The Nadam Conference in the whole region is the largest Nadam Conference in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Wrestling, horse racing and archery at the meeting are the most important and organized traditional Mongolian sports events.
"Bok", Mongolian "wrestling", which means "Mongolian wrestling", has a unique national style. During the wrestling competition, players are required to wear wrestling clothes with fixed national characteristics, bronze nail cowhide vests, red, yellow and blue headscarves, Mongolian patterned leather boots, patterned belts around their waists, trousers, colorful streamers around their necks, lion dancing and jumping into the arena. People can see the number of times that wrestlers have won the championship in previous competitions according to the number of ribbons on their bodies. When he appeared, an old man sang a long blessing, and the wrestlers of both sides waved their upper arms and then wrestled with each other. Mongolian wrestling will be eliminated regardless of grades, and the champion, runner-up and runner-up will be awarded honorary titles and bonuses respectively. Horse racing is divided into fast horse racing and walking horse racing. Won the first, second and third prizes in various competitions. Archery is an ancient Mongolian competition, including riding and shooting.
Mongolian people in our country have traditional activities with distinctive national characteristics, and they are also traditional sports activities that Mongolian people love to see and hear. Nadam of Xilin Gol League is the most representative.
"Wood" is a transliteration of Mongolian, which means "entertainment and games" to express the joy of harvest. Nadam, which began on the fourth day of the sixth lunar month (mostly in July and August of the solar calendar, with blue flowers and red grass and fat sheep in Ma Zhuang), is an annual traditional grand event on the grassland.
Nadam is held in Gacha (village), Sumu (district and township) or Qixian. Nadam convention is divided into three types: large, medium and small. A large-scale Nadam, with 565,438+02 wrestlers and about 300 good horses, lasts for 7 ~ 65,438+00 days; Medium-sized Nadam, 256 wrestlers, 100 ~ 150 horses, lasting 5 ~ 7 days; Little Nadam consists of 64 wrestlers or 128 horses, lasting for 3-5 days. People of all ethnic groups and religions can sign up for the competition.
Nadam origin
The predecessor of Nadam is Mongolian "Sacrifice to Aobao", which is a unique national competitive, entertainment and sports event created and handed down by Mongolian people in their long-term nomadic life.
Nadam has a long history. According to the inscription of Genghis Khan on the cliff, Nadam originated in the early days of the establishment of the Mongolian khanate. As early as A.D. 1206, when Genghis Khan was selected as the Great Khan of Mongolia, he held a large-scale "mutation stage" (big party) from July to August every year to show solidarity and friendship and pray for a bumper harvest. At first, only archery, horse racing or wrestling were held. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, archery, horse racing and wrestling became a fixed form. Later, the Mongols also called these three sports Nadam.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Nadam was widely spread in Mongolian grassland and gradually became a military movement. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty stipulated that Mongolian men must have three basic skills: wrestling, horseback riding and archery. In the Qing Dynasty, Nadam gradually became an organized and purposeful entertainment activity convened by the government on a regular basis, which was held every six months, one year or three years in units of Sumu (equivalent to township), flags and leagues. This custom has been inherited to this day, and the Mongolian people hold the Nadam convention every year.
Nadam Sanyi
Men's "three arts"-wrestling, horse racing and archery-are held in both ancient and modern Nadam festivals.
1, wrestling
It is a kind of sports activity that the Mongols especially like, and it is also an essential competition for Nadam Convention. Mongolians call wrestling "Bok o Bayledehu" and wrestlers "Bok Qing". Mongolian wrestling has its unique clothing, rules and methods, so it is also called Mongolian wrestling.
Wrestlers should wear wrestling clothes "Zhao Dege". Its vest is made of cowhide, deerskin and camel skin, and the leather vest is inlaid with bags, also known as foam nails, made of copper or silver, which is convenient for the other party to grasp. The most striking thing is that the center of the wrestler's leather vest is decorated with exquisite patterns, such as dragon, bird, Hua Teng and monster, which gives people a sense of simplicity and solemnity. The trousers worn by wrestlers are made of white silk or various kinds of silk, which are wide and pleated. The knees in front of the trousers are embroidered with unique patterns, which are peacock feathers, fire shapes and auspicious patterns with bright background. It has riding boots on its feet and a wide belt or silk belt around its waist. The neck of a famous wrestler is decorated with stripes of various colors-"Jiangga", which is a sign that the wrestler won the prize in the competition.
Mongolian wrestling has its own characteristics: according to Mongolian traditional customs, wrestlers are not limited by region and weight, and the elimination system is adopted to decide the outcome. The wrestlers participating in the competition must be a power of 2, such as 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 5 12, 1024, etc. Before the competition, an elder of the competition was pushed to arrange and pair the athletes. After the Mongolian long tune "The Wrestler's Song" was sung for three times, the wrestler waved his arms and danced eagle dance to enter the stadium, saluted the rostrum, turned clockwise, and then the referee gave the order. After the two sides shook hands, the game began.
There are many wrestling skills. Thirteen basic skills such as grasping, pulling, pulling, pushing and pressing can evolve into more than 100 movements. You can grab each other's shoulders, hug each other's waist and attack them under their armpits. You can catch wrestling clothes, belts, belts and so on. The biggest feature of Mongolian wrestling is that it is not allowed to hold legs. Its rules also prohibit hitting the face; Don't suddenly pull people down from behind and touch their eyes and ears; Don't pull your hair, kick your stomach or anywhere above your knees.
"The ups and downs of the official sea" says: "Those who cloth pants, Zhuan Xu wrestle, the victory or defeat depends on the servant land." A wrestler landing anywhere above the knee is negative.
2. Horse racing
Mongolian plateau is rich in famous Mongolian horses, which run well and have strong endurance. Since ancient times, Mongolians have had special feelings for horses. Mongols grew up on horseback and are proud of having a fast horse that can run well! Training fierce horses, riding well and shooting well are the stunts of Mongolian herders. Usually, whether they are good at horse training, horse racing, archery and wrestling is regarded as the standard to identify an excellent herder.
Horse racing is one of the three skills of Mongolian men. Participants are sometimes all teenagers, sometimes regardless of age, and the mass is wide. Horse racing events include: 1) Fast Marseille, mainly faster than horses. Generally, it is a straight race, and the duration is generally 20, 30 or 40 kilometers. The winner is the first person to reach the finish line; 2) Walking in Marseille is mainly about the steady and light pace of horses; 3) Horse racing is a unique Mongolian horse racing performance.
3. Archery
It is another item of Mongolian traditional "three skills of men" and one of the earliest activities of Nadam convention. More than 800 years ago, Mongolians were divided into many different tribes, and their economic life could be roughly divided into nomadic economy and hunting economy. After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia, although the hunting economic tribes gradually turned to nomadic economy, the bow-drawing and archery skills accumulated in the hunting process for many years were preserved to prevent foreign enemies from invading and wild animals from attacking the herds. Poor herders without livestock still rely on bows and arrows to kill animals for a living.
Mongolian archery competition is divided into static shooting, riding shooting and long-range shooting, with 25 steps, 50 steps and 100 steps. When the shooting is still, the shooter stands still, and after the referee gives the order, he shoots the arrow at the target, and the best side wins; When riding and shooting, the shooter rides on the horse and sends an arrow in the running of the horse. The best person won. In the competition, regardless of gender and age, all participants bring their own horses and bows and arrows. The style of bow and arrow, the tension of bow, the length and weight of arrow are not limited. The rules of the game are three rounds of nine arrows, that is, each person is only allowed to shoot three arrows in each round, and the top three are determined by the number of arrows in the target.
Nadam significance
Today, in addition to the men's triathlon, the Nadam Conference also added new contents such as polo, equestrian, track and field, ball games and the performance of Ulan Qi Mu, and held a material exchange meeting to commend advanced athletes. In Nadam, the herdsmen in Fiona Fang, a pastoral area, wore festive costumes for hundreds of miles and came to visit in an endless stream, riding horses, riding cars and pushing carts. During the Nadam Conference, tents were set up and extensive material exchange meetings were organized to promote production. Various forms of cultural activities are also held in the evening. Nadam held by Xilin Gol League has become an important activity for national fitness and mass entertainment.
Nadam has a history of nearly 800 years and has been spreading and developing in Xilin Gol grassland. It is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups and has become an important carrier of Mongolian cultural traditions. The activities in Nadam are the display of strength and beauty, the contest of physical strength and wisdom, the contest of speed and endurance, which fully shows the comprehensive quality of people living on the grassland.
Nadam's traditional folk cultural activities have extensive mass and entertainment, broad and profound cultural connotations, and reflect Mongolian values and aesthetics. Exploring, rescuing and protecting Nadam is of great value to enrich and perfect the sports history of China and even the world.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, this folk custom was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.