Guo Moruo's "Li Bai and Du Fu"

But he said that he was very confused at that time

Whoever loves Chinese classical literature has not been bathed in the shining light of Li Bai and Du Fu The glory of a giant in the history of Chinese literature? . But the true understanding and understanding of the two of them will change with age and experience. Among them, there is also the confusion of Guo Moruo's book "Li Bai and Du Fu" published during the heyday of the Cultural Revolution, which caused us to have a great misunderstanding of Li and Du.

In the thirty years before the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially during the ten years of the Cultural Revolution, almost all the literati and intellectuals in our huge country were classified as "bourgeois stinkers" by ultra-left ideological divisions and were overthrown. Put one foot on the ground. Only Guo Moruo and Conflict have become popular figures in the ruling group as "red-top literati". In that barbaric era, only "Eight Model Operas" and "Gao Daquan" were left clamoring across the land of China. In a situation where people could only worship Chairman Mao's quotations in silence, Guo Moruo's "Li Bai and Du Fu" and Zhang Shichuang's "Liu Wen Zhi Yao" were both published in 1971. This shows Guo's prominence and supremacy. Apart from Lu Xun and Haoran, the only writer whose books people of our age can openly read in their teenage years is Guo Moruo.

To be fair, "Li Bai and Du Fu" is indeed a literary and enjoyable treatise. Its wise argument and detailed textual research are indeed very valuable to a literature lover. Big attraction. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, we were at an age when our thirst for knowledge was strong. Although the Cultural Revolution in full swing had almost completely negated and overturned bans on all literature and art at home and abroad, fortunately, my mother was able to She kept taking out all kinds of books from the sealed library at work and went home. One day, she quietly handed me a book with a dark red cover - the words "Li Bai and Du Fu" by Guo Moruo suddenly appeared on my face. In front of you. I was in my first year of high school at that time. I had already heard about Mr. Guo’s name and admired his calligraphy very much. "Li Bai and Du Fu" immediately fascinated me. I loved classical literature so much that I read "Li Bai and Du Fu" more eagerly than I did the anthology of Mao Zedong. From then on, I had a more vivid and clear understanding of the two great poets I admired. In this book, Guo Lao sublimely praised Li Bai and belittled Du Fu, coupled with his blind trust in the people he admired, he unknowingly engraved this view deeply in his heart.

Li Bai’s heroic and romantic nature has a strong attraction for young and energetic people. In addition, Guo Lao also expressed Li Bai’s characteristics of resisting the ruling class, despising the powerful, and treating fame as dirt. The characterization and refinement made me even more obsessed with Li Bai. Li Bai's sentence "If fame and wealth last forever, the Han River should also flow northwest" has influenced me throughout my life, because at that time, when the back door of the courtyard where I lived opened, the Han River poured thousands of miles from east to south towards the Yangtze River, with a trace of northwest flow. Neither does consciousness. At the same time, he also had a nasty impression of Du Fu, the "people's poet" who was vaguely praised by people. At that time, Jing Ye imitated Guo Moruo's accent and while reciting Tang poetry and Song lyrics with his classmates, he praised Li Bai but looked down upon Du Fu. I just remember that Guo Moruo said that Du Fu stood from the standpoint of the feudal ruling class and the big landowners, "never forgetting the emperor at every meal", and the poems he wrote were all for the interests of the ruling class and the scholar-bureaucrats who represented the interests of the big landowners. He was a "following the crowd" "This guy is not worthy of the title of "People's Poet" at all. Du Fu's famous song "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" which represents concern for the people's sufferings. Guo Lao analyzed it with full proletarian sentiments and full of hatred, revealing that he did not invest at all the vast number of poor and lower-middle peasants who were oppressed and exploited by the big landlords. Sympathy is for the wealthy scholar-officials, landlords, and wealthy people, complaining and complaining. Mr. Guo said: "With tens of thousands of mansions, all the poor people in the world will be happy." Note that the "poor people" in the sentence are scholar-bureaucrats, a wealthy class, not "poor people", poor common people. Mr. Guo's shocking revelation made me so admired that I was alone in a daze in the dark. What a clear class stance! Mr. Guo's vision is really sharp and unique.

Let’s look at Mr. Guo’s inference that Du Fu has no “people’s character” at all: “Although Du Fu pointedly exposed the feudal society’s ‘The wine and meat smells stinky in the rich families, and there are frozen bones on the way’ in "From Beijing to Feng Xian, I have a praising heart" At the same time as the cruel reality of the "people's nature", there is also the "An De whipping the thunder god, the torrential rain washes Wu Yue" and "Happy Rain" from the standpoint of the ruling class being "cruel and ruthless", hoping that the emperor can deal with the rebels of "Wu Yue" "Pung Tuo"-like cleansing, "Guo said: "The above are just two examples to show Du Fu's class consciousness and stance. Du Fu is completely on the side of the ruling class and the landlord class. This class consciousness and stance are the backbone of Du Fu. throughout most of his remaining poems." "Experts in the past called Du Fu the 'Poetry Sage', but recent experts call him the 'People's Poet'. When he was called the 'Poetry Saint', the people did not care. When he was called the 'People's Poet', the people I'm afraid we have to ask why." From today's perspective, Mr. Guo's use of "the people" is a typical ultra-leftist method used during the Cultural Revolution to use the people as a shield. But at the time, it was I am really convinced by Mr. Guo’s clear-cut banner and clear-cut proletarian revolutionary stance of love and hate.

Immediately afterwards, Mr. Guo further criticized and exposed Du Fu's famous six poems of "Three Farewells" and "Three Officials" - the so-called "Three Farewells", namely "Farewell to the Newlywed" and "Farewell to the Old Man". "Farewell" and "Wujia Farewell"; the "three officials" are "Xin'an officials", "Shihao officials" and "Tongguan officials". Regarding the extremely miserable and tragic scenes in "No Home Farewell", Guo Laodao said: "This poem may be the best of the six. It specifically depicts the desolate countryside and the extinct population in Luoyang. The scene. Especially the last sentence "Why steam"? The author raised the question, but did not write the answer. There may be two answers: one is "no choice but to rebel", and the other is "there is no way" according to the situation of the poem and the author. From the perspective of his consciousness, it can only be the latter." Guo Laocong's conjecture and assumption about Du Fu's "no way" to help the people out of poverty, and his attitude that Du Fu did not sympathize with the people but talked in general terms and did nothing. Straightforward accusations and dissatisfaction. yes! Isn’t you, Du Fu, a “people’s poet”? Why don't we do something about the people's difficulties? It can be seen that the "people's nature" is fake, and it can be seen that Mr. Guo is passionate about the ancients who did not have lofty proletarian consciousness and hated iron for not becoming steel!

Regarding the analysis of "Three Farewells" and "Three Officials", Mr. Guo finally came to the conclusion: "But today, when we analyze it from the perspective of class, the flaws of the poem cannot be concealed. Du Fu himself is a person from the standpoint of the landlord class. The images of the people depicted in the six poems, whether men, women, old or young, are docile common people filtered through strict class filters. They are as docile as sheep. The slightest hint of resistance. This kind of person meets the needs of the landlord class and the ruling class, and is the so-called good citizen idealized by Du Fu." Mr. Guo stripped off Du Fu's aura of "people's poet" layer by layer. For a long time, I always thought that Du Fu was a rich man who was well-fed, well-appreciated by feudal rulers, and dressed in colorful clothes. A powerful landowner. After many years of education by our Party, big landowners were the biggest enemies of people of our era, much more hateful than the rare capitalists at that time. Therefore, whenever I read literary works in the future, whenever I see Du Fu or articles commenting on Du Fu, I don’t bother to glance at them and pass them by.

Without respect to Du Fu’s boss, another point is that Du Fu is not Li Bai’s true friend. This is also deeply and convincingly analyzed and revealed in Guo Moruo's "Li Bai and Du Fu". According to statistics, Li Bai and Du Fu were in a relationship. Li Bai wrote 4 poems to Du Fu, and Du Fu wrote more than 20 poems to Li Bai. But this does not prove the deep friendship between the two, nor is it sufficient to prove Du Fu's deep concern and admiration for Li Bai. When Li and Du met, Li Bai was already 44 years old and Du Fu was only 33 years old. At that time, Li Bai had already established his talent in the capital and his reputation spread all over the world. Du Fu, on the other hand, failed to take the exam for 10 consecutive years. He was in poverty and poverty. Du Fu could only be regarded as a die-hard fan of Li Bai. Du Fu's talent and experience could not be compared with Li Bai's. Guo Laohua analyzed the 200 words of Du Fu's "Twenty Rhymes to Li Twelve and Bai" at great length, and finally concluded that the relationship between Du Fu and Li Bai, who "tend to be in favor of others", "symbolizes the overturning of the relationship" and " This is the point of the poem."

Proving that Li and Du could not have had a sincere friendship, Mr. Guo also concluded from the attitudes of Li and Du towards Song Yu: "Du Fu said that he had to work hard. : "Snatching Qu Yuan and Song Yi Fang Jia", Du Fu was very fond of Song Yu and was willing to take Song Yu as his teacher. He loved to promote Qu Yuan and Song Yu side by side to improve Song Yu.

In fact, Song Yu is not worthy of learning. His literary achievements have been far surpassed by Li Bai. Li Bai did not admire Song Yu that much. The first two sentences of his "A Banquet to Farewell Du Fu at Yao's Ancestral Pavilion in Lu County in Autumn" are anti-Song Yu. ‘I feel that autumn is joyful and joyful, but who says that autumn is joyful and joyful? ’ To say that Qiu Xingbei is Song Yu. Du Fu especially admired him in "Ode to Ancient Relics". He said, "I know Song Yubei well when I am shaken, and I am also my teacher when it comes to being elegant and elegant." Here we can see the difference between Li and Du. As for Qu Yuan's level, not only Li Bai has not reached it, but Du Fu has also not reached it." Guo sent Li Dubi to Qu Song. Qu Yuan was "spineless" and Song Yu was "spineless". Li Bai had spine and integrity, dared to resist the king and despised the powerful. , and Du Fu has no backbone, and even "follows the influence", always thinking about the monarch and ruler, so Guo believes that Li and Du are not in the same camp and the same class at all, and the two cannot be good friends who truly admire each other.

I readily accepted Mr. Guo's point of view. Du Fu's friendship with Li was absolutely unattainable and hypocritical. He wanted to take advantage of Li Bai's friendship, while Li Bai's friendship with Du Fu was false. But he was affectionate, innocent and selfless. I felt sorry for Li Bai's sincerity towards Du Fu, and secretly scolded Du Fu for being hypocritical and cunning, deceiving the simple and heroic Li Bai. It would be great if there was a criticism meeting and Du Fu was immediately brought up to criticize him! < /p>

The change in our understanding of Du Fu is as the years change. When we gradually understand the deception and fooling of us by the ultra-left autocracy; when we understand that literature and art serve politics and produce a lot of power. The emasculated flattery works; when we are no longer young and frivolous; when we have been in the world for decades and are licking our wounds secretly, we inadvertently pass by Du Fu's poems. After reading it patiently, I suddenly realized that due to my gullibility and superficiality when I was young, I was deceived by Guo Moruo's "Li Bai and Du Fu". There are so many true portrayals of real life and so many difficulties in Du Fu's poems. The bitter personal experiences and hardships, as well as so much care and sympathy for the sufferings of the world, are not at all what Mr. Guo said that Du Fu only represents the ruling class, only the scholar-officials and the big landlord class. From the perspective of class struggle, and from the perspective of modern people. In order to flatter and please the ruler, it is really wrong to ask a down-and-out scholar from the Tang Dynasty more than a thousand years ago based on the mainstream ideology.

Not to mention Du Fu's " The compassionate and compassionate sentiments expressed in "The Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", no matter whether he is protecting "poor scholars" or "poor people", he connects from his own suffering to the suffering of others, and from his own life experience to the country. People's livelihood, a poor Confucian scholar who "does not dare to worry about his country" carries with him so many noble feelings and moral integrity of Chinese humanistic scholars! "The country is in chaos, and the army has been on conquest for years. The newlywed wives of the soldiers "not warm the king's bed", that is, "farewell in the morning". Du Fu lamented the misfortune of the country, which ultimately led to greater misfortune for the common people, and for the disadvantaged groups at the bottom With great sympathy. A weak woman watched her newlywed husband die. "Heavy pain is pressing into my heart", but I have to "wash my red makeup on you" as a tragic experience of life and death. How can we not let thousands of generations of descendants swallow their tears! This is so difficult that this is not a "people's poet" who has a deep understanding of the fate of ordinary people. What is the best interpretation of the "people's nature" of caring? In "Tongguan Officials", the border soldiers who "build the city on Tongguan Road" work hard to build border fortresses. They know best the actual strategy of defending against the enemy, and only " If you come from nowhere and defend yourself, how can you worry about the Western Capital?" However, the mediocre ruler Tang Xuanzong took advantage of the great but incompetent Xun Shuhan to go out to fight against the rebel Anlu Mountain, which eventually led to a great defeat and left the country in ruins. Country. Du Fu exhorted and admonished the rulers to be considerate of the people's sentiments through the mouth of the grassroots guards, listened to the opinions of the ordinary lower-class people working on the front line, and always practiced the awareness of the national economy and the people's livelihood of "never forgetting the king at every meal". , Such a poor person who has not even passed the civil service examination is much more advanced and representative than some of the current "public servants" and "people's servants"! But rulers had better listen to the opinions of Master Du Fu and the voices of ordinary people at the grassroots level. "A dike of thousands of miles will collapse in an ant nest." Only the people at the bottom of society are subject to various policies and regulations. It is the people who ultimately benefit from the end-of-life policies who have the deepest feelings about the pros and cons of national institutional policies.

Once the national policy makes a mistake, the voice of the people is blocked in the field, the people's voice is not heard freely, and the people's grievances are not resolved, it will not be easy to deal with it if the Tongguan officials do not get discouraged and slack off. .

Du Fu was a typical old man who cared about family affairs, national affairs, and world affairs. He was a typical old man who was addicted to worry. Apart from Qu Yuan, the doctor of Chu, no one in the future could compare to his concern for the country and the country. In his poem "Sui Yan Xing", "the north wind is blowing at the end of the year, and the "mo corvee" people are working in the white snow of Dongting in Xiaoxiang. Faced with high and low prices and unstable commodity prices, harvested agricultural products are suddenly sold at reduced prices. Coupled with numerous taxes and duties, life is neither stable nor guaranteed. We are already in dire straits, and we have to compete to "everywhere". "Virgin men and women", "cut off kindness, forbearance and love in return of rent and mediocrity", it can be seen that the heavy burden of farmers has been difficult for thousands of years. Nowadays, there is socialism with special characteristics. The country issues a No. 1 document almost every year, taking the lead in solving the rural issues. However, the louder it is, the less it is implemented; which aspect is given the most attention, and which aspect is often the least beneficial. Attention. Master Du really opened the channel between ancient and modern times and revealed the "universal values" of society that are inseparable from his roots. "In the past, money was used to catch private coins, but now lead, tin and bronze are allowed." Adding lead and tin to fake copper coins can also be very popular and make a lot of money without anyone taking care of it. The trend of counterfeiting in China has been prevalent since ancient times and continues to this day. Nowadays, counterfeit goods are rampant. Water is added to meat, Sudan red is added to eggs, and melamine is added to milk. Policies and regulations include "you can reward yourself if you like it", which is comparable to what Du Fu exposed. The "lead and tin" is even more profound and reaches the pinnacle. "It is the easiest to get it if it is carved from clay. It is like evil that does not match one's appearance." Cheating, abduction, corruption, incompetence in politics, loss of integrity and trust. Now it has reached a situation where no goods are fake and no officials are corrupt. "At the head of the city of all nations" Blow the painting horn, when will this sorrowful song end?" Mr. Du's lament more than 1,200 years ago has not yet ended! It is a pity that Master Du kept chattering all his life, even his own life was not guaranteed day and night, and he moved frequently, trembled and wandered, had no fixed place to live, and still did not fully realize it. This is not what Guo Moruo is convinced by simply saying that he "represents the interests of the landlord class and the interests of the ruling class." Is it true that a poor and impoverished little intellectual is too self-righteous and self-righteous? Because the ruling group has neither the ear nor the inclination to listen to his wordy words. If you want to represent the interests of this class, you are not qualified enough! To use a popular saying today: "You guys are nothing!"

Stop it, I'm going too far. Let’s look at Mr. Guo’s misleading of Du Fu. Mr. Guo has made it clear to us the friendship between Li and Du. The two actually have a "subversion of friendship." But when we ourselves can roughly interpret the original work, Guo's annotation inference is obviously untenable. Look at Du Fu's "The End of the Day with Li Bai": "When the cool breeze rises from the sky, what do you think of the gentleman? When will the swans arrive? There will be plenty of autumn water in the rivers and lakes." The autumn wind suddenly rises, everything is bleak, and it is a sad season. I suddenly remember what I admire. Missing Li Bai, the wild geese flew by, carrying with them the feeling of longing, and they knew each other but they were far apart. The world was treacherous and changeable, the world was difficult, people were unpredictable, and friends far away did not know what was going on. "The articles hate life, and the charms delight people." Du Fu was worried about whether Li Bai's straightforward nature and bohemian talents could cope with the dangerous and complex society. Those insidious villains who specialize in attacking evil and mean-spirited people are very good at taking advantage of loopholes to find faults. It is harmful to people, and a comfortable situation is not a good thing for people who write poetry, so both sides are worrying. Du Fu said this based on his own rough fate of having great ambitions but not being reused and being repeatedly squeezed and framed. Comparing his feelings to his own, Li Bai's talent and arrogance are more likely to arouse people's suspicion and frame-up. "In response to the words of wronged souls, I write poems and give them tears." The two got to know each other, had similar interests and even sympathized with each other, and found the most vivid explanation in Doctor Qu's tragic fate. The two of them can even become enemies together and become a noble person like Qu Yuan. It can be seen that Du Fu compared Li Bai to his close friend who can connect life and death with the world. Such sincere thoughts and expressions are heart-wrenching to read. When I was young, why couldn't I understand the taste of it? If I had realized Du Fu's sincere admiration and love for his friends earlier, wouldn't I have made a few more close friends in my life? It's a pity that young people are ignorant and gullible, and they don't spare much time and energy to study Mr. Du's poems. They are easily blinded by Mr. Guo's academic views, and they pretend to be a "literary youth" in the 1980s who suppressed Du and promoted Li.

If literature and art reflect reality and criticize reality as a wonderful state, Du Fu's poems will naturally arouse people's deep thoughts and insights compared to Li Bai, who was blindly brash and arrogant and did not eat the fireworks of the world. Romantic feelings, unrestrained passion, lively interest, and free personality are of course the easiest to get pleasure and sublimation from Li Bai's poems. However, with the growth of social experience and the experience of the sufferings of life, Du Fu's poetic talent is the most accessible to people* The passion and recognition, the romantic unrestrainedness are briefly released with the blooming of youth, but when the youth is washed away and the experience of vicissitudes of life is filled with you, you will realize that the heavy and difficult social reality and experience are what make human beings. The biggest find of my life. "I feel the flowers shed tears when I feel the time, and I hate the birds that are scared of others." The abundance of things in the four seasons and all life are integrated with the surrounding circumstances and one's own experiences. "Everything is provided for me." When individuals and society are integrated and shouldered together, and when moral responsibilities and sentiments are closely related to the real society in which they live, people seem to be able to live with some taste and style. . This is what we feel when we read Du Fu's poems. "The boundless falling trees rustle, and the endless Yangtze River rolls in." The vast life experience and perception coexist with the rivers and the four seasons. There are rivers and mountains among individuals, and there are individuals among rivers and mountains. Heaven and man are one, things and self And forget. Wealth and glory, poverty, tranquility and calmness, open-mindedness and far-reaching... are all closely related to our own life experiences and the real society. No one can leave behind the era in which he lives and drift away. Therefore, when Li Bai woke up after being drunk, he had to write humbly and helplessly: "Suddenly, his soul palpitated and his soul moved, he was startled and started to sigh. He only felt that the pillow he was sleeping on was missing the haze that had always come."

"Li and Du's articles are as bright as ever." No one can deny or confuse their literary, historical and personality values. It is easy to shake mountains and rivers, but it is difficult to shake Li and Du. To suppress Du and Yang Li is even more ridiculous. Li Bai was romantic and naive, bold and magnanimous, indulgent and unrestrained, pursued freedom and independent personality in life, despised the powerful, regarded fame and wealth as dirt, and had a spirit of struggle and rebellion throughout his life; Du Fu was deep and melancholy, frank and understanding, experienced hardships, compassionate and caring The people's livelihood is closely integrated into the destiny of the country, and the sufferings of the people are regarded as their own sufferings. The two are the peaks of the two peaks in the history of Chinese literature.

Guo Moruo's "Li Bai and Du Fu" can be called an example of literature and art serving politics, and it is a standard work of "flattery and flattery" - it is said that Mao Zedong always liked Li Bai, and Mao's old friend Zhang Shizhao At that time, he was writing a book "Liu Wen Zhi Yao" at the age of eighty-five, and received Mao's praise and support. After learning about it, Mr. Guo was not to be outdone, and started writing the last treatise of his life at the age of 60. Moreover, in just over a year from 1967 to 1968, Mr. Guo’s two sons, Guo Shiying and Guo Minying, were persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution turmoil! It was during this great pain of losing his son that Guo Lao began to write "Li Bai and Du Fu", and he made some vague speculations about the motivation and intention of writing this book. It is true that how Mr. Guo weaves concepts, sets up arguments and lays out the text is inferred and analyzed based on the current slightly relaxed environment. Mr. Guo has his own power and freedom in writing, but it is precisely Mr. Guo who would rather put the theme first and cater to the rule. He does not hesitate to use simple political struggle viewpoints to mislead the ancients, and does not hesitate to judge the ancients by today's ideological values. This practice is contrary to common sense and goes against Guo's personality. Lao's situation at that time was very contradictory.

Mao Zedong was extremely wise in his revolutionary ambitions, but unexpectedly he collapsed at the extreme after reaching his peak. As a result, the unprecedented Cultural Revolution that he single-handedly planned and launched became the source of human disaster. During the Cultural Revolution, under his unique and high-pressure political rule, the power of personality worship made slaves everywhere and everyone was in danger. As a result, people trembled, right and wrong were confused, morals were ruined, and personality was completely lost. Guo Moruo, who was famous for his rebellion, had no choice but to wield the big stick of class struggle under such political pressure and act arbitrarily. Guo has been at the forefront of class struggle all his life. He was a genius and precocious, and he not only made numerous academic achievements throughout his life, but also devoted himself to domestic political struggles, becoming a celebrity who dealt with the two parties of the country. During the Anti-Japanese War, he served as the deputy director of the Political Department of the National Army and was in charge of the literary and art propaganda front. Under his banner, almost the first-class literati and celebrities in the country were recruited. They were famous all over the world and were extremely glorious. He played the "Hongbo Song" of the era. The victory of the Anti-Japanese War brought another opportunity. In a sudden turn of events, he resolutely drew a clear line with the Kuomintang and became a literary and artistic standard-bearer of our party after liberation.

He always used his superhuman wisdom and courage to firmly seize the opportunities given to him by history and fate. He can be described as a proud man of his generation. Unexpectedly, he wrote "Li Bai and Du Fu" in his later years, but it left a deep imprint of class struggle. In order to cater to the current political situation and flatter the autocratic ruler's love for Li Bai, he divided two great poets who respected each other and cherished each other into different categories in the Tang Dynasty. Enemies in the camp who are full of suspicion and resentment are criticized one after another, making common-sense mistakes that are very common, and ultimately leave a living clue to the mediocrity and boredom of the rest of his life, which can't help but sigh. Mr. Guo's mistakes further make us realize the distortion and destruction of human nature caused by authoritarian rule, and also make people feel more shameful and sad that "literature and art serve politics".