The cultivation of a gentleman should be concise and quick as possible.
2. Many words are definitely flawed. From guiguzi Zhongjing
There must be something wrong with talking too much.
3. Be quiet and don't want fame and fortune. From: Tao Yuanming's Biography of Mr. Wuliu
I'm quiet, I don't talk much, and I don't envy fame and fortune.
4. It is better to talk less than to talk more; Just, don't be smart. From: Disciple Rules
It is better to talk more than to talk less, to speak correctly and realistically, and to talk less than to talk sweetly.
5. The knower doesn't talk, but the speaker doesn't know. Excerpt from Chapter 56 of Lao Zi
I know I can't describe its essence, so I won't say anything. The speaker doesn't know, and the person who can describe the truth still doesn't understand the endless nature of the road.
2. On the Language of Classical Chinese During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the articles used to record words were not invented. Bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record words, but silks were expensive, bamboo slips were cumbersome and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, it is necessary to delete unimportant words.
It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording.
"Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and simple oral language"
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" and "written language". For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.
Before 19 19, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".
In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.
[Edit this paragraph] The definition of classical Chinese in Hong Kong and Macao. Generally, newspapers and magazines in Hong Kong and Macao are written in Cantonese. They will refer to the written language of China written in Mandarin (called Mandarin in Taiwan Province Province) as classical Chinese. Recently, Putonghua education has been promoted in Hong Kong. Because Hong Kong students are used to textbooks written in Cantonese, they all tell their teachers that these classical Chinese are difficult to learn. In fact, they are referring to Putonghua in Chinese mainland or Putonghua in Taiwan Province Province. For details, please refer to the news report of TVB Emerald Channel in Hong Kong at 6:30+65438 on October 7th, 2008/KLOC-0.
SCOLAR funded 160 primary and secondary schools in four years, and switched to Putonghua to teach Chinese from this school year. However, only more than 20 secondary schools applied this year, and some secondary schools expressed that they would rather implement it at their own expense than apply. [Edit this paragraph] Classical Chinese Structure (I) Judgment Sentence The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject.
Its common form is as follows: 1 "... Zhe, ... Ye", ... Ye ",... Ye", ... Ye ",... Ye" and so on. Such as: "Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. "
[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.
(2) a ridge porch, old south pavilion also. (3) Nanyang Liu Ziji, Gao Shangshi also.
Those people were shocked, and Zhou didn't shoot. (5) seven slightly four libraries, the book of the son of heaven.
6. In the palace, everything is one. ⑦ Liang, my enemy, Prince, my foundation.
I hate these three today, too. Pet-name ruby bribing qin and losing strength, the way burst its banks.
Attending, the effect of fighting also. 2. Adverbs Shi, Shi, Shi, Cheng and Wei are used to express judgment.
For example, "Today is the autumn of great submission." [Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied.
When you ask what the world is like today, you don't know if there are any Han people. I wonder what year it is today.
(3) is now in the tomb. (4) Fu Liang is chu will Xiang Yan.
This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. 6. Either you die or you move.
⑦ This is kindness, loyalty and purity. Today is a crucial autumn.
Pet-name ruby Now, I am a fish. Attending I am a madman in Chu, and the wind is laughing at Kong Qiu.
3. Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. For example, "six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars."
[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. (More than 3 sentences) ① Climbing up a mountain, the arm is not lengthened, but the person you see is far away.
(2) The city is not high, the city is not deep, and the soldiers and grass are not strong. (3) The North Sea is not too mountainous.
(2) Passive Sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence. Its common types are: 1. See you. See you.
For example, "I often laugh at a generous family." [Exercise 1] List such passive sentences in classical Chinese that we have studied.
(The number of sentences is more than 3) Afraid of being bullied by the king. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, rely on yi cheung. (4) Li Zifan, seventeen years old, studied at school.
2. "for" and "for ..." are passive. For example, "parents, clans, were all slaughtered."
(1) die, laugh at the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
(5) After the Chu Dynasty was conquered, it was destroyed by Qin for several decades. (3) Inverted sentences The inverted sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion.
1. Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is a component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis. For example, the word "zhi" in the "disagreement" is the prepositional object.
Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations. (1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects.
What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects. For example, "the ancients did not bully."
(3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi". For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it."
"It is urgent to study hard and it is rare to see it." (4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases.
For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2. Attributive Postposition Usually attributive should be placed in front of the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put attributive after the head word. Such as: "Earthworms have no advantage of minions, strong bones and muscles, and feed on Egypt.
The young talent in classical Chinese is sixteen years old, and Qi Jun let him rule Afghanistan. Then Qi Jun regretted it and sent a special envoy to chase it. The pursuer told him, "Zi Qi can be saved." Qi Jun said, "How do you know?" Yue: "Anyone who shares the burden will be bald. With the wisdom of the old man, my husband will be able to cure Ah Yi with less and more! " When Zi Qi arrived in Afghanistan, the soldiers in the warehouse were used as plows, the granaries were used to help the poor, and the counties were returned to the government. Wei heard that the boy boy ruled the city, and there were no soldiers in the warehouse and no millet in the warehouse, so he set out to attack it. A man's father led his son, and his brother led his brother, fighting against private soldiers, thus defeating Wei's family.
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Zi Qi 16 years old, the King of Qi asked him to govern Dong 'a, and soon the King of Qi regretted it and sent messengers to recover Zi Qi. His pursuers came back and said to the king of Qi, "Zi Qi will certainly be able to govern Dong 'a." King Qi said, "How do you know?" The messenger replied, "all the people riding with him are white-haired old people." With the wisdom of the elders, young people will surely cure Artie. "When Zi Qi arrived in East Afghanistan, he melted the weapons in the treasury into agricultural tools and put the grain in the warehouse to help the poor. Dong 'e County is well managed. When Wei heard that the State of Qi ruled the local area with its children, the treasury had no weapons and the warehouse had no food, so he set out to attack. The father of Dong 'e people took his son, his brother took his younger brother, and fought Wei with personal weapons, and finally defeated Wei's army.
Log in to Liu Zongyuan's Children's Biography
4. Find a dialogue in ancient Chinese (short) 1. The two children argued endlessly about this day.
Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing and asked them why.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "
Another child thinks that the sun is far from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon.
One son said, "The sun rises as big as the hood of a car at first, and rises as a bowl at noon.". This is not for the small ones far away, but for the big ones near? "
A Confucius said, "It's cool to get out of the sky at the beginning of the day, and it's like exploring soup in Japan and China. Isn't this near hot and far cold? "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said, "Who (shú) knows you better (rǔ)?"
(1) Debate: Debate, debate.
(2) reason: reason, reason.
(3) take: think, think.
(4) Go: Leave.
(5) noon: noon.
(6) Car cover: The canopy on ancient cars was umbrella-shaped.
And: here we are.
(8) then: just.
(9) jar: an open vessel for holding wine and food.
(10) Yes: Yes.
(1 1) Cang Cang Liang: cold and cloudy, with cool weather.
(12) soup exploration: put your hand into hot water. It means it's very hot.
(13) judgment: ruling, judgment.
(14) who: who, which.
(15) ru: you.
On his way to study in the East, Confucius met two children arguing and asked them why.
The first child said, "I think the sun is close to people at sunrise and far from people at noon."
Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first rises and close to people at noon.
The first child said, "The sun is as big as a hood at sunrise and as small as a bowl at noon. Isn't this the truth of being far small and near big? "
Another child said, "when the sun first came out, it was cool and a little cold." At noon, it's as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't this the truth that it is near hot and far cold? "
Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said, "Who said you were learned?"
2. Why is the pupil big?
Original: Zhao Jingzhen 1: "Your eyes are white and black, with the wind of thunder. 2. The amount of hatred is small and narrow. 3." Zhao yun
The ruler can check the balance ④, and the inch tube can measure the reciprocating gas ⑤. Why bother, but ask how to listen. "
① Jizhong San: Ji Kang, a former doctor in Jizhong San. Zhao Jingzhen: Zhao Zhi, whose name is Jingzhen, studied under Ji Kang.
That's great.
② Bai Qi: General Qin in the Warring States Period.
3 hate: regret. Small: a little.
Table: The benchmark of calculating time for measuring the sun's shadow in ancient times. Guiheng: an instrument for observing astronomical phenomena in ancient times.
⑤ Tube: a tool to correct the rhythm of music in ancient times.
6 knowledge: intelligence.
Ji Zhongsan (Ji Kang) said to Zhao Jingzhen, "Your eyes are black and white. You look like a general, but it's a pity that your eyes are narrow." Zhao Jingzhen said, "A ruler-long pole can measure the accuracy of the movement of the sun, and an inch-long bamboo tube can measure the level of music. Why do you want to be big? It depends on your intelligence. "