65438+1In the early morning of April 6, 1994, after attending the peace talks in neighboring Tanzania, the plane of Rwandan President Habyarimana was shot down by an unknown missile on his way home, causing death, and Hutu militants quickly took control of the Rwandan government. On April 7, the Rwandan massacre that shocked the world began. Hutu militants created the assassination because they were dissatisfied with Habyarimana's intention to sign a power-sharing agreement with Tutsi political parties. Subsequently, they began to kill moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders as planned, and then they tried to destroy the whole Tutsi. It is estimated that in the next 100 days, nearly 100 million people will be slaughtered, which is the fastest massacre in the world. The massacre was not stopped until the Tutsi-led army won the civil war and came to power.
The causes of civil war and tribal massacres in Rwanda are very complicated. Tribal conflicts in Rwanda have a long history. Historically, the western colonialists practiced "indirect rule" and "divide-and-rule" over Rwanda: Tutsi, which accounts for 14% of the population, first ruled Hutu, which accounts for 85% of the population, and then used Hutu to oppose and rule Tutsi, resulting in 1959, 1963 and/kloc-. Groups of Tutsis were forced to flee to neighboring countries. By the end of 1990 and 10, there were as many as 500,000 refugees in exile, and the two tribes who had lived in harmony turned against each other. This civil war is the result of long-term accumulation of tribal contradictions.
On the other hand, this Rwandan tribal vendetta is also a land war. Rwanda's population was only 3 million when it became independent, but it has increased to 8 million on the eve of the civil war, and its land area is only 26,000 square kilometers. As the country with the highest population density in Africa, many farmers in Rwanda have no land to grow and it is difficult to make a living. In this situation, refugees in exile hope to return to China, while domestic residents oppose it for fear of endangering their own survival, which also leads to the intensification of social contradictions.
But another source of the tragedy of Rwanda's civil war lies in the impact of the wave of "multi-party democracy" advocated by the West. 1990 10 at the beginning of Rwanda's civil war, the west threatened to stop aid, forcing the then president to declare a multi-party system and western-style democracy, and in April 1992, he absorbed the opposition parties to form a multi-party Coalition government. Unexpectedly, the barely transplanted western multi-party democracy model not only failed to bring stability and prosperity, but also brought party struggle into the government's decision-making body, greatly weakened the government's administrative ability, intensified various contradictions, and the national situation was out of control.
The Rwandan massacre left a profound lesson, which triggered people's profound reflection on the role of the Security Council, the effectiveness of United Nations peacekeeping operations and the responsibility of the international community in preventing such massacres. As early as before the tragedy, some people reported to the United Nations that there might be a tribal massacre in Rwanda, but it failed to attract enough attention. After the incident, the United Nations negotiated with 10 countries to send troops to Rwanda, but failed.
2 Congo gold
Congo (DRC)
Brief history: Some kingdoms were formed in the Congo River valley from about 10 century, and were part of Congo kingdom from 13 century to 14 century. From15th century to16th century, Balu Empire, Ronda Empire and Msiri Empire were successively established in the southeast. From15th century to18th century, colonists from Portugal, Holland, Britain, France and Belgium invaded one after another. 1878 Belgian king Leopold II induced tribal leaders in Zaire Valley to accept a series of slavery treaties. 1884 to 1885, Britain, France, Germany and other countries 15 reached an agreement at the Berlin conference, which designated it as the "private land" of the king and called it "the free country of Congo". 1908 became belgian colonial, renamed "Belgian Congo". 1958 10 Lumumba established the Congolese National Movement Party and put forward the slogan of immediate independence. 1960 In February, Belgium was forced to agree to Zaire's independence. On June 24th of the same year, the first government with Lumumba as the prime minister was established, and on the 30th, it declared independence, and was named the Republic of Congo (Congo). On July 8 of the same year, Belgium invaded, and on June 5438+05, the United States entered Zagreb under the banner of the United Nations. /kloc-in September, 2004, Mobutu, chief of general staff of the army, staged a military coup and took over all the power of the government. On September196117, the American fake hand mob killed Lumumba. 1964 In July, Chong Bo became Prime Minister, and in August, it was renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo. 1965165438+10 In October, Mobutu, commander-in-chief of the National Army, staged a coup to overthrow President Kasavubu and exercise presidential power. 1966 In May, the capital Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, and on June 30th of the same year, the Democratic Republic was changed to Congo (DRC). 19711kloc-0/On October 27th, the country was renamed the Republic of Zaire. 1On April 24th, 990, President Mobutu announced the establishment of the Third Republic; Cancel the ruling party status of the people's revolutionary movement and implement a multi-party system. 1May 1997 16 Anti-government forces captured Kinshasa, and Mobutu gave up power and went to live in exile in Rabat, Morocco. 1May 1997 17, the armed forces of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo led by Lang Kabila captured the capital Kinshasa, declared themselves president and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Congo. 1In August 1998, the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) triggered an armed conflict by repatriating Rwandan troops, which quickly turned into a regional war, and the Congo once again fell into political chaos, economic deterioration and social unrest. With the joint efforts of the international community, representatives of all parties signed the Lusaka Peace Agreement and the Ceasefire Agreement. In 200 1 1, Kabila was assassinated and his son Joseph Kabila succeeded him as president. After Joseph Kabila came to power, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy and advocated peaceful settlement of domestic contradictions, and the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo tended to be stable. On June 5438+10, 2006, the Democratic Republic of the Congo adopted a new constitution by referendum.
3 Former Yugoslavia
Kosovo, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Yugoslavia
Federal Republic of Ukraine (Serbia)
Attachment: Reasons for the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia
1992 Before independence, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the largest and poorest republic in Yugoslavia. 199 1 year
In April, the Bosnian Serb Parliament declared Serbia's independence, igniting the fuse of civil war. flames of war
The starting point is the "Holiday Inn" where I stayed (also the largest foreign-related hotel in Saskatchewan). Serbian sniper in the hotel
Shooting at civilians demonstrating peacefully. Relying on the support of 50,000 soldiers from the former Yugoslavia in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
It began to occupy land on a large scale and expel Muslims and Croats from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since then, ethnic cleansing and massacres have begun.
Murder. They surrounded Croatian towns and opened fire on civilian targets. The civil war lasted for four years until 1995.
In Dayton, Ohio, Montenegro, Serbia and Croatia reached and initialled a peace agreement to end the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
A peace agreement for a comprehensive ceasefire (the so-called Dayton Agreement).
Speaking of it, Serbs, Croats and Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina are Slavs. Why are there racial conflicts? Why are you in such a hurry to fire each other?
The Balkan Peninsula connects Europe and Asia, and is also the throat of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It has always been a battleground for military strategists.
The land of dispute. There have been several major wars in the past hundred years, and it is not an exaggeration to say that it is a powder keg. Be ravaged by war
The main reasons are land disputes and religious disputes. Because of the historical changes in territory and the population that followed.
Immigrants, every country in the Balkans is inhabited by ethnic minorities of different religions. These ethnic minorities are
The other country is the majority. For example, Croats are the main ethnic group in Croatia, but they have become a minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Family; Serbs are the majority in Serbia, but the minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The division of regions and boundaries is because
The constant regime change has made the relations between the ten Balkan countries complicated and contradictory.
Heavy.
The complicated religious relationship adds a layer of magic to this Rubik's Cube. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire occupied the Balkans.
The peninsula is divided into two parts, and Slovenia belongs to the Roman Empire. Serbia and Macedonia belong to the Byzantine Empire.
Okay, take Bosnia and Herzegovina as the dividing line. /kloc-In the 4th century, the Ottoman Empire invaded Turkey and brought Islam to Eastern Europe.
Began to rule the Balkans for 500 years. During this period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was fully integrated into the oriental culture.
Become the intersection of Islam and Christianity. After the Turkish occupation, 40% Slavs
Believe in Muslims. It can be said that Turkey's invasion laid a curse for the religious separation in the Balkans. Since then, Bosnia and Herzegovina
It has become the easternmost country in Europe. From the 15th century, with the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Orthodox Church was brought.
Adding a layer of contradiction to the already complicated religious relationship. Connect Bosnia and Herzegovina with Northern Ireland and Kosovo in today's world.
Conflicts in Europe, Palestine, India, Pakistan and Indonesia are all related to religion. But these contradictions lie in Tito's proletariat.
Class dictatorship, temporarily covered up.
The general trend in the Balkans is also that long-term separation must be combined and long-term separation must be separated. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, with Kosovo
After separation from Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and other countries announced one after another.
Cloth independence. 1992, the only remaining Serbia, the former Yugoslav Republic and Montenegro, formed the Yugoslav Army.
The Federal Republic of Ukraine, namely Serbia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has disintegrated. Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
After the declaration of independence, ethnic conflicts were aroused and civil war was triggered. The three sides of the war are Boswi, who represents Islam.
Ethnic minorities, Croats represent Catholicism and Serbs represent Orthodox Church. Three rival political parties were born from the same source, but
Muslims have become enemies of Serbs and Croats. Serbs and Croats did not unite separately.
Serbia and Croatia are behind the scenes with a clear purpose, that is, to further divide the land of Bosnia and Herzegovina into
Establish the so-called Greater Serbia and Greater Croatia. The three sides exchanged fire in this war, resulting in more than 200,000 people killed in the war.
Healthy. Of course, Muslims suffered the most casualties, and a large number of refugees left their homes. The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina has increased by 5.
The million is now down to 3.5 million.
Today, eight years after the end of the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina is still divided by Serbs, Croats and Muslims. Administratively, it is a federation.
, two * * * and countries. Both Muslims and Croats control 5 1% of the territory, among which Muslims are concentrated in the capital Sarah.
Hot nest; Croats mainly live in Mostar, the second largest city. The Serbs control the other four.
9% of the land. The country has two administrative, legal and financial systems. The president rotates among the three ethnic groups every eight months.
Sitting in the village. People of insight believe that the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has just ended and the conditions are not ripe, so the United States should not engage in democracy.
The election reminded the United States that it had just finished fighting Iraq and should not make the same mistake in Iraq.
Perhaps it is the immature democracy that makes the post-war reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina so difficult. Bosnia and Herzegovina is still
International peacekeeping forces are stationed. On the surface, the three clans live in harmony, but they only know him when they chat with friends in Bosnia and Herzegovina in private.
Children are not without resentment. The enemies in the war now live in the same country and city. Although race and foreign countries
You can't tell who is Serbian, Croat and Muslim by appearance, but most of them can be distinguished by their names. Simultaneous person
Children also deeply feel the trauma of war. Most of them look forward to long-term peace and hope to get out of historical grievances and mutual hatred.
Come out and make up.