1. Confucius said, "Learning from time to time is not as good as learning from time to time, is it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? "

2. Zeng Zitao said: "I saved three times a day and was unfaithful to others." Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "

3. Confucius said: "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without exceeding the rules."

4. Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher."

5. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."

6. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy."

7. Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "

Interpretation of Chapter 7 of The Analects of Confucius

Today, let's enjoy a few paragraphs in The Analects. It is probably the Analects of Confucius to discuss the shaping of a nation's spiritual character by a classic work. Since the Han Dynasty, children who can study and families with conditions have to read The Analects of Confucius, and there is also a Book of Filial Piety, including the emperor of the Han Dynasty. This book records some remarks made by our former teacher Confucius. It's not an article. It is Confucius' life advice to students, and it can also be said that it is some beautiful promises. Generally speaking, we should read the Analects of Confucius completely. We have selected several articles here to communicate with you.

Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " What is the first word at the beginning of The Analects? Learning is a basic spirit that runs through Confucius' life, and it is also a feature of Confucianism. So we say "learn from time to time". "Time" was interpreted as "from time to time" in some annotations, but later some scholars held a critical attitude and thought that "time" did not mean this in the pre-Qin period. "Time" is sometimes said to be "yes", but more often it means punctuality. In short, we should pay attention to the word "time", and don't say it often, as if to emphasize diligence. According to the semantics of the pre-Qin period, it means punctuality and season. "Time" is followed by "learning". Some people say that this "learning" is also true, but perhaps this word "learning" has a broader meaning than this review class, that is, practice, learn something, and practice at the right time, so that you can make progress, gain something, and learn happily.

So the following is "Don't say (yuè) and don't say", and the word "yuè" is written as "shuō not not not". By the way, at an earlier time, in the pre-Qin period, we used the word "Shu Bu" to express the meaning of the word "Yue", which appeared a little late, so this raised the question of what kind of study is happy. So what kind of study is happy? We are always making progress, always feel that we are making progress, that we are the masters of knowledge, and that we are free and active fliers in the sea of knowledge. Of course, this requires the active cooperation of teachers and classmates. How to turn learning into a happy thing is actually a big task and a big problem in our current teaching.

Then look down, "It's a pleasure to have friends coming from afar." Don't pronounce the word "lè" as "yuè". This word "lè" is also happy, similar to the word "yuè". Then there is the word "friend". Some notebooks write the word "friend" of friendship, saying that classmates are friends and comrades are friends. Some books are just "friends", so there is a difference. Let's ignore it. According to today's reading, the word "friend" refers to a friend. Friend, the old explanation means the same door. The influence of Confucius' theory is more and more extensive, and it is a happy thing that aspiring young people from all over the world come one after another.

"People who don't know and don't care are not as good as gentlemen." This sentence is ambiguous. There are no objects behind "people don't know what to worry about" and "people don't know", so there have been two explanations: one explanation is that I teach, I always teach, and he never teaches, so the teacher began to get angry and lose his temper. Confucius reminded here that it is wrong to do this as a teaching, and teachers can lose their temper with students in class or in life. Another explanation may be more in line with Confucius' original intention, or more desirable, that is, we do things-for example, I have taught here for many years. I remember attending a teacher's meeting once. I said that I was Li Moumou, and people didn't know me, so my heart began to get angry: How did you learn this guy? You don't even know me This is annoying, gentlemen. You can be annoyed if you haven't read The Analects. You should pay attention after reading the Analects. The master said that this is not a gentleman's practice. "If you don't know what you are, you are a gentleman." If others don't know you, you will be embarrassed. You can't say you are a gentleman. Of course, we can't say that you are a villain. So in fact, in the last sentence, there is a question about how to look at yourself and how to put yourself in a correct position in society.

In a word, these three sentences emphasize learning. Confucius himself said that one city with ten rooms is about loyalty and righteousness. The general idea is that even in a small village of ten people, people like Kong Qiu can find a way to be loyal, but it is hard to find people like Kong Qiu who are eager to learn. He even said that why some people are always at the lower level and have no progress is because they have encountered difficulties and don't know how to learn. Therefore, learning is a basic spirit of Confucianism. In fact, these three sentences are the general principles of being a man. We should be kind to ourselves. We should not be too reserved and always overestimate ourselves. We should be modest. When we meet people who don't understand us, we should look for reasons from ourselves instead of pointing the finger at others. That's not a gentleman's practice.

Then, let's look at the next paragraph, which is also from Learning, and it is Ceng Zi's words. Ceng Zi said: "I want to save myself three times a day, but I am not loyal to others." Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "Ceng Zi is Zeng Shen, he is a student of Confucius. When it comes to Ceng Zi in Confucianism, most people mainly refer to Zeng Shen. Zeng Shen and his son are also famous, but we generally don't call them Ceng Zi. " I save myself three times a day ",and this" three "was read as" three "by some old gentlemen before, which means broken reading, meaning repeated reading. Some people think that this "three" refers to the following three things. At present, some scholars still think that repetition and repetition have better meanings. I have repeatedly thought about myself and reflected on myself, mainly referring to the following points: First, "being unfaithful to others. "Did I try my best to plan and advise others? This actually involves loyalty. Second, I associate with friends. Did I keep my promise? The first is loyalty, and the last is faith. Regarding the word "faithfulness", Confucius once said: "Words must be faithful and deeds must be respected." He said these six words, among which "keeping your word" means keeping your word and being loyal to others. There is also the need to be serious and practical. So Ceng Zi followed the teacher's instruction very faithfully-am I "loyal"? Did I "believe" In addition, there are two interpretations of "biography". As a teacher, have I prepared what I want to teach and passed it on to my students? Are you familiar with my practice? Did I preview it? That is to say, "I can't adapt. "There is another explanation. Have I reviewed the knowledge and skills my teacher taught me? Have I practiced? This is dedication and respect. So Confucius said that Ceng Zi was stupid, but he was sincere, and he kept what the master said. This sentence, on the one hand, shows Ceng Zi's character, on the other hand, it also has a meaning of telling and teaching us the lives of ordinary people.

In the third paragraph, Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand up at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy without overstepping the bounds." This passage is selected from the second chapter of The Analects of Confucius. It was himself who first wrote a biography of Confucius. This sentence is also a biography of Confucius, and his life is introduced here. Let me see, "I have five tenths", that is, we are fifteen years old now. What Confucius said in this place is very simple, not to say that I knew how to read at the age of three. So, what is "standing at thirty"? Standing at the age of 30 means standing at the ceremony, that is, I can be independent in this society and do something independently, that is, I have been independent. After learning the truth of being a man, a man stood up. Confucius has been studying "forty without confusion" all his life. By the age of forty, his life ideal was firm and he was rich in knowledge. He will not be confused by all kinds of social temptations and social interference, nor will he lose the direction of life again. As we often say, how old are you this year? A year to learn about life. That is, fifty, fifty or so. In ancient times, there were many complicated explanations for this known life. For example, there are explanations in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the age of 50, Confucius knew that some things could be done and some things could not be done. For example, he fell into the three capitals-his attempt to restore political and legal order in Shandong failed-and he felt that he could not do it. "Sixty and I am obedient", sixty and I am obedient. It is also very troublesome to listen to the explanation of the ear from ancient times to the present. Generally speaking, everything is pleasant to the ear. If you say it sideways and backwards, it is implicit. If you say it figuratively and figuratively, I can find the real meaning. I won't be angry even if the true meaning doesn't agree with me. This is the expression of mature life realm. At the age of seventy, I can do whatever I want, and I won't cross the line. Being a man has moved from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom, that is, the old saying goes, "I am reluctant." For example, a mature artist is stable and will not fall off no matter how he walks the tightrope. This is a state of proficiency after a certain degree of cultivation, so we have a word called perfection. Since Confucius died at the age of 73, this biography was written at the age of 70, which can sum up his life. Now let's look at it. First of all, we get the impression that this is an enterprising life. Living by the day, at the age of ten, twenty, and fifty, you may not have this experience. This kind of experience is what you get after you decipher what life is. In addition, this kind of life has enlightenment for us. We can divide it into three stages: teenagers have interest in learning, middle-aged people have achievements, and old people have realm. These are the three stages of life. According to Oedipus myth, there is one thing, four legs in the morning, two legs at noon and three legs at night, or three stages. Schopenhauer's analysis of life is still divided into three stages-adolescence, middle age and old age. Teenagers should study hard and they will succeed in middle age. When they are old, they will be practical and have a realm. Therefore, although Confucius is describing his life, it still inspires us.

Then let's look at the following paragraph. "Review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher." People have limitations. We live in a three-dimensional space and we can't predict the future. It can be said that anyone who can predict the future in the market is a liar. So, if we want to know the future, what should we do? We must look back on the past. Only by reviewing the past can we have a new view. So some people say that if you want to know the future of a nation or a country, you must look at its history. When I was a child, I did the problem, and the formula problem was ok. As soon as we did the application problem, we were blinded. Why? We will not look for it, nor can we find the conditions it offers us. This is why we don't look back on our past. And with the conditions, you can learn new things. Therefore, it is a way for us human beings to learn by reviewing the past.

Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." "Lost", confused. If you don't think, the teacher will remember and recite what he taught instead of turning it into his own knowledge, so the more you learn, the more confused you become. All thinking and no study is like a pot of boiling water, you just let it boil without rice. So what does the word "almost" mean? Or confused, just like confused. Some people interpret it as danger, which is not what it means here. Therefore, this passage emphasizes the combination of learning and thinking, warning us to be conscientious. Learning, while learning, you should think about why, look for the internal logic and tricks, so as to understand, turn knowledge into your own, and then carry out creative activities. In addition, learning before thinking is the characteristic of Confucianism.

Then the next paragraph "Those who know are not as good as those who are good, and those who are good are not as good as those who are happy." For a thing, if you just know it, you might as well like it. If you just like it, it is not enough. It is better to enjoy it. There is an old saying that "people are afraid of making mistakes", which means doing something wrong, not liking it, and not liking it forever. Everyone has a special talent. What is a special talent? Do it if you like, and be happy if you do it. You will be tireless and know nothing about night and white night, even if you don't wash your face, eat or sleep. For example, Newton often got carried away when he was doing scientific experiments. This is happiness. There are great and small achievements in our life, but those who have made great achievements are all happy with what they are doing-wholeheartedly, he feels that doing it is better than everything in the world-this is a happy person, much deeper and more comprehensive than the general preferences. They put their heart and soul into it, which is better than the average. Therefore, this sentence is a modern saying, that is, interest is a natural teacher, and we can also say that interest is your gift. This tells us that everyone should find their own characteristics. Where did you find it? Find out from your interests.

The following is the last paragraph. We chose "A threesome requires a teacher." Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "Confucius emphasized learning, as mentioned in the first paragraph above. What is this paragraph about? " A threesome ",few people walk together, everyone has my teacher." Some people question, a threesome, are the other two necessarily better than you? We should pay attention to the following sentence. There are positive learning and negative learning in learning. "Do what is good", if someone is better than me, I will actively study and look up to him. People who are worse than me should "change if they are not good", learn from them and oppose learning. Lao Tzu once said that good people are the teachers of bad people, and bad people are the assets of good people. The so-called teachers and capital, learning, always have a vigilant learning heart, see better than us to learn, see worse than us to quit. This is Confucius. He always uses all kinds of information to motivate himself, strengthen himself, protect himself and restrain himself. There is a learning spirit in it. And what is learning? Learning must imitate first, and then become conscious. This process runs through the Analects of Confucius. We only chose six or seven paragraphs from him. In fact, we have talked about learning several times, which shows that attaching importance to learning is the consistent spirit of Confucius.