On the tenth day of Yangzhou and the three butchers of Jiading, I had tears in my eyes, which was the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. Speaking of "fire is round and bright"
The Garden and the Reform Movement of 1898 brought tears again, which was the end of the Qing Dynasty. When the old teacher cried, the children also cried.
Cry with it, Qing history, is the only course in primary school that is soaked with tears. Resentment planted at an early age is hard to dissolve.
You have to drive.
The tears of the old man and the tears of the children are mixed together, which endows this historical emotion with the most secular power.
Quantity. My primary school classmates are all Han, not Manchu, so it is easy to have a * * * in class.
It seems that the Han nationality is, of course, the master of China. Why did you Manchu rob it? Grab it and you can fix it.
Anyway, it just got worse and worse, and finally it was almost carved up by foreigners. So, in the sparkling tears, we
Understand what is a traitor, what is a traitor, what is national justice, and what is integrity. We also seem to know.
It is said that the reason why China lags behind the world powers lies in the Qing Dynasty, and the enlightener of the Revolution of 1911 should pay more attention.
How necessary it is to burn the hatred of the Han people towards the Qing people and put forward the slogan of "expelling Tatars and restoring Sinochem"
What a relief. The Qing Dynasty was finally overthrown, but it was still unfair to many people in China.
The existence of.
As I get older, I begin to be wary of this kind of emotion. Because countless facts have proved that in our China, Xu
Multi-emotional social judgment norms, although widely circulated for a long time, contain great injustice. I
Children lack value enlightenment in the universal sense of human beings, so most of these emotional social judgment norms come from feudalism.
Orthodoxy gradually extends, with great blindness. First, the legitimacy of surnames, Liu Han, Li Tang and Song Zhao.
, Zhu Ming ... Successive heirs with the same surname, even if they are bad kings, cowards and lechers,
Misers and mental disorders are legal and reasonable, while people with other surnames have covetousness, even if there are 1000.
Ten thousand truths are also untenable, and authenticity, good and evil, loyalty and treachery are all divided from this. Starting from the orthodox surname theory,
It is national orthodoxy. This concept is much more complicated than the orthodoxy of surnames. Look at the pioneers and seals of the Revolution of 1911.
The incongruity of surnames in constructivism is an example, but it is also necessary to publicize national orthodoxy loudly. national integrity
The theory of grand unification involves many celebrities and events that almost all China people are familiar with, and it is the future.
A thorny issue that still needs constant debate. Please allow me to leave here, I just need to make sure.
Such a view: Manchu is the Manchu in China, and the history of the Qing Dynasty is a part of the history of China; Throughout ancient China
On the whole, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty were relatively good, and Emperor Kangxi among them can even be said to be the history of China.
One of the best emperors in the world, just like Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin, made me proud as a modern Han China.
Now that we have talked about Emperor Taizong, we have to point out that according to the research of modern historians, he is more likely to be rare.
Post-inferior race, non-Han nationality.
If we say that we quickly created "the rule of chastity" and "the wealth of health and harmony" in the great social disaster.
Neither of the two most outstanding emperors in the history of China was Han nationality. If we think about the one that is still being completely destroyed.
World historians marvel at the establishment of Genghis Khan, the great ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, so our views on the history of China are the same.
It will be much more open than the history class in primary school.
Of course, the Han nationality is great. Of course, the Han nationality has no reason to be bullied by foreigners.
Of course, when the clan is in danger, it should stand up and fight fearlessly, and betray the national interests for personal interests.
Of course, shameless people will be spurned forever, and there is no objection to these. The problem is, you can't accept it.
Han and China are equal, and all the justice, light and hope in China history are on the Han side. With other people
The Han nationality, like the Han nationality, also has a lot of filth, fatuity and ugliness, and its rulers often repeat the whole China calendar.
History has been pushed into a dead end. In this case, history may make a choice beyond Han Zhengtong, and this choice
Not necessarily backwards.
Li is a famous prostitute in Qinhuai in Peach Blossom Fan. She is humble and noble, and lives in the south of the Qing army.
How many national integrity have been maintained in the stormy season of Daming Mountain! However, she never thought, just as she and
Her lover, Hou Chaozong, did not hesitate to go through fire and water to run for her life to fight against the Qing Dynasty and regain sight. It was when he was alive.
The still dissolute Nanming court humiliated them. At that time, in the eyes of local people, it was both the Ming Dynasty and the Han nationality.
The last representative of Hong Guang regime does not want her and her sisters' loyal tears, as long as they are patriotic.
The most pitiful hue for a woman. Li wanted to die and bleed for Daming with her lover, but it made her sick.
What's more, it was Daming's bureaucrats who forced her to get married and let her blood spill on the paper fan, dyeing it as "peach blossom". "peach blossom
When Fan Di was sent to the Southern Dynasties, the court let him go and sighed, upright, upright, struggling and running.
Everything becomes ridiculous and self-deprecating. Kong, the author of Peach Blossom Fan, is a descendant of Kong, even opposite to the calendar.
The blind orthodoxy in the historical transition period has aroused deep doubts. He turned this question into a pen.
Silence and desolation.
I have seen enough of Li and Hou Chaozong in the late Ming Dynasty, but what will happen in the Qing Dynasty? I don't want to see it.
Literary works will always come to an end, but history is still moving forward. In fact, the Qing Dynasty is still worth seeing.
To this end, I want to write about the summer resort in Chengde. Historical materials of the Qing Dynasty were tied up and left to historians.
Come on, let's sneak around this summer house. This glance
In fact, I'm also spying on myself, the historical feelings and national feelings buried in my heart since I was a child. How many can you keep?
Save, how much need to be corrected.
two
Chengde mountain resort is a royal garden in Qing Dynasty, also known as Jehol Palace and Chengde Palace. Although it is famous in history,
However, it has long been a forbidden garden, and it is located outside the Great Wall. Not many people have been patronizing. It was not until these years that tourists stirred up a little.
Make trouble. I don't know what I can get there, but CCTV is organizing it this summer.
A gathering of excellent domestic TV writers and directors asked me to give them some lessons, and they took it. residence
Just behind the summer resort, at dusk that day, I walked out of the mansion door alone and faced the dark eyes.
The mountains are in a daze. After checking the map, this mountain is the last barrier to the north of the summer resort, just like an round-backed chair.
The back of a chair. In this round-backed armchair, there is a tired dynasty. Strangely, the whole territory of China was
Belonging to this dynasty, why did you put this arched chair for rest outside the Great Wall? qing dynasty emperor
What are you thinking when you sit in this chair facing south? The moon has risen and the mountain in front of us looks bigger.
Wei Jia is very sad. The Forbidden City in Beijing is a mixture of several different dynasties, and no one can really see the image, but
Here, far away, quiet, pure, quiet, avoiding the royal spirit of the Central Plains, there is a miscellaneous.
Qing dynasty. It really tempted me, so I took a few classes in a hurry and immersed myself in it.
Inside the villa.
The villa is very big. I thought the Summer Palace in Beijing was amazing, but it is bigger than the Summer Palace.
Yes, it is said that it is no problem to install eight or nine Beihai parks. I can't think of any other classical gardens in China.
Looking back.
Outside the villa, there is a circle of temples called "Eight Waimiao". Let's just say the villa for the time being.
The surface, except the first half of the palace, is mainly open lakes, plains and mountains. special
Mountains account for almost 80% of the whole villa, which makes people who are used to other gardens very unaccustomed. Garden islands
Leisure, what's more, most royal gardens pursue convenience and comfort, and some will pile up several hills for decoration.
How can this happen? It's just going around a big real mountain for fun. This pattern contains a
This aesthetic concept and life concept need us to look up and down.
There are many couplets and stone tablets in the villa, most of which were written by the emperor himself. Of course, they didn't expect it.
Years later, we strangers will break into their private gardens and read these words. These words are
It's for their heirs. The imperial court showed many things to others, and there were a lot of red tape and printing, which were widely circulated.
And the words written here, although sometimes speaking like a book, are generally intimate words between children and grandchildren.
, more authentic. I stepped on moss and creeping weeds to recognize and read all the words I could find, even if I was hiding in the mountains.
I never put down the stone tablet in the forest. After reading a book, I relaxed my muscles and looked around. All the way, finally
Therefore, it can be safely said that the villa was built entirely because of the spiritual strength of a generation of politicians.
The first one is Kangxi, who wrote "Summer Resort" and hung it on the noon gate of the villa's main palace. These four words
This Chinese character is well written, revealing the calmness and peace of a winner. It is conceivable that he set foot on this mountain for the first time.
So is the pace of Shi Zhuang. He will, because he has gone through a long, difficult and successful journey.
People who walk into the villa should come here to catch their breath.
All the sufferings in his life are of his own making. His parents have already paved a complete Huaxia River for him.
He acceded to the throne at the age of eight and came out at the age of fourteen. As a young child, he just enjoyed success and can be in such a vast area.
What should we do in the face of territory and such prosperous wealth? His childish eyes, even a confused look.
A monster, one is Ao Bai, the most powerful assistant minister in the imperial court, and the other is to lead the Qing army by being a traitor.
Wu Sangui, who made meritorious service in entering the customs, is in the south. In all fairness, for your relationship with grandparents and parents.
An important political force with close ties, even a respected generation of male leaders, is determined to do it.
But Kangxi challenged them and himself. Sixteen years old, except for Ao Bai group, he is crisp and agile, and he is twenty years old.
Started a war with Wu Sangui, and won in eight years. He has the ability to fight for what he has again.
After a haircut, I changed myself from an inheritor to an entrepreneur. He has matured and can hardly find anything in front of him.
Yao's opponent, but he often rides a horse, wandering between the mountains and grass in the north of China, where his ancestors rose.
Now, he is looking for the support point of his life and career.
Every time I pass the Great Wall, it is in disrepair and dilapidated. Facing this wall, emperors of past dynasties dug it.
Concerned about the wall, he thought a lot. His ancestors came in through the Great Wall. Without Wu Sangui, they would certainly have come in.
So what's the use of the Great Wall? Open a court, not rely on these bricks to defend? But if not,
With the Great Wall, where is our line of defense? The result of his thinking can be found in an imperial edict of 169 1
See one in the picture. In May of that year, Cai Yuan, the company commander of Gubeikou, proposed to the court that the Great Wall under his jurisdiction.
"There are many collapses, please build it." Kangxi totally disagreed. His imperial edict is:
Since Qin built the Great Wall, Han, Tang and Song San dynasties have often repaired it. Was it endless at that time?
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, our Taizu soldiers marched in, and all the roads collapsed, so there was nothing to do. Physical defense
The way of the country lies in winning the hearts of the people. If the people are happy, the country will have it, and the stability will be safe.
Some people say that "unity is strength". Such as Gubei, xifengkou,
There are many damaged places, but now we have to repair them. How can we work so hard to harm people? Qiechang chengyan
How can we keep the soldiers after a long journey?
That makes perfect sense. I have never dared to compliment the "Great Wall Complex" buried in the hearts of our nation.
After reading this passage of Kangxi, I simply found a distant bosom friend. Because of what Kangxi said, the Qing Dynasty became the ancient China.
As a dynasty that basically didn't build the Great Wall, I also feel very happy. Of course, today we are from the protection of words.
Repairing the Great Wall in the East-West sense is quite another matter, as long as it is not always regarded as the highest in Chinese civilization.
Just a symbol.
Kangxi hoped to build an invisible Great Wall. "Work hard" is too grand and empty, but it is true.
He has a hard hand and a soft hand in this world. The hard hand is to set up a "Mulan paddock" outside the Great Wall. Every autumn,
The emperor personally led more than 10,000 officials, ministers and officers and men at all levels to carry out large-scale "hunting". In fact.
It is a huge military exercise, which can not only keep princes and ministers brave and tenacious in their lives.
And by the way, it can play a deterrent role on the northern border. Because the "Mulan paddock" is located in a remote place outside the Great Wall,
Yes, it's a little far from Beijing, so many court officials go hunting in autumn, and of course they have to build some big ones.
This small palace, like the Jehol Palace, is the largest one; Soft hands are with ethnic minorities in the northern frontier.
A friendly relationship has been established between ethnic groups, and their leaders made friends with the Qing court without going far to Beijing.
Opportunities and places for friendship, but also to prepare their own religious places for them, which also requires Jehol Palace and
The surrounding temples. In a word, soft and hard hands finally came together in this palace and this villa.
It's summer vacation and rest, but it's more than that. Combine complex political purposes and military significance
Entering a quiet and leisurely garden and a circle of incense-filled temples is a great skill of Kangxi. In that way
However, there are real gardens and temples, real rest and prayer, military and political disintegration.
So lush and kind-hearted, we might even be confused if those stone tablets didn't remind us.
I can't even find it.
The Summer Resort is the "Great Wall" of Kangxi. Compared with the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang, which is better?
?
Kangxi went to Mulan paddock for a 20-day autumn outing after beginning of autumn almost every year.
Participated in 48 times. Every time I hunt, the scene is spectacular. Kangxi first selected the hunting area that rotated year by year.
(rotating year by year for ecological protection), and then build 170 large tents as "inner cities", with 200 tents.
More than 50 big tents are "outer cities", and there are guards outside the city. At dawn the next day, the officers and men of the Eight Banners were reunited with the emperor.
Under the supervision of the assembly, with the chorus of tens of thousands of officers and men, Kangxi was the first to lead the way and shoot with a bow.
It drew cheers, and then the retinue ministers and soldiers at all levels followed Kangxi to shoot and hunt. Kangxi is strong and rides a horse.
Clever, clever and brave when hunting, the kung fu on the bow and arrow surprised the princes sincerely, so they hunted by themselves.
Get a lot. At night, there were bonfires everywhere in the camp, and the meat was fragrant. People laughed at Ma Si, so Kangxi had to go back to the tent.
Review the memorial documents sent by Chi Chi every day. Kangxi fought many famous battles in his life, but in his later years,
He is most proud of his hunting achievements, because it is purely a verification of his personal vitality. 17 19
Kangxi returned from hunting in "Mulan paddock" and told the imperial army cheerfully:
I have caught 153 tigers and 12 bears with a shotgun bow since I was a child.
Only 25 leopards, 20 owls, 14 elk and 96 wolves,
There are 133 wild boars, and hundreds of deer are caught by whistles. The rest of the paddock was shot at random.
It's hard to remember those beasts. I shot 3 18 rabbits a day, which is not unusual.
People can't be as good as they are today.
He talked proudly about this diary, and we read it happily. Physical and mental strength often
Together, we should pay attention to the fact that there are many sick emperors in China history, even if they are "inner show"
How to face such a huge country?
Because he is strong, he has enough energy to deal with complicated Tibet affairs and Mongolia affairs and solve the problem of managing the Yellow River.
, harnessing the Huaihe River and dredging Cao Zhi, and most of them are very effective, which will benefit future generations. Because he is strong, he is willing.
Study hard and practice hard. As a result, not only the martial arts are first-class, but also the "inner show" is very good, making him a must among the emperors of China.
A man who is learned and attaches great importance to learning has always shocked me. I am sure that at that time,
It also shocked a large group of Han intellectuals who looked on coldly.
Who would have thought that the Qing emperor loved and mastered the traditional culture of the Han nationality more than the Ming emperor?
! He has made great efforts in classics, history, philosophy, anthology, poetry, calligraphy and jurisprudence, among which Zhu's philosophy has been studied.
The deepest. He personally examined and approved Zi Tong Zhi Jian, and studied with a group of famous Neo-Confucianists at a high level.
Discussion, and ordered them to compile "Zhuzi Daquan", "The Essence of Reason" and other works. He ordered decentralized visits.
Sorting out folk rare books and rare books, organizing human resources on a large scale, and editing and publishing a vast number of ancient and modern pictures.
Book Integration, Kangxi Dictionary, Pei Fu and Qing Hui Dian are full of cultural charm and straightforwardness.
Today, without these extremely important reference books, we can't study the ancient culture of China. He sent people across the whole.
The actual survey of the land was compiled into the national map "Panorama of the Palace". In the cultural atmosphere he advocated, Zhong
At present, there are a large number of humanities scientists who can be called first-class masters in the whole cultural history of China. At this moment,
In fact, few dynasties can be compared with Kangxi dynasty.
The above is just what we call "Chinese studies", and what may surprise modern readers more is his "western learning"
"。 Because even in modern times, in our impression, although Chinese studies and western studies can communicate, they are in the same person.
After all, there are not many people on both sides of the diving, especially some officials. However, as early as 300 years ago, Kangxi
The emperor actually studied Euclidean geometry seriously in the Forbidden City and chengde mountain resort, and often did exercises.
I also studied the practical geometry and theoretical geometry of French mathematician Barty, and compared them with Euclid's geometry.
The teacher who distinguished him was a group of western missionaries who came to China at that time, but later his calculus was faster than that of missionaries.
He personally reviewed western mathematics works translated into Chinese and Manchu, and taught western mathematics to ministers whenever he had the opportunity.
study On the basis of mathematics, Kangxi further studied western astronomy, calendar, physics, medicine, chemistry and
China's original knowledge in this field is compared to learn from each other's strengths. On the issue of natural science, China bureaucrats and foreign missionaries
There are often contradictions among scholars. Kangxi did not protect China bureaucrats, nor did he make subjective assumptions. But he learned it himself, really.
Knowing western theories, you can make a fair judgment almost every time. He appointed a foreigner as the deputy supervisor of Qin Tian.
And ordered does send a group of students to study natural science in Qin, if they learn well, choose them as doctoral officers. the west
Natural science works, such as the theory of gas inspection, instrumental images, equatorial north-south star map, poverty science and
Kun Shuo has been translated one by one, and some western natural science works such as Geometry have also been translated into Chinese.
He ordered the first six volumes of Principles to be translated into Manchu.
All this is not mutually exclusive with his obsession with "Chinese studies", and he actually shoots 3 18 a day with him.
Rabbit is not mutually exclusive, but it is not mutually exclusive with his series of major political, military and economic behaviors!
I don't think Kangxi brought fundamental hope to China. His regime has also done many bad things, such as being notorious.
"literary prison" and so on; What I want to say is that among the emperors in China, this one comes from a minority background.
Wang has extraordinary vitality, and his personality is relatively sound. Sometimes, personal vitality and personality will give
History has left a heavy mark. Compared with him, many emperors in the Ming Dynasty lived disgracefully, Lu Xun said.
It's a "rogue", a bit like it. Especially irritating is Zhu Yijun, the emperor of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (Zongshen)
Forty-eight years, thirty-eight years of personal rule, twenty-five years of hiding in the deep palace without seeing outsiders, completely
Ignoring state affairs, I can't even see him in the cabinet records, and I don't know what I am doing. I haven't seen him play anything, and I don't think so.
Suspected of lewdness, historians can only infer that he smoked opium on the couch for more than 20 years! He accumulated.
Gold and silver were like mountains, and the Qing army rebelled. The court was helpless, so it asked him for money, but he refused to take it out. most
Take out a useless small fraction, which turned out to be all black, moldy and corroded for too long.
Silver! This is completely a psychopath who has lost any personality support, but he is centralized and Ming Dynasty.
How can you not collapse? After his death, he also had his son Zhu Changluo (Guangzong), his grandson Zhu Youxiao (Xizong) and Zhu Youjian (four cases).
) has succeeded to the throne, but the Ming dynasty has been defeated by him, and his children and grandchildren are very poor. Kangxi was the opposite of him.
, release life from the palace, in the wilderness, hunting grounds and various fields of knowledge, the summer resort is him.
This way of life was an important Tunagou station, so it was also the "auspicious home" in the history of China at that time.