Taking middle school as the body and western learning as the aim, Zhang Zhidong systematized and theorized it in "Persuading Learning" published in 1898, making it the guiding ideology of China's Westernization Movement. China's traditional Confucian classics and history are the foundation of all knowledge, so we should take a warning, and then learn something useful from western learning to make up for the lack of middle school. Zhang Zhidong summarized the content of middle school as classics, history, philosophy and collection, with special emphasis on "Ming Gang", and thought that the three cardinal guides and five permanents were the origin of middle school, so as to oppose the constitutional monarchy of reformists. He summarized western learning into three parts: western history, western art and western politics. His understanding of western politics is not western politics, but some specific political facilities, such as school system, armament system and so on. In the 1970s and 1980s, the early reformists put forward the slogan of "western learning as the mainstay, supplemented by western learning", the main purpose of which was to encourage people to learn from the west and oppose being stubborn and conservative. By the end of 19, there was a sharp and fierce debate between old learning and new learning, and between middle school and western learning. Conservative feudal die-hards resolutely oppose western learning and take a hostile and exclusive attitude towards everything in western capitalist countries. The bourgeois reformists actively advocated western learning, believing that China should not only learn from the science and technology of western countries, but also imitate their parliamentary system and reform the feudal autocratic monarchy. Zhang Zhidong emphasized that "middle school is internal learning and western learning is foreign learning;" Middle school masters body and mind, while western learning deals with the world. "On the surface, it is necessary to' learn from the old and be new', but in fact it is on the side of the old and middle schools and opposes accepting the western bourgeois political ethics theory. From 1960s to 1990s, the Westernization School took this as the guiding ideology and started the Westernization Movement.