Lenin's father, iria nikolayevich ulyanov, was born in a poor family. He studies part time. Later, due to his efforts, he became the national education director of the province and did a lot of work in the field of education. Although Lenin's mother is a housewife, she is of high quality, kind, honest and knowledgeable. Their husband and wife are close and respect each other. They love children and attach great importance to their education. This kind of family itself will certainly play a good role in the growth of children.
His brothers and sisters have the same upbringing and morality. When his brother Alexander ulyanov was studying in Petersburg University, his academic performance was excellent. He was executed in 1887 at the age of 2 1 year, because he actively participated in the preparations for the assassination of the tsar by the People's Party, which had a great influence on Lenin. Sister Anna began to participate in the revolutionary movement from 1886 and was arrested by the czar government many times. My sister Olga was very talented, but unfortunately, she died of typhoid fever while studying in a higher girls' school. She and Lenin are very friendly, and often read Marx's works together, making progress in thought. My younger brother Dmitry, with excellent academic performance and a professional doctor, has been engaged in revolutionary activities since 1897. My little sister Maria also took part in revolutionary activities in college and became a professional revolutionary.
Lenin 1887 graduated from middle school and studied in the Law Department of Kazan University. In the first year of college, he was expelled from the school because he participated in the student movement at school, and was exiled to Kokura Nomura near Kazan to live a surveillance life. Later, because his mother applied to the government authorities, he moved to the countryside where Lenin's brother-in-law lived in Samara province and continued to live under the supervision of the police.
I taught myself the courses of the law department of the university and Marxist works, especially the Manifesto of the Productive Party and Das Kapital. From it, I accept and believe firmly in capitalism all my life. 1888 returned to Kazan and became an active member of Kazan Marxist group. From 65438 to 0889, his family moved to Samara and organized the first local Marxist group.
1892, he wrote his first book, New Economic Changes in Farmers' Life. In the same year, with the approval of the Ministry of Education of the Russian government, he went to Petersburg as an off-campus auditor of the Law Department of the University of Petersburg, took the national examination for university graduation, and won a graduation gold medal and a university graduation certificate. Then he entered a law firm in Petersburg as a trainee lawyer and participated in workers' group activities organized by local Marxists.
From 65438 to 0893, he moved to Petersburg and did a lot of work for the establishment of the Russian proletarian revolutionary party. 1894, he wrote a book "What is a" friend of the people "and how they attack the Social Democratic Party", which comprehensively criticized the economic and political theories of populists, especially the idealistic world outlook.
1895, the Marxist groups in Petersburg unified and established the "Working Class Liberation Struggle Association", which marked the beginning of the combination of scientific socialism and Russian workers' movement.
In February of the same year, he was arrested and imprisoned. 1897 was exiled to eastern Siberia in February. 1899, he finished the book "The Development of Russian Capitalism" in the exile, thus thoroughly liquidating the wrong theory of populism. 1900, when his exile expired, Lenin was allowed to return to Petersburg (1924 ~19/kloc-0 was renamed Leningrad), then went to study in Geneva University, Switzerland, and then went to Stuttgart, Munich, Leipzig, Prague, Vienna, Manchester and London to engage in anti-government professional political activities. In Munich, Germany, he cooperated with martov to establish the first newspaper of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Mars, which was distributed in Leipzig and London. During this period, he used many aliases and finally took "Lenin" as his official name.
190 1- 1902, and wrote "What should I do?" "A book. The book clearly expresses its opposition to Bernstein's revisionism, criticizes the "economic faction" line within the party, thinks that backward groups should accept the leadership of advanced groups, and demands that the party be built into an institution with "professional revolutionaries" as the vanguard and strict organizational discipline (that is, democratic centralism). 1903, Lenin attended the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. At the meeting, Lenin's views were opposed by martov, Trotsky and others, and his thoughts were criticized as "jacobin Doctrine". Due to the contradiction in principle, the Party gradually split into Bolsheviks headed by him (meaning majority) and Mensheviks headed by martov (minority).
1905 After the Russian revolution broke out, the leaders held the third congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, in which only Bolsheviks participated, and formulated the Bolshevik strategy in this revolution. At the climax of this revolution,165438+1early October, Lenin returned to Petersburg, directly led the Bolshevik Central Committee and the Petersburg Committee, and participated in the editing and publishing of the party's organ newspaper "New Life". 1906 was elected as the Presidium of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
After the failure of the revolution, Lenin left Russia in 1907 and 12, and went into exile in Paris and other places in western Europe, insisting on political writing under relatively poor conditions. In response to the controversy of the socialist revolution, he completed the book Critique of Materialism and Experience in 1909, which became the basic philosophical principle of Marxism–Leninism in the future. He is busy attending socialist gatherings all over Europe, such as 19 12 Prague delegates' meeting. Lenin met the socialist revolutionary Enesa armand in Paris, and they established relations with secret love.
After the outbreak of World War I, Lenin criticized those social Democrats who supported his own war, claiming that the Second International was dead, and put forward the slogan of "turning the imperialist war into a civil war". During the war, he lived in Polonin, Austria, and was briefly detained by the authorities. Then in 19 14, he moved to Bern, Switzerland, a neutral country, and later moved to Zurich. And in August of 19 15, it was first proposed that socialism could win in a few or even a single capitalist country.
1965438+Attended the Zimmerwald Conference against World War I in Switzerland in September 2005. Lenin, as the leftist leader of Zimmerwald, advocated turning the imperialist war into a class war and called on the working class to seize power by launching a civil war. Most participants rejected his idea that the meeting plan should be limited to pacifism. In the second anti-war conference held in Switzerland, he led Zimmerwald's leftists to reiterate their views, but in the end he only got a compromise declaration.
19 16 spring, another theoretical work, Imperialism is the Highest Stage of Capitalism, was completed in Zurich, which not only criticized the enemy Kaucki, but also popularized the latter's correct views in the 19 century.
19 17 February Revolution broke out in Russia, the Russian Empire Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, the rule of the Romanov Dynasty was completely overthrown, and an interim Russian government was established, with the Social Revolutionary Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party as the main parties. At the same time, Petrograd established the Soviet Union. Lenin, who was in neutral Switzerland at that time, knew that he needed to return to Russia immediately, but the neighboring countries were caught in World War I and could not pass directly. Nevertheless, Swiss Social Democrat Fritz Platin actively negotiated with the German authorities, and Germany also hoped to use Lenin to ease the war with Russia on the Eastern Front, so he agreed to help Lenin take the "sealed train" arranged by Germany to return home. After crossing Germany, Lenin arrived in Sweden by boat. With the help of Swedish social Democrats Otto Grimlun, Toure Niemann and others, he successfully crossed Scandinavia and arrived at Petrograd Finland Station by train on April 19 16, 2007.
Lenin quickly became the leader of the revolutionary movement after returning to China. He put forward the famous "April Outline", pointing out that the Russian revolution must be transformed from bourgeois democratic revolution to proletarian socialist revolution, opposing the so-called "bourgeois provisional government", protesting its deliberate delay in the election at the Constitutional Convention, and putting forward the slogan "All power belongs to the Soviet Union". At first, the party was isolated because of his political left-leaning, but later his uncompromising stance made all those who did not trust the interim government regard the Bolsheviks as allies. Kerensky, the leader of the Social Revolutionary Party who opposed the Bolsheviks, slandered Lenin as a German spy.
19 17 In July, the "July Incident" occurred in Petrograd. The provisional government suppressed the workers and soldiers in the demonstrations supported by the Bolsheviks and announced that it wanted Bolshevik leaders such as Lenin. Lenin thought that the time was not yet ripe and temporarily gave up the idea of seizing power by force. He sneaked into the hut by the lake Lasliffe, continued to guide the revolutionary struggle, and left Russia for Finland on August 9 (when he was in a semi-independent state), where he finished the writing of "State and Revolution". On September 7, Kornilov, commander-in-chief of the Russian army, launched a coup aimed at overthrowing the interim government, which had to turn to the Bolshevik Red Guards for help. The coup was finally shattered, and the Bolsheviks also took the opportunity to strengthen their own strength. After analyzing the new situation, Lenin wrote two letters of instruction to the Bolshevik Central Committee, the Petrograd Committee and the Moscow Committee in September 12- 14, clearly putting forward the plan to seize power through the uprising, and secretly returned to Petrograd from Finland on September 7 of the same year. He drafted the resolution of the armed uprising adopted by the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Plenary Session, and arrived at the Smolny Institute on the night of June 24th 19 17 and 10 to personally direct the uprising.
The workers, soldiers and sailors who supported the Bolsheviks occupied the Winter Palace where the interim government was located at 2 am the next day, announced the overthrow of the Russian interim government and the establishment of the People's Committee, and said that the election of the Constituent Assembly would be held immediately, demanding the exclusion of the Constitutional Democratic Party and the establishment of a socialist democratic government, that is, "all power belongs to the Soviet Union." 1917165438+18 was elected as the chairman of the people's Committee and promulgated the Peace Law and the Land Law. After Lenin launched the October Revolution and seized power, he said that he would immediately convene a constitutional convention to realize socialist democratic elections. At the same time, it cracked down on bourgeois opposition newspapers and suppressed the Constitutional Democratic Party. However, because the peasants, who were the majority of the Russian population at that time, generally supported the populist Social Revolutionary Party (while the workers in big cities generally voted for the Bolsheviks), the Social Revolutionary Party won the election with a clear advantage in the Constituent Assembly. Lenin didn't want to see the achievements of the revolution go down the drain. He said, "We should rely on public opinion, but we shouldn't forget the rifle". On June 5th, 19 18, the Constitutional Convention held in Tavrida Palace in Petrograd was dissolved, and the army was sent to disperse the demonstrators who opposed the dissolution of the Constitutional Convention. Later, he called "all power belongs to the Constituent Assembly" a counter-revolutionary slogan, which aroused the Social Revolutionary Party, the Menshevik Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party.
In order to safeguard the Soviet regime and crack down on the anti-camp forces, Lenin proposed to set up a special committee (Cheka for short) on February 20th to eliminate the counter-revolutionary and sabotage activities in Russia. Dzerzhinsky was appointed chairman of Cheka. 19 18 In February, the Central Committee published a letter from the People's Committee to the Russian working people. In the decree that "the socialist motherland is in danger", Lenin personally added that "men and women who have the ability to work in the bourgeoisie should be incorporated into trench-digging camps, and under the passive supervision of the Red Guards, the rebels should be shot. ..... All enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary instigators and German spies will be shot on the spot. " Wait, give the Cheka authorities the power to execute the death penalty without trial. 19 18 In September, Lenin publicly declared that he would create "red terror", oppose bourgeois counter-revolution and bring panic to society. Studies by different scholars show that from 19 17 to 1922, the number of people hanged and executed by Cheka may reach hundreds of thousands to millions. The victims are not only members of the opposition, but also civilians from all walks of life. The last Tsar Nicholas II's family was also shot at this time. Some Marxists and Social Democrats condemned Lenin. Martov, the leader of Menshevik, and Kaucki, the leader of the "centrist" of German Social Democratic Party, called the Bolshevik Party's governance "the rule of terror", and plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism (later became Menshevik), also called Lenin "the new robespierre".
1918 65438+10/4, after Lenin finished his speech in Petrograd, he was riding in a car with Fritz Platinum, a Swiss social Democrat. When he passed a bridge, he was suddenly shot by 12 unknown gunmen. Pratt quickly put Lenin's head under the seat, but his own hand was killed to cover Lenin. Afterwards, Cheka personnel failed to capture the gunman and determine the identity of the murderer. According to the assassin who later emigrated, it was the Duke of Schakowski who organized this operation, and he sponsored 500,000 rubles for this operation.
1965438+On August 30th, 2008, Lenin was about to get on the bus after giving a speech to the workers at the Miha Hislen factory on the outskirts of the capital. A woman came forward to talk to him. Just as Lenin answered her, a hand holding a Browning pistol reached out at a close distance of three steps, and then three shots rang out. The first bullet hit Lenin's left shoulder, the second bullet hit his left chest and passed through his neck, and the third bullet hit the woman who was talking to him. Lenin immediately fell unconscious.
After regaining consciousness, he refused to go to the hospital for treatment, because he thought there might be another assassination waiting for him, so he was quickly taken to the Kremlin. The position of the second bullet is so dangerous that the doctor can't take it out. The bullet didn't penetrate the left lung, but the situation was still urgent because blood flowed into the lung. Lenin continued to work and was in good health.
Gradually recover. However, the assassination had a serious impact on Lenin's health, and many people thought that his stroke in his later years was related to it.
She is a member of the Social Revolutionary Party. Shortly after the incident, she was arrested by Cheka. Kaplan admitted that he assassinated Lenin, and said that there was no one behind the scenes, which was entirely personal, because Lenin was a "revolutionary traitor". The body was burnt. 1938 February, the Soviet authorities once claimed that Bukharin was the mastermind behind the scenes, and later rehabilitated Bukharin in 1988 February. Because there are many doubts in the record of the assassination process, some scholars believe that the real murderer is not Kaplan, but someone else, among whom Sverdlov, Lenin's deputy and chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, is highly suspected. After this case and the assassination of Cheka leader Moise Uritski, Stalin proposed "open and systematic state terrorism" ... against those responsible. 1918 65438+10/5. The People's Committee established the Red Army by decree and appointed Trotsky as a member of the Military People's Committee and chairman of the Supreme Military Committee. 19 18 In March, the seventh congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik) led by Lenin, the Bolshevik Party officially changed its name to the Russian Production Party (Bolshevik), referred to as "Russia * * * (Bolshevik)". In the same year, the constitution was promulgated, and the official name of the country was Russia, the Soviet Union and the Socialist Republic, or Soviet Russia for short.
1920, Lenin claimed that the Soviet regime could not survive without Baku's oil, and Soviet Russia supported the Bolshevik forces in Azerbaijan. 1922 in March, these three countries formed the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federation * * * Republic, referred to as Transcaucasian Federation.
After Bolshevik came to power, Russia and Germany were still at war. Lenin advocated accepting Germany's conditions and withdrawing from World War I, while Bukharin believed that Germany should continue to attack and liberate, while Trotsky supported no war and no peace. At first, the supporters of Lenin's plan were in the minority, so the armistice resolution was not passed. However, with the advance of the German army, some leaders changed their positions. Finally, on March 3, 19 18, the Peace Treaty of Brest was signed with Germany, and it withdrew from the First World War. The treaty made Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Finland, Georgia and other countries independent one after another, and made Russia lose a large territory, which aroused strong dissatisfaction among domestic nationalists. Therefore, the left-wing social revolutionary party took the opportunity to split from the Bolsheviks and withdrew from the Coalition government in March of the same year.
After the Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly and signed the Brest Treaty, the domestic situation was violently turbulent. 19 18 In the spring, Czechoslovakia army mutinied and took control of the Siberian railway near the Ural Mountains. On June 8, the same year, the Social Revolutionary Party, the Constitutional Democratic Party and the Menshevik Party established the Constitutional Convention Committee in Samara (later renamed the All-Russian Interim Government) and took control of saratov, Simbirsk, Kazan and Ufa. 165438+ 10, Colta established the Siberian government in omsk, and soon launched a coup to overthrow the all-Russian interim government, claiming to be "the highest ruling regime in Russia". At the same time, with the support of Britain, France, the United States, Japan and other countries, Denikin in the south and Yudenich in the Baltic Sea jointly launched the White Guard movement against the Bolsheviks, and the Russian Civil War began. The Central Committee of the People's Committee led by Lenin appointed Trotsky as the chairman of the Supreme Military Committee, formed and led the Red Army, and a large number of officers of the former Russian era were ordered to fight against the White Guards movement. 19 19, the Baltic Fleet of the Red Army on the Western Front defeated Yudenich and the British Fleet, and the Red Army on the Eastern Front, under the command of Fu Longzhi and others, defeated the White Army on Kedong Road in Colta. 1920, Budiyoni, tukhachevsky and others led the Red Army to defeat the South White Army of Denikin and Verangel. Until 1920 and 10, Soviet Russia basically stabilized the domestic situation.
During the period of1918-1919, november revolution in germany, Hungarian Revolution, Finnish Revolution and other socialist revolutionary movements occurred in Europe. The smooth development of the world situation aroused Lenin's optimism of launching the proletarian world revolution. He predicted that the next link in the Russian revolution would be the German revolution. In order to help the workers' movement in other western European countries, he hoped to infiltrate Poland, establish a Soviet government, and then extend to Germany to support the socialist revolution there. At the same time, Bolsheviks established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. The newly born leader of the Second Republic of Poland, Piezdsky, hoped to take the opportunity to establish a national alliance composed of Central and Eastern European countries, disintegrate Soviet Russia and prevent it from expanding to the west, so in 1920, he formed an alliance with Ukrainian nationalist leader Simon Petriula and sent troops into Ukraine to occupy Kiev. The friction between the two sides triggered the war between Poland and the Soviet Union. After several rounds of tug-of-war between the Red Army led by tukhachevsky and the Polish army, the Soviet army was repelled by the other side in the Warsaw Campaign, and the two sides signed the Riga Treaty on March 192 10 to end the war. Due to the fierce revolution and war, Lenin's health was seriously damaged before his assassination. The bullet was left in his neck, near the spine, about 1cm, and the medical conditions at that time could not safely take the bullet. Until April 24th, 1922, a German doctor took out the bullet for Lenin's operation. 1922 in may, Lenin suffered a stroke for the first time, his right side was partially paralyzed, and he began to reduce government affairs. In the same year, after the second stroke in 65438+ February, he stopped his political activities. 1923 In March, after his third stroke, he was bedridden and could not speak until his death.
After the first stroke, Lenin completed a will and gave it to his wife Krupskaya, commenting on Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Pi Dakov and other six senior Soviet leaders. Among them, the view of Stalin is "I am not sure whether he can always use this power very carefully." During the same period, Lenin and Stalin had a serious dispute over the monopoly of foreign trade and the Georgia incident. On June 4th1923,65438+1October 4th, Lenin added a supplement to his dictation, specifically targeting Stalin: Stalin was too rude. This shortcoming is completely tolerable among us and in contact with the producers, but it is not tolerated in the post of general secretary. Therefore, I suggest that comrades try to raise Stalin from this position and appoint another person as general secretary. 1923 On March 5th, Lenin was very angry when he learned that his wife Krupskaya was insulted and threatened by Stalin, and proposed to break up with Stalin. Stalin apologized to Lenin, and things finally calmed down.
1924 65438+1October 2 1 Moscow time 18: 50, Lenin died in Gorky village at the age of 53. More than 900,000 people paid tribute to Lenin's body and observed a moment of silence when attending the memorial service. Sun Yat-sen, who regarded Lenin as a mentor and friend, made a eulogy after hearing the news:
The vast five continents, all sentient beings; Which is far-sighted and beneficial to the people? Today, there are thousands of ancient scholars in Iraq, but they are empty words. Who can really do it? Only Junteli is a hero of ten thousand people; Building this new country will unite us. Born in the same world, the same continent and the same country; Looking at each other for many years, I looked around. You have gone through many difficulties and dangers, and I am Ding Baie; I hope to be on the same track as you. If the enemy is unhappy, the people will be happy; Wan Li, the soul returns. What to tell you if there is no holiday; As old as life, you will always be wise.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who insisted on anti-communism, commented that the Russian people are struggling in a quagmire. The worst thing for them is the birth of Lenin, and the second worst thing is his death. After Lenin's death, the Soviet government built a mausoleum of Lenin in Moscow's Red Square to commemorate him, and mummified Lenin's body with modern anti-corrosion technology and kept it in a crystal coffin for people to pay tribute to. In the early1968+1920s, the Russian cosmic movement was quite popular. Leonid Borisovich Klasing and Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdan proposed to freeze Lenin's body in order to revive him in the future. Refrigeration equipment needs to be purchased abroad, but for various reasons, the plan has not been realized. Therefore, it is planned to change the corpse into antiseptic treatment and put it into the permanent exhibition of Lenin's mausoleum in Moscow on June 27 1924. The Russian Academy of Sciences and other institutions proposed to move Lenin's body out of Red Square and bury it in Lenin's mausoleum, which was supported by some lawmakers. However, this proposal was also opposed by many politicians, including Putin.
Three days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. 199 1 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it was renamed St. Petersburg. Leningrad, where St. Petersburg is located, retains its original name.
The exact cause of Lenin's death has long been a topic of speculation. What did medical experts find when dissecting and carefully analyzing Lenin's brain? Monica spivak is an associate doctor of philosophy and the author of the best-selling book Diagnosis after the Death of Genius. She was very lucky to have access to the secret files, and she helped us solve this mystery.
Spivak said that after Lenin died young at the age of 54, scientists began to study Lenin's brain. The following is a passage from the report of Academician Nikolai Semmache, a member of the Healthy People's Committee: "Lenin's death is considered as arteriosclerosis. Anatomy proved that this was the main cause of Lenin's illness and death. The cause is in the carotid artery. " Spivak said that during the autopsy, Lenin's brain condition was found to be very bad. Lenin's brain tissue is only 1340 grams, which can't even reach the standard brain weight. Academician Semmache's report said, "Atherosclerosis first affects the brain, which is the organ that directly controls human activities". In the words of this expert, the disease directly infringes on the "most vulnerable part", and Lenin's brain and skull tissue are such a "fragile" part.
Later, experts put Lenin's brain, heart and bullets in his body into the glass bottle of the institute for careful study. According to spivak, in 1925, the Soviet Union established a laboratory dedicated to studying Lenin's brain. Young Soviet countries have no experts of their own, so they can only turn to foreign countries for help. The famous German neurologist Oscar vogt (1870- 1959) presided over this research work. According to vogt's plan, a macro cutter (cut into several large pieces) and a micro cutter (made into 34,000 pieces) were manufactured in Germany.
1927, vogt submitted a research report. The report said that Lenin's brain structure was different from that of ordinary people, which made him a leader. Lenin's pyramidal cells are very developed, the connecting fibers between cells are very strong, and the nucleus is extremely solid and clear. Scientists compare Lenin's brain with that of other geniuses, and think that Lenin's brain has a higher texture. Lenin had more furrows on his forehead than Luna Charlesky, Michulin and Mayakovski.