification, application text modification. #Zf/$@g "

① See the requirements of the topic clearly-check the overall discrimination (whether the expression subjects are consistent, whether the context and meaning are closely coordinated, and whether there are repeated contradictions)-pay attention to the horizontal comparison (if it meets the requirements of the topic and the types of language diseases, the best expression is effective)} r @ 8 1z

② Pay attention to the format of practical writing, and use appropriate language-context, place, object, and superior-subordinate relationship. Use the right words-the time and place should be clearly explained. _ & ltapePy0g

5. The problem of image-text conversion must be described before evaluation. ! =p

6. The formal questions should be compared horizontally and vertically before the conclusion, and the questions should be answered as required. 9YPZ `？ S

7. The viewpoint of evaluating things should be divided into two; The article should be analyzed from three aspects: content and language structure. E|m！ g9

Composition? Middle School Chinese Teaching Resource Network-Chinese Forum -SMZ9A

1. exam: be sure to read the meaning of the question clearly, including all the text prompts on the test paper, think carefully and strictly follow it. You can't just stray from the subject without paying attention to another composition. Some candidates don't study the topic materials carefully and take it for granted that they have written it, while others think that everyone thinks so. So, isn't the article written like this? So I bypassed the topic and found another way. As a result, I deviated from my original intention and wrote a thousand words, which was beside the point of Wan Li. It's like someone gives you a fish and asks you to cook a dish, braised or steamed, but you don't have to make it with this fish, but you can make it with a piece of meat, which of course doesn't meet people's requirements and tastes! In addition, when reviewing the questions, we should pay special attention to whether there is a clear request to contact ourselves and whether we should draw up the questions ourselves. we

2. Title: The title is the eye of the article and the first impression of the marking teacher on the article. In particular, it is required to provide material-based compositions, read the given materials, and write your own topics. The marking teacher attaches great importance to the questions put forward by the candidates. Reading headlines is a very important and necessary step for teachers to know whether the article is relevant or not. Therefore, when we draw up the topic, we might as well embed some related words, such as "Who has never died since ancient times, who has stood upright and stood out in history", "The ideal is vast, birds are singing and flowers are fragrant", "Emotion is a sail, knowledge is a boat" and so on. Among them, "honesty", "choice", "emotion" and "cognition" are words to the point. These titles not only reflect the author's point of view, but also are brilliant and radiant. How can we not let the marking teacher shine at the moment and be greatly excited? As the saying goes, "plant half the grain well and write half the text well", which shows the importance of the topic. vu " 8tn6 & lt

The principles of topic composition in examination room are: accuracy, conciseness, vividness, novelty and significance. Accuracy refers to conformity with the content of the article, and also refers to conformity of words and sentences. Conciseness means that the number of words in the topic is appropriate and should not be too long. Vividness means that the index questions can reflect a kind of vitality, readability and interest. Freshness refers to having a new perspective, new ideas and new insights, which can give people freshness. Meaningful means meaningful. There are many ways to raise a topic, such as using rhetoric, quoting common sayings, using old sayings, borrowing idioms, using buzzwords, skillfully using formulas or symbols from other disciplines, etc. N-S#R$[

Some candidates write the text first, and then draw up the title. After the article is finished, they may not have time to write the title, or they may forget to make up the title. Although the score stipulates that there is no topic to deduct 2 points, the actual result is far from 2 points. Someone has done this experiment and asked two groups of teachers to grade several well-written compositions according to the two types of reserved titles and hidden titles. The difference in scores is generally above 8 points. This is because the marking teacher has a psychological distance from the untitled composition and unconsciously reduces the score. +mOU 1Xu

3. Style: Unlimited style does not mean no style. What style to write must meet the requirements of style and what to write. Two-thirds of narratives are enough, while argumentative essays are the opposite. It is suggested to write a narrative, and it is best to set the protagonist as yourself, enter the article in the first person, and let the passion of "I" shine in the article, which will cause * * *. Of course, when most people write narratives, occasionally excellent argumentative essays will give the marking teacher a new feeling and probably get high marks, which is also a common psychological effect of marking teachers. Write less esoteric science fiction, and write fairy tales and fables without being too subtle. "Allowing" to write a story does not mean advocating "writing a story", and you will never get high marks by making it up. It is strictly forbidden to copy other people's model essays and put an end to the appearance of "no-self articles" and "plagiarism articles". 9_oxTVtZL\，v

4. Content: Don't touch sensitive political events, talk less about religious topics, don't simply complain, and don't write sensitive topics such as puppy love. Think about the preferences of the marking teacher and say what you want to hear. The narrative should be described in detail. Put yourself in others' shoes and touch others with your feelings. Argumentative writing should avoid boasting, rhetoric and nonsense. Empty comments, heartless "lyricism", moaning without illness, shouting slogans, making random phone calls, expressing determination in vain and so on should be avoided. Never write what you can think of without thinking; Don't write what comes to mind after a little thinking. Take a few minutes to write something that others can't think of, and it is forbidden to make it up. Even if you write a story, you should "imagine boldly and justify yourself." The one in the middle should be tightly surrounded. Oh #6

5, the beginning and end: the beginning and end of the exam-oriented composition is the blade of the article. All the methods of beginning and ending learned in and out of class can be used in exam-oriented composition. No matter how you start and end, you must go straight to the point at the beginning and point out the main idea at the end. In order to make a good impression on the marking teacher, don't smear both the beginning and the end. Zctjfa~/

Be attractive at the beginning (straight to the point, straightforward; Create suspense and be fascinating; Ask questions and attract attention; Explain the situation, explain the background), and the ending is strong (make the finishing point and make people think; Summarize the full text and take care of the beginning; The narrative ends naturally; Expressing emotions, causing * * * Ming) Many candidates have made the mistake of "getting down to business slowly". Some candidates copied large sections of raw materials; Some candidates expand the original simple raw materials; Some candidates began to slowly display materials, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, but what they should really say is that the "long-awaited" opening is loose, occupying a lot of space, and the discussion behind it cannot be described, so they had to take it lightly and retreat hastily, which is seriously disproportionate. Argumentative papers should be analyzed and reasoned as soon as possible, the topic should be accurately deducted, and the key points should be hit in a few words, which should be crisp and neat. There is a saying: a good beginning is half the battle. Time is tight, the task is heavy, and it is easy for the marking teacher to have a preconceived impression at the beginning. Even if the argument behind you is "in place" and "superior", it is difficult to make a fair and objective judgment. ]nk8Ux~

Conclusion: For various reasons, some candidates' compositions are too late to stop, or one sentence is difficult to break, or marked with a series of ellipsis, or simply left there. In either case, it is regarded as an unfinished article. The marking teacher measures the quality of an article, first of all, looking at the whole. So what the examinee gives the teacher should be a complete composition anyway. It makes sense for the ancients to pay attention to "phoenix head", "pig belly" and "leopard tail" when writing articles. Even if you carve a "phoenix head" and expand the "pork belly", it won't be a good article, because without the "leopard tail", you won't get high marks. In addition, write the first sentence of each paragraph. The first sentence of each paragraph is like a person's eyebrows. The first sentence is well written, "with fine eyes", and the whole paragraph is remarkable. The word "well written" here has two meanings, one is well written, and the other is to write a central sentence that mentions the general idea of the whole paragraph. )}V

6. Paragraph: The "pig body" structure consisting of the first paragraph, the abdomen paragraph and the tail paragraph is the most taboo in the exam-oriented composition. So what should we do? If the middle section is divided into several natural sections, it will be invincible. Because the more natural a natural paragraph is, the more mature and sophisticated you are. The most important thing is to make the marking teacher clear at a glance. If there are too few paragraphs, they are neither beautiful nor layered, which makes people feel that there are many words in their eyes, which is easy to cause visual fatigue. It is best to divide the article into several paragraphs. A composition of less than 1000 words can be divided into 5-8 paragraphs. 2x！ 0 18bI

7. Language: The exam-oriented composition should be written in vernacular. The so-called vernacular is simple, generous and clean. It is forbidden to pack white and white; It is forbidden to use dialects that others can't understand; It is forbidden to use words that others don't understand; Use less long sentences and more short sentences; Some new words of the times can be introduced; Quote famous aphorisms; Quote the lyrics of pop songs; Quote folk songs circulated orally by the people. (But the direction must be positive) gj

8, the number of words: the test-taking composition must look at the requirements of the number of words, the highest number of words, do not exceed; If there is a minimum number of words, you should write enough or slightly more than 50- 100 words. If there is no limit to the maximum number of words, it is generally limited to composition paper, that is, writing in the composition paper grid. Don't flatter yourself, beyond the writing style, lest you be ungrateful. ; fd^JZ

It makes sense to say that articles are tools to express one's feelings. Long words, short words. It seems that there should be no limit to the number of words. As a special composition form, college entrance examination composition is generally aimed at achieving certain examination purposes, and considering the examination time and other factors, there are provisions on the number of words. In recent years, the composition of college entrance examination is not less than 800 words, which is not high, because the composition topic is clear and there are few restrictions, and candidates have room to give full play to their writing ability. It is not difficult to write 800 words. In marking the college entrance examination papers, we often encounter two situations: First, the number of words is insufficient. Although the grading standard stipulates that there are less than 800 words, and every 50 words are deducted 1 point, the actual situation is that the lack of words is often considered as thin and difficult to grade. Second, there are too many words. More than 1000 words make people feel bloated, and the reviewers feel bored when they read this kind of article, so the score of this composition can be imagined. Moreover, it takes more time to write a long composition and less time to answer the previous questions, which will definitely be affected. =RcUG

9. Writing: Write carefully. In recent years, in the scoring standard of college entrance examination composition, writing accounts for a considerable score every year. Generally speaking, it is not required to write well, but it is required to write neatly and easily. Although beautiful, it is not easy to identify. The font should be neat, without grass or even; Clear handwriting, black and white; The words in the grid are of moderate size; The roller surface is neat, not painted and not wiped; No more, no less. It is necessary to standardize and avoid arbitrariness, and punctuation should also be standardized, not all dots. There are several punctuation marks, so pay special attention to them: (1) The beginning of a line cannot have a period, comma, question mark, exclamation point, pause or semicolon. You can squeeze these symbols at the end of the previous line. (2) Quotations, brackets and titles should not appear at the end of a line in the first half, and you can write a word after these symbols. Quotes, brackets and the second half of the title of a book do not appear at the beginning of a line, but these symbols can be squeezed at the end of the previous line. (3) Ellipsis and dash occupy two spaces and cannot be broken. If you can't write, you will be squeezed at the end of a line. ; l & ltw67at

10, paper: In the minds of some candidates, it seems irrelevant whether the paper is neat or not. In fact, the volume of a composition, like a person's appearance, gives an important impression, especially the composition of the college entrance examination. The paper surface directly affects the psychology and mood of the marking teacher: scribbled, sketched and scribbled papers will immediately leave a bad impression on the marking staff, which will inevitably lead to more points deduction; But if the handwriting is neat and the paper surface is clean, people will be relieved at first sight. Even if the content of your article is slightly lacking, it will be given a higher score than the actual level because the reviewers cherish talents. So, can't you change a word on the paper? Not exactly. What should be changed can be changed completely, but it should be changed clearly and neatly, where to delete and where to add, so that people can see at a glance. +F%-

Related to this is the problem of typos. It is understandable that one or two typos occasionally appear in the composition of the college entrance examination. But if typos appear one after another, it will be considered that the language foundation is too poor and your score will be greatly reduced. When I checked my composition, I found that typos and words must be corrected. If you can change it or not, you don't have to change it. In order to be neat and beautiful, it may be better to make mistakes. dlxQjL

At this point, you may say that there are too many rules for composition. Yes, topic composition is still "dancing with shackles"-it should not only meet the requirements and laws of exam-oriented composition, but also jump out of passion and dance brilliantly. The secret of this depends on your adaptability and innovation ability-survival of the fittest, innovation wins! Kechul

Review the knowledge of classical poetry appreciation in the college entrance examination and sort out mZ7q.

Thoughts on classical poetry; #]!

(A) to understand the ideological content of the classification of ancient poetry 1ar\t' Lu

1, Love Poem This is a poem with the theme of love (including mourning), also known as "love song" and "in my heart forever's poem". Since the Book of Songs, love poems have a long history, mainly describing the love and love life of men and women, or expressing the feelings of parting and lovesickness. For example, concurrent wars, Altair all the way, untitled (time was long before I met her, but it was Li Shangyin after we broke up), Queqiaoxian (Bo Yun clever) and so on. Oak "

2. Satire Poetry This is a kind of poem that exposes the darkness of society and the coldness of the world by mocking or persuading, and expresses the voice of the people or upright people. Also called "satire", sometimes called "political satire". Satire also has a long history, from the Book of Songs to modern times. Such as Shuo, Ge Tan and Bee (Tang? Luo Yin), "Title Lin 'an House" (Southern Song Dynasty? Lin Sheng), "The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine" ("greedy for small profits" was anonymous in the Yuan Dynasty) and so on. ` y%@k(Q

3. Philosophical Poetry This is a kind of poem that expresses or expounds a certain philosophy by describing and discussing specific things. Some point out the theme, while others contain it without revealing it, which makes people think deeply. Famous ones are Su Shi's Poems on Xilin Wall and Qin, and Zhu's Reading Experience. In addition, although some poems have no philosophy, they are also full of philosophy (for example, "There is no way to recover from doubts, and there is another village in the dark", "The green hills can't cover up, after all, they flow eastward" and so on. ).WU6hVK_FT

4. Farewell Poems This is also one of the earliest and most common themes. It is mainly used to express feelings of parting, or to encourage and comfort, or to express deep affection and friendship, or to express sorrow of parting. Because farewell is often associated with climbing mountains and facing water, it is also called "farewell poem of mountains and rivers". Such as Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan (Wang Bo), Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou (Li Bai) and Don't Move Big. x.K)GfkS=9

5. Poems about travel are also called poems about travel and travel. Or describe personal experiences and feelings, or express homesickness, narration and lyricism. This kind of poem can not be separated from the description of landscape scenery, so it is also called "landscape poem", which is slightly different from pure landscape poem, and it is mainly based on "recalling lyric". For example, Du Fu's "Expressing My Mind at Night" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" are not landscape poems. R9`I|

6. Frontier Poem This is a poem describing the frontier fortress scenery and reflecting the life of frontier fortress soldiers. Famous frontier poets in Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan and Li Qi. Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Home, Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci, Wang Changling's Embankment and Fan Zhongyan's Pride of Fishermen (Scenery under the Embankment) are all well-known masterpieces. $P(N

7. Poetry is a kind of poetry with the theme of reciting or commenting on historical stories and historical figures, which is used to express feelings and satirize current events. Generally, it is described first and then discussed; Others only describe the contrast without discussion, so that readers can think. Poems on historical themes are famous masterpieces in the early days, including "Poems on Histories" by Ban Gu in the Western Jin Dynasty and "Eight Poems on Histories" by Zuo Si. Since then, more epics have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's Burning Books to Bury Confucians, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng, Du Mu's Tiwujiang Pavilion (which Wang Anshi once used as a naysayer) and Wen's Jingwu Wenyuan, all of which are well-known masterpieces. 9|}h

8. Poetry. This is a poem that expresses thoughts and feelings by praising natural or social things. Symbol comparison is its common method. This kind of poems appeared in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and there were more and more excellent works after the Tang Dynasty. Such as Wang Wei's Acacia (when those red plums come in spring), Li Bai's Egret, Du Fu's Returning to the Wild Goose, and Lu You's Operator? Lime Poetry by Yongmei and Yu Qian, Mo Mei by Wang Mian, etc. They are masterpieces that express one's mind through natural things. j7NRqB|

9. Poetry. This is a poem with the theme of reciting personal aspirations and reflecting or satirizing society. Bixing, symbolism and association are its main techniques. Poems chanting for the bosom also come from The Book of Songs, which is one of the most important poems in ancient times. For example, Qu Yuan's Lisao, Li Bai's Difficult to Go to the Sky, Chen Ziang's Youzhou Tower, and Su Shi's Dingfengbo? Encounter on Shahu Road, Lu You's Book Anger, etc. , are touching masterpieces. 4Ofaz( qJf

10, nostalgic poem. Memories and imagination generated by hanging on historic sites arouse feelings and express feelings and ambitions. This kind of poetry is nostalgic poetry. Ancient nostalgia poems can be classified into the category of nostalgia poems, but they have their own unique characteristics; Nostalgic poems are slightly different from epic poems. It is to express one's will by immersing oneself in historical sites, and the epic can be written in the study without going to historical sites. Recite Du Fu's Shu Xiang, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane, Li Bai's Stone City, On Nanjing's Ascending to the Phoenix Terrace, Su Shi's Nian Nujiao and other ancient poems? Nostalgia for the Red Cliff and Xin Qiji's Song of Eternal Sorrow? "Jingkou Pavilion Nostalgia", Zhang "High Goat? Tongguan nostalgia "and so on, are all left over from the ages. JtHqhs '

1 1, landscape poetry, pastoral poetry. Landscape poems imitate mountains and rivers, see the atmosphere of mountains and rivers, praise the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, and express personal ambitions; Pastoral poems describe rural life, reveal seclusion and express leisure mentality. Both should be lyrical and pay attention to the blending of scenes and feelings in scenes. For example, Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Village": "Prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I will come back in chrysanthemum time. " Another example is Du Fu's two "quatrains": "The sunset is beautiful, and the flowers and plants are fragrant in the spring breeze. Mud melts and swallows fly, sand warms and mandarin ducks sleep. " "Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets on the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " k？ +& lt； 0X

12. Inscribed poems, such as "Painting Bamboo" by Zheng Banqiao in Qing Dynasty, "Yazhai lies listening to the sound of bamboo flute, which is suspected to be the voice of the people's sufferings. Some small histories in Caozhou County, one branch and one leaf, are always related to love. " "My first tree in West Wild Goose Lake is full of light ink marks. Don't praise the good color, just leave the air full of dried Kun. " Su Dongpo's Night Scene of the Spring River in Hui Chong: "There are three peaches outside the bamboo, and the duck prophet warms the spring river. Artemisia sphaerocephala has short reed buds all over the ground, which is the time for puffer fish to go up. " :4e 1z "]LQI & amp； %

13, Gong Fen poems, poems that will always be in my heart, all describe women's mentality. Palace resentment poems, dedicated to the maids in the ancient palace and the grievances after falling out of favor; In my heart forever's poems mainly describe the sadness that ancient folk women abandoned their wives and missed their wives (including recruiting wives, businessmen and vagrants). ), or miss the girl's feelings of lovers. Yuan Zhen's Palace "In the faded old palace, the peonies were red, but no one came to see them. The ladies-in-waiting are already white-haired and arguing about the grand occasion of Tang Xuanzong. " Zhu Qingyu's Gong Ci "When the flowers are lonely, the courtyard door is closed, and the beauty stands side by side with Qiong Xuan. Talking about palace affairs passionately, parrots dare not speak in front. " Mutu's "Autumn Night" and "Silver Candle Qiu Guang" painted a cold screen, rocking a small fan to fly fireflies. During the day, the order is as cool as water at night, lying and watching morning glory and Vega. "Wang Changling's" Forever in My Heart ","Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry, but in spring they put on makeup and went to Cuilou. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. "Ouyang Xiu's Dead Hua Lian" "How deep is the courtyard? The willow piles up smoke, but the curtain is not heavy. Jade music carving saddle tour smelting place, the building is not high, look at Zhangtai Road. March storm, closing at dusk, not planning to stay in spring. Tears ask flowers silently, and red flies over the swing. " m = 9 f 65 CB 4 A8 c 8507 ed 4 fece 763 105 e 9 D2 D5 c 4380 146396d 2 107 BDF 8448 e 43506 1e5a 0 1a 1 e7a 7 14670889 B2 b 26 1 caf 4b 5 ee 0 f 3p = 8b2a 94 1794934 EAC 43 a 7 DC 3b 57 & amp； User = Baidu