19 At the end of the 20th century, western culture continued to infiltrate into China, and sports as a cultural phenomenon was no exception. Many competitive sports in the West are gradually developed in China, and volleyball is one of them. According to some sports historians, volleyball was introduced to China in 1905. When volleyball was first introduced to China, its original name was "team ball". This activity was first carried out in South China, East China and North China.
South China: 1905, volleyball was first played in Nanwu Middle School in Guangzhou and Ren Huang College in Hong Kong. 19 13 Far East Games player Xu Minhui (Guangdong) actively promoted volleyball. Promote this activity to suburban counties and cities. A year later, volleyball has become a favorite activity of young farmers and workers in Guangdong, and dozens of counties in the province have widely carried out and organized competitions, with amazing development speed. On this basis, many famous volleyball players and teams emerged, and a sports association-Guangdong Volleyball Federation was organized.
East China: Shanghai is one of the cities where volleyball started earlier. During 1908, the YMCA of North America sent Dr. M.J. Kaessner to China as the director of the sports department of the YMCA of Shanghai. He taught and introduced a variety of sports, including volleyball, in the YMCA physical education training class. From 19 12 to 1924, the YMCA promoted volleyball by holding training courses for sports officials. During the period of 12, nine groups of PE teachers and cadres were trained successively, some of whom later became the backbone of volleyball promotion in various places.
The areas where volleyball develops well in East China are not only overseas, but also Fujian Province, which is located on the southeast coast of the motherland. Pan Zhusun, president of Fuzhou YMCA, is a student in the training class for sports officials of Shanghai YMCA. He brought the volleyball knowledge, skills and practice methods he learned back to Fujian, which laid the foundation for the development of volleyball in Fujian.
North China: As early as 19 10 years ago, a few missionary schools carried out volleyball activities, but it has not yet become a competition. It was not until 19 14 that the second North China Games was held in the Temple of Heaven in Beijing that volleyball was formally established.
After the first volleyball match was held in the 2nd North China Games, the volleyball event was cancelled for ten years, and it was not until the 11th time of 1924 that the volleyball match was resumed. This shows that the development of volleyball in North China is slow. But by the end of 1920s and early 1930s, the development of volleyball in North China was not limited to several big cities. Volleyball spread to Yantai, Qingdao and other places in Shandong Peninsula, and many competitions were organized in these areas, which contributed to the popularization of volleyball.
Second, the implementation of six-a-side volleyball
1900-19 10, volleyball was first introduced to Indian, China, Japanese, Philippine and other Asian countries. Because the indoor sports venues in Asian countries were far inferior to those in the United States at that time, the sports officers of the YMCA who came to Asia introduced and taught outdoor 16 volleyball according to the specific situation in Asia. The volleyball matches of the first three Asian Far East Games were all sixteen-a-side competitions. 19 19 After the 3rd Far East Games, the competition rules were greatly revised, from 16 to 12, and the venue was reduced from 90×45 feet to 80×40 feet. 1927, the twelve-person system was changed to the nine-person system. Nine-a-side volleyball continued until 1949. Nine-a-side volleyball has been popular in Asian countries including China for a long time.
In 1950s, the highest level volleyball competition in the world was attended by six athletes. For example, the first men's volleyball world championship held in Prague, Czech Republic, the World Youth Students' Day and the World University Games all adopted six-a-side competition. In order to meet the needs of international competitions, China began to learn volleyball techniques and the rules of six-a-side volleyball. 1950 In July, the All-China Sports Federation held a national summer study meeting for sports workers in Tsinghua University. At the study meeting, Professor Peking University Lin introduced the rules and methods of six-a-side volleyball competition to the national sports workers. After learning and understanding, more than 100 people who attended the study meeting became interested in volleyball for six people and mastered the preliminary knowledge. The students in these classes have become the "kindling" for the development of six-a-side volleyball. In August of the same year, Yu Jigang and Yan wrote an article in New Sports magazine, detailing the rules and simple attack and defense tactics of six-a-side volleyball. 195 1 may, professor Lin wrote an article about the characteristics and play of six-a-side volleyball On the basis of a preliminary understanding of six-a-side volleyball, the volleyball circle in China immediately focused on the differences between six-a-side volleyball and nine-a-side volleyball. Because there are many differences between them in rules and technology, discussing rules and studying technology has become the central content of various learning activities at this stage. It was helpful for China to learn six-a-side volleyball at that time and make the transition from nine-a-side volleyball to six-a-side volleyball. Volleyball court quickly entered the stage of study and practice.
Third, establish a hierarchy and train coaches.
In order to improve the level of volleyball in China, in the early 1950s, China put forward the slogan of studying the Soviet Union in an all-round way. The sports system promoted by the Soviet Union was one of the important aspects of learning in China at that time. Specifically, it is to learn from the Soviet Union's sports competition grading system and the grading system of athletes, coaches and referees, and constantly revise and improve it according to China's actual situation. This is conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm of athletes, coaches and referees and inspiring them to forge ahead to a higher level.
1956 in April, the state physical culture and sports commission promulgated the regulations on the grading system of athletes and referees in People's Republic of China (PRC) (draft). According to the regulations, athletes are divided into athletes, first-class athletes, second-class athletes and third-class athletes; Referees are divided into national referees, first-class referees, second-class referees and third-class referees. It also stipulates the specific conditions, badges and certificates for reaching various grades.
On June 2 1, 65438 and July 1 1, 65438, the state sports commission revised the grading system twice, formulated the technical grading standards for volleyball players, and specifically stipulated the standards for athletes at all levels to obtain titles.
On June 2nd1958 and 2nd1,the State Sports Commission first published the China People's Coach Grading System (draft) (note: this draft has not been implemented; On May 1963 and 10, the State Sports Commission announced the revision of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Coaches' Grading System, which was not implemented in actual operation).
In a word, the volleyball world in China has not mechanically copied the experience and sports grading system of the Soviet Union, but absorbed its essence.
Fourth, join FIVB.
After the New China Volleyball Team participated in the World University Games, Youth Day and other volleyball competitions, the vigorous spirit and unique skills of the China Volleyball Team attracted the attention of the international volleyball community.
China Volleyball Association was founded on 1953, with Zhang Zhihuai as its chairman. 1953165438+10 On behalf of the China Volleyball Association, Zhang Zhihuai and Ma Qiwei attended the executive meeting of the International Volleyball Federation held in Bucharest, Romania. On June1954 65438+1October 1 1, the International Volleyball Federation officially recognized and accepted the China Volleyball Association as a full member. 1956 In August, the 3rd World Men's Volleyball Championship and the 2nd World Women's Volleyball Championship sponsored by FIVB were held in Paris, France. FIVB officially sent an invitation to China men's volleyball team and women's volleyball team.
China Volleyball Association attached great importance to this opportunity to learn and exercise, and established a national men's and women's volleyball team in February 1956. The team trained in Shanghai and Beijing and visited the Soviet Union, Bulgaria and the Democratic Republic of Germany from July 6 to August 9, 2004. During this period, the men's and women's teams each played 1 1. China men's and women's teams also participated in the four-nation volleyball league in Bulgaria. The participating countries are China, Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia. These games are pre-match exercises for China to prepare for the Paris Championship.
From August 30th to September 12, women's volleyball teams from 17 countries and men's volleyball teams from 24 countries gathered in Paris to participate in this grand event. The number of participating teams is the highest in the world volleyball championship.
Five, serve revolution and modification of blocking rules
During the period of 1957, Guangdong men's volleyball team boldly used the hook serve technique in the national first-class volleyball league held at that time according to the antagonistic law of volleyball match and the specific situation of the team. In practice, they have worked out a set of rules for using strong serve through systematic and strict training. They expanded the training ratio of serving and receiving to about 60% of the whole technical training, which ensured the training of serving and receiving skills in quantity. Therefore, in the game, serve scores more, pass mistakes less, and one attack has a great advantage. 1957, Guangdong men's volleyball team jumped from the top 6 in China to the top 3, largely thanks to hook service. In 1958 national first-class league, Guangdong men's volleyball team rose from the third place in 1957 to the second place, and serving vigorously is still their "magic weapon" to win.
Driven by the Guangdong team, the vigorous service is popular all over the country, which is widely used not only by the first-class team, but also by the second-class team and the teams participating in the championship. Not only the men's team, but also many women's team members. During this period, foreign teams coming to China suffered from China's strong serve and attack. In a game, they transmitted about 18 points at a time, and the maximum was as high as 25 points.
When the strong serve technique is still in the ascendant, another offensive serve, the overhand float technique, also appears. Gong Junping of Shanghai "Red Team" (that is, the competitive guidance team of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education) was the first to use this new technology in China. At that time, Shanghai "Red Team" and Shanghai "Blue Team" were both good at serving vigorously. In addition to serving vigorously, Gong Junping's overhand floating ball is also an important means for the red team to score. At that time, although no one had summarized and refined this technology in theory, the power of this service was already felt in practice.
In a word, the appearance of strong serve and overhand float ball is a promotion of volleyball skills and tactics in China, or a technological revolution. This makes the development of volleyball technology unbalanced.
1964, FIVB held a meeting in Tokyo, Japan, and revised the rules on "blocking the net". The revised rule is: "Before one side spikes, any part of the other player in the front row touches the ball and crosses the net along the above vertical plane, which is a foul, but after one player spikes or drops the ball, the other blocking player touches the ball and crosses the net, which is not a foul." This clearly stipulates that the blocker can block the net after the opponent spikes.
This change is a big change for blocking. Before that, interceptors were not allowed to cross the net before or after spiking. Therefore, the hand shape of blocking the net is that the wrist leans back against the net side to form a plane parallel to the net to stop the opponent's spike. So people only regard blocking as the first line of defense. The revised rules allow interceptors to intercept through the network, which completely changes the nature of simple defense of interception technology. Players can score points or get the right to serve by blocking the opponent's spike in the opponent's court.