186 1 year (the 11th year of Xianfeng), Feng Guifen said in "Protest in Schools" that "China is based on ethics and religion, supplemented by the skill of national prosperity". This idea was first revealed. Later, westerners expressed it in various ways. 1895 (twenty-first year of Guangxu) In April, Naxi Fuzuo published the article "Saving Time" in the World Bulletin, which clearly put forward the concept of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application" for the first time. The following year, Sun Jianai, the minister of does, once again put forward in the book "A Ten-fold Opening of Shi Jing University" that "middle school is the mainstay, supplemented by western learning; Middle school is the body and western learning is the use. " In 1970s and 1980s, the early bourgeois reformists proposed to learn from the western parliaments. After 1990s, they further criticized the Westernization School's thought of learning from the basics, hoping that China could implement a constitutional monarchy like the West. Zhang Zhidong published "Persuade Learning" in May 1898, comprehensively and systematically expounded the guiding ideology of the Westernization School, reiterated that "old learning is the body, new learning is the use" and opposed political reform. Some foreigners, such as Hurd and Timothy Richard, also advocated this argument from the standpoint of colonialists. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing government carried out the New Deal, and it still pursues this proposition.