Who was the famous pianist in Song Dynasty?

Zhepai

Name of School: Zhejiang School, Zhejiang Spectrum, Zhejiang Cao Formation Period: Late Southern Song Dynasty.

Founder: Guo Mian (Wang Chu) Main style: smooth and peaceful.

Representative figures: Chuwang Guo, Mao Minzhong, Xu, Xu Qiushan, Xu, Xu Zhonghe, etc.

Representative Qin music: Xiaoxiang Shuiyun, Fisherman's Song, Woodman's Song, Hu Jia's Eighteen Beats, etc.

Important piano works: (Chuwang Guo), (Tong Yuan), Xia Waiqin (Gold), Qin (Xu), Xue Meiwo Jianrun Qin (Xu Zhonghe), Wugang Qin (Yellow String), Xingzhuang Taiyin sequel.

Guqin, also known as lyre, Qin Yu and lyre, is one of the oldest plucked instruments in China. Guqin has been popular since Confucius' time and has a history of at least 3000 years. It was called' Guqin' at the beginning of this century. The creators of Qin said that Fuxi played Qin, Shennong played Qin and Shun played banjo and sang the south wind. As a legend, you may not believe it, but you can see that Qin has a long history in China. The Book of Songs; Guan Yu has My Fair Lady, Friends of Bunny, and The Book of Songs. Xiaoya also has records such as "playing the piano and playing the drum to cure Tianzu".

Guqin structure

The length of a piano is generally about three feet six inches and a half (about 120- 125 cm), which symbolizes 365 days a year (just like 365 degrees on Sunday). Usually about six inches (about 20 centimeters) wide. Generally about two inches (about 6 cm) thick. Qin was first made according to the shape of a phoenix, and its whole body corresponds to the phoenix (or human body), including head, neck, shoulders, waist, tail and feet.

The upper part of the "piano head" is called forehead. The lower end of the forehead is inlaid with hardwood supporting strings, which is called "Moon Mountain", also known as "Lin Yue", and is the highest part of the piano. There are two sound grooves at the bottom of the piano, the larger one in the middle is called "Dragon Pool" and the smaller one at the tail is called "Phoenix Marsh". This is called going up the mountain and down the river, and there are dragons and phoenixes, which symbolize the world. There is a hardwood strip named "Lu Cheng" on the forehead of Yueshan Mountain. There are seven "string eyes" on the table, which are used to tie strings. There are seven "Qin Zi" under it for tuning. On the side end of the piano head, there are also "phoenix eyes" and "guards". From the waist down, it is called "the end of the piano". The end of the piano is inlaid with a kind of hardwood "Dragon Gum" with shallow grooves, which is used for threading. The decorations on both sides of the dragon glue are called "crown angle", also known as "focal tail".

The exposed parts of the seven strings pass through Yueshan and Gui Long, and become a pair of "goose feet" at the bottom of the piano, symbolizing the seven stars.

There are two hidden grooves in the belly and head of the piano, one is the tip of the tongue, the other is the sound pool, and the other is the sound receiving end, also called rhyme marsh. Corresponding to Longchi and Fengman, there is often a "Yin Na" in every place. Yinna in Longchi has a "Tianzhu" on the head side and a "pillar" on the tail side. When making a sound, "the sound wants to pass by, but it lingers, but it has a aftertaste." Because the piano has no "pin" (column) and "code", it is very convenient to play flexibly, and it has the characteristics of extremely long effective strings, large vibration amplitude of strings and endless reverberation, so it has its unique hand-walking sound.

As far as structure is concerned, the structure of each part of the piano is very reasonable. It is not too big, not only easy to carry, but also beautiful and generous. The shape of the piano is pleasing enough. It can also be seen from the naming of piano parts that the piano system is influenced by Confucianism.

The front of the piano is wide and the back is narrow, which symbolizes the difference between honor and inferiority. The five strings of officials, businessmen, horns, levies and feathers symbolize the five social classes of monarch, minister, people, affairs and things. The sixth and seventh strings added later are called Wen Hewu, which symbolizes the harmony between the monarch and the minister. The twelve emblems symbolize December respectively, and the largest emblem in the middle represents June, symbolizing leap month. Guqin has three timbres: overtone, bending and scattering, which symbolize the harmony between heaven, earth and people respectively. The symbolic significance of the naming of these guqin shapes actually reflects the Confucian thought of rites and music and the importance that China people attach to harmony. Because the function of etiquette is to protect the individual, make the personality work and have fun with it, and its function is to be in harmony with the group. The combination of rites and music can make individuals and groups adjust each other and form a peaceful and reasonable life between people. Therefore, the implementation of these two seemingly opposite techniques of rites and music is to achieve the purpose of complementing each other and harmony. It can be seen from the social order and grade name borrowed from the form name of guqin that its production form contains profound educational meaning.

Guqin modeling

Guqin has beautiful shapes, including Fuxi style, Zhong Ni style, Julian style, sunset style, brainwave style, banana leaf style, Shennong style and so on. Mainly according to the different neck and waist shapes of the piano body. Lacquer has broken lines, which is the symbol of the ancient piano. Due to the vibration of long-term performance and the difference of wood and paint base, various broken lines can be formed, such as plum blossom break, cow hair break, snake belly break, ice breaking, turtle pattern and so on. A broken piano is more valuable because of its clear sound and beautiful appearance. The ancient famous pianos include Luqi, Jiaowei, Chunlei, pure and pure, the legacy of the Great Sage, and Pei Huan of Xiao Jiu.

Guqin evolution

Qin Tang, especially the Guzheng in the Tang Dynasty, is plump and round in appearance. In most existing Qin Tang, two pieces of paulownia wood are often stuck on Longchi and plump panels, which are used as counterfeit banknotes. Until the early Ming dynasty, there were still piano makers using this method. Qin Tang's broken sentences are mostly snake belly broken, as well as ice broken and running water broken. Its surface paint ash has two colors: ink and chestnut shell, and cinnabar paint was added when future generations repaired it. The grey tire is pure antler ash, and both sides of the back of the piano are wrapped with linen from bottom to top until the edge of the panel to prevent the upper and lower plates from opening glue. The sides of these pianos are all between 120 and 125 cm. Guqinbian in Song Dynasty, with a total length of1.28cm and a shoulder width of 25cm. Its body is flat and big, and its size is larger than that handed down by Qin Tang, which is one of the main styles in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, besides the antique works, the shape gradually became flat and narrow, especially the Zhong Ni-style guqin, which was the main style of making the piano in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main material for making the piano in Song Dynasty is the bottom of tung-faced catalpa or pine-faced bottom. Broken lines include snake belly, ice lines, running water and little cow hair. The gray tires are mainly antler ash, and some people use flax as the base, but rarely. Eight-treasure ash was also used in the late Northern Song Dynasty, that is, gold, silver, pearls and emerald corals were crushed and mixed with antler ash. The Song Dynasty is an important stage in the history of piano-making after the Tang Dynasty. The government even set up a special bureau to make piano, which is called "official piano". Qin-making in Yuan Dynasty was the product of the transition period of Song and Ming Dynasties. Because of the short duration, there are few existing objects. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of pianos was unprecedented. Whether it is the prince of the emperor or the family of officials, there are many people who are good at piano. There are four famous piano makers in the imperial clan: Wang Ning, Hengwang, wangyi and Lu Wang. Among the four kings, Qin was the most famous, which began in Chongzhen. It is reported that there are as many as four or five hundred pieces with the same style and size, all of which are numbered in chronological order and engraved on the abdomen; The name "Zhonghe" is engraved on the back of the piano, and Jing Yi's poem "The Water of the Yangtze River" and the seal of "Lu Chuan" are all painted with eight treasures.

Playing method

When playing, put the piano on the table, pluck the strings with your right hand, press the strings with your left hand and pick up the sound. Guqin has a range of four octaves and two tones. There are 7 scattered tones, 9 overtones1tone 147. There are many ways to play, such as supporting, breaking, rubbing, picking, hooking, picking, hitting, picking, turning, poking, pinching, rolling and so on. There are songs, songs, notes, bumps, forward, backward, rising and so on in the left hand.

Ancient masters of piano making and their style characteristics.

There were many piano master in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to,,, Lei Jue, Lei, the literature also recorded, Guo Gao, and other famous artists. Unfortunately, except for Lei's piano, no works have been handed down. There were many famous musicians in the Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were Zhu, Ma Xiliang, Ma Xiren and Monk Renzhi; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Jinzhou, Jin Highway and Chen Hengdao; at the end, there were Yan Zun, Ma Dafu and Mei Siyan. In Song Dynasty, few people carved the year of the piano, and many imitated the Tang Dynasty. The famous piano players in Yuan Dynasty are Yan, Shi and Shi Gu Yun, among which the most famous is Yan. There are many imitations of Zhu Qin, some of which are engraved with "Zhu Zhiyuan" or "Zhu Zhiyuan". I hope collectors will pay attention. There were also many piano master in the Ming Dynasty, such as Tu and Yuan, the most famous of which were Zhang's Respecting Teachers and Paying Attention to Taoism and Shun Xiu. Zhang Dai's Dream of Taoan refers to Zhang Zhiqin as one of Wuzhong's stunts, "being invincible for a hundred years".

Guqin broken grain

Refers to all kinds of broken marks left on the surface of the piano due to the weathering and vibration of the years during the performance. There are many kinds of broken wires, mainly plum blossom, ox hair, snake belly, ice, running water and Longlin. Generally speaking, a piano is not broken for a hundred years, and the broken line varies with the age, which is one of the main bases for collecting guqin.

Essentials of guqin collection

It is very important to identify guqin that the broken lines of guqin will not appear after a hundred years. False broken wires have existed since ancient times, and there are many methods, such as baking with strong fire and then exciting with ice and snow to make them crack; Or paint with protein infiltrated into the ash, steam it after making it, and then air dry it; Or bake with gypsum on the ash bottom. In fact, careful observation shows that the authenticity of the disconnection is still very different. The real broken line is smooth, the end of the line disappears naturally, and the peaks are like swords. However, after the process of cold and hot catalysis or knife engraving, the false broken line is inevitably unnatural and flawed. The inscription of guqin is also an important basis for identifying the authenticity of guqin. The back of the piano is engraved, while the belly of the piano is engraved, which is convenient for the knife engraver to keep, but it is difficult to identify the ink after a long time. The carvings on the abdomen of guqin, such as the adhesion of the upper and lower plates on both sides of the body, are mostly original. If there are traces of reconstruction, it needs to be carefully studied. The most difficult to identify are those who cut open the old piano and carved it with fake money, and those who carved it with fake money when using the ancient wooden piano. Regardless of the back, senior appraisers can also identify it from the customary titles, taboo words of emperors in previous dynasties, and the calligraphy style of a dynasty or a calligrapher. Collectors whose main purpose is playing will definitely regard the timbre of the piano as one of the main standards. When we listen to the sound of an guqin, we know that it is a good guqin with rich and bright timbre, even timbre, bright overtone and response. Some guqin is broken, but playing by the sound will have a "stop", which will affect listening. At this time, we should weigh the gains and losses carefully and don't give up easily. The collection of guqin is generally hung on the dry wall, which should not be laid flat for a long time; If it is laid flat for a long time, it is easy to cause "collapse". Guqin, as a musical instrument, should be played frequently, otherwise it will make the timbre black and astringent, and it will also be eaten by insects.

Guqin mingqu

Three Lane of Plum Blossoms, Pingsha Wild Goose, Guangling San, Xiaoxiang Yunshui, Questions and Answers of Fishermen, Dressing and Dressing, Three Stories of Yangguan, Running Water and Drunk, etc. One of the advantages of guqin is the expression of self-emotion. In the dead of night, the best choice is to play a guqin song to express my feelings.

Famous Qin handed down from ancient times

the Tang Dynasty

Chun Leiqin; Julian style

Qin; Fuxi style

Chun Leiqin; Fuxi style

The musical instrument of the Great Sage; Fuxi style

Kuya is around Qin Pei; Fuxi style

The musical instrument of the Great Sage; Ji Ling style

Unique piano; Ji Ling style

An ancient musical instrument; Shi Kuang style

Plum blossoms fall off the piano; Zhong Ni style

Old Long Yinqin; Xiangquan style