Stylistic knowledge of expository writing
1, interpretation style:
Explanatory writing is an article with explanation as the main expression, and it is a style that objectively explains things. 2. Classification of explanatory texts:
From the content of explanation, it can be divided into two parts: the description of things and the explanation of things. The description of things aims to introduce the physical characteristics of things. 3. Explain that things should grasp the characteristics of things.
Feature is a sign that one thing is different from others. Both the Palace Museum and the magnificent Great Hall of the People introduce architecture, but their characteristics are different. The Forbidden City is the activity center of ancient emperors, and its design embodies the characteristics of feudal emperors' "egoism" everywhere, while the Great Hall of the People is the place where Chinese working people conduct business and state affairs, and its majesty is the characteristic of the Great Hall of the People. Pay attention to the characteristics of the object when reading the explanatory text.
4. Description sequence: (1) spatial order.
There is room for everything. Explanatory text grasps this feature to form its own organization, either from top to bottom, from outside to inside, from left to right, from south to north, from far to near, from middle to whole, or from whole to part. When introducing the structure of a building, the structure of a product and the situation of a place, you can use this method to sort out the materials, so that readers can have a clearer understanding of each part and the whole thing.
(2) Time sequence
That is, in chronological order. Everything has a process of occurrence, development and extinction. According to the timeliness of things, some explanatory texts arrange the parts of things in order, which is also an order. Explanatory articles introducing biological knowledge generally write the story first, and then write the story later. Explanatory articles introducing production technology and working methods are generally explained one by one according to production and working procedures.
(3) Logical order
Some expositions mainly analyze things and arrange them according to their logical relationship, or from the main to the secondary, or from the shallow to the deep, or from the cause to the result, forming a strict organization. Some discussions can also be arranged in several aspects according to the nature of things, and the materials in these aspects form a parallel relationship.
5. Interpretation method
Commonly used explanation methods include: definition, classification, examples, comparison, enumeration of figures, metaphor, drawing charts, explanation and so on. What interpretation method is adopted is determined by the purpose and content of interpretation.
[Example]: Use concrete, vivid and easy-to-understand typical examples to illustrate complex and abstract things or concepts.
[Number of columns]: Some things can be easily explained by numbers, and some numbers can be used to explain.
[Comparison]: Compare the explained things with other things to show the characteristics of things. By comparison, we can know the particularity of things, or the similarities between things being explained and other things.
[Classification]: classify the interpreted objects into different categories according to certain standards, and then interpret them in different categories.
[Analogy]: Compare this thing with that thing, and explain the characteristics of this thing accurately, concretely and easily.
[Quote]: Quote relevant famous sayings, materials, allusions, poems, sayings, proverbs and legends to explain and introduce things.
Explain the methods of definition and interpretation, comparison and classification, and distinguish them accurately.
Definition and explanation. Definition is to make a general explanation of the essential attributes of things in concise language, so as to determine the scope and boundary of the things to be explained. Interpretation is annotation, which generally introduces things and explains the nature and characteristics of things. In terms of language requirements, the defined sentence requires a clear judgment, and the language form is generally "What is so-and-so?" Or "what's someone's name" requires accuracy, generalization and conciseness, and there are no rhetorical methods such as metaphor and personification, so there are no such restrictions when explaining, as long as the explanation is accurate and rigorous.
Comparative classification. Generally speaking, there is a comparison between the master and the slave. The master is the object to be explained, and the slave is not the object to be explained, but only plays the role of explaining the master. In order to explain people's unfamiliar master, we choose a familiar slave to compare with it, so that people can understand some characteristics of the master more clearly. This is a comparison, while other explanation methods are a big concept, including several small concepts, belonging to the same category.
6. The language features of explanatory text:
The language of explanatory writing requires accuracy and conciseness. Some expositions should pay attention to the plain language, while others should pay attention to the vividness of the language. However, whether it is plain or vivid, it requires accuracy and conciseness, and attention should be paid to the scientific nature of the explanatory text. The accuracy and conciseness of language are reflected in the following aspects:
(1) truthfully reflect objective things, express knowledge scientifically and rigorously, and be accurate in time, space, scope, degree, characteristics, nature and procedures.
② Pay attention to the use of words indicating modification and restriction. Such as "basically", "approximately", "comparison", "average", "rarely" and "most".
(3) The language should be concise, easy to understand, concise, easy to understand, and not procrastinating or vague.
Stylistic knowledge of argumentative writing
Description of the concept of (1):
Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way of expression, and directly expresses one's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning.
Argumentative reasoning convinces people.
(2) Discuss three elements:
Argument, argument and argument are the three elements of argumentative writing, and they are all indispensable.
Argument: It is the author's views and opinions expounded and demonstrated in the article, and it is the soul of the article. An argumentative essay usually has only one central argument. Some argumentative papers also put forward some sub-arguments around the central argument to supplement and prove the central argument.
How to find the central argument?
A. look at the title of the article. There are two kinds of argumentative titles: argumentative titles and argumentative titles. This method is suitable for the title of argumentative paper, such as "Keep on working hard".
B. find out the sentences that reflect the author's main points in the text. This method is suitable for narrative of topic type. The central discussion area of an argumentative paper is usually at the beginning. Argument: It is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the correctness of the argument. Any argument will have explanatory power only after it is proved by sufficient basis; An unfounded argument, even if it is correct and profound, is not convincing. Therefore, when the author expresses his own views and attitudes, he must also provide sufficient and powerful basis, such as what he is in favor of, why he is in favor of, what he thinks a certain phenomenon is bad, and what is the basis, so as to be well-founded and convincing.
Arguments in argumentative essays can be divided into the following two types:
A factual arguments: factual arguments include historical facts, typical cases and statistical data.
As a factual argument, the materials must be true, conclusive and representative, and the selected examples and viewpoints should be unified, otherwise it will lose the persuasiveness of the factual argument and affect the discussion effect.
B. Reasoning and argumentation: including the truth tested by practice, the discourses, maxims and proverbs of famous experts at home and abroad, and the principles, concepts, laws and formulas of natural science and social science.
Note that the argument is clear: descriptive words, even those said by leaders and celebrities, are not arguments. (3) Argumentative essay: Arguments and arguments in argumentative essay are organized through argumentative essay, which is the logical connection between arguments and arguments and the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments.
Argumentative argumentation process can be divided into two categories according to the emergence of its central argument:
A deductive argument: that is, the central argument appears at the beginning, and the argument is put first, then the argument, that is, the common thinking process in argumentative writing: asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems. B. inductive argument: that is, put the facts first and then draw a conclusion. (3) argumentative way:
Argumentative argument has the following two ways:
(1) argument: the way to directly put forward and clarify an argument is called argument. The argumentative essay written in this way is called "thesis" and "Continue to maintain the style of hard struggle" is an essay.
2 rebuttal: the way to clarify one's argument by refuting the opposing argument is called rebuttal. This kind of argumentative paper is often called "argumentative paper".
(4) Types of argumentative essays:
Argumentative essays have a wide range and various forms, mainly including:
① Political papers ② Comments ③ Essays ④ Thoughts:
(5) The structure of argumentative paper:
The basic structure of argumentative writing is: introduction-theory-conclusion.
"Introduction", also called "introduction", is the part of asking questions. A good introduction should be concise and novel.
This theory, also called positive theory, is the part of analyzing problems and proving arguments with arguments, and it is the main body of the article. A good theory should be followed by the introduction, spread out vertically and horizontally, well-founded, tight and compact. On this part of the argument structure, mainly in the following forms:
(1) Parallel type: all levels are equal, with no primary or secondary, no strong or weak, or express the relationship between sub-arguments in parallel, or demonstrate the same viewpoint from different angles and levels around an argument.
(2) Contrast: Compare the two viewpoints, and highlight the correctness of one of them through comparison. Often on the one hand, more pen and ink are used as the focus of debate, on the other hand, less pen and ink are used as foil.
③ Step by step: The article is getting deeper and deeper at all levels. It can be from the outside to the inside, starting from the phenomenon, analyzing the reasons, finding out the crux, indicating the nature, and putting forward the methods to solve the problem.
(4) Total-sum formula: There is a relationship between the general statements and sub-statements at all levels of the article, and the arguments at all levels are reflected in the sub-statements at all levels, which can be summarized first and then divided, or divided first and then summarized.
The "conclusion" is the part to solve the problem, usually placed at the end of the article, echoing the introduction. A good introduction can deepen the argument and take care of the beginning.
(6) Demonstration method:
① The difference between argumentative mode and argumentative method: argumentative mode means that argumentative mode should clarify one's views and methods on an event or problem, mainly through positive discussion or refuting one-sided, wrong or even reactionary words and deeds, that is to say, argumentative mode can be divided into two categories: argumentation and refutation.
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, which is the logical connection between arguments. The basic difference between argumentative writing and argumentative writing is that argumentative writing refers to the basic argumentation form adopted by an argumentative writing, and argumentative writing refers to various methods adopted in the argumentation process.
(2) The common demonstration methods are as follows:
A. Example method: it is a method to prove the correctness of an argument with convincing typical examples. It is widely used in argumentative writing to prove the correctness of an argument with real and typical facts. This method plays the role of putting facts, reasoning and convincing people by reasoning. The main point of this method is: first put forward arguments, and then prove them one by one.
B. Reasoning: The truth used must be tested by practice, and its correctness has been recognized by people. Including famous sayings of celebrities, famous poems and sentences, proverbs, aphorisms and aphorisms that reflect scientific laws. These cited arguments are universally recognized thinking achievements, which can profoundly reflect the essence of things and are proved by countless facts, so they are very convincing.
C metaphorical argument: in argumentative writing, metaphor can make the argument easier to understand, more interesting and more easily recognized by readers.
D. comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, deny wrong arguments and establish correct arguments. By contrast, we can make the difference between right and wrong, right and wrong, new and old very obvious.
(7) Linguistic features of argumentative writing:
The language of argumentative writing is often characterized by accuracy, generality, uniqueness and vividness.
Accuracy: Argumentative papers need to pass clear concepts, accurate judgments and strict reasoning, and must be accurately expressed in language.
(2) Generality: The ultimate goal of argumentative writing is to clarify abstract truth. Even if you give an example, you should convince people by reasoning and win by reasoning. Examples must be general, which requires the language to be highly concise.
(3) Uniqueness: its clear views expressed through language, what it agrees with and what it opposes; What to love and hate; It is clear what is necessary and what is not.
Vividness: The vividness of argumentative writing lies not in meticulous description, but in concise and vivid sketches, which are sometimes enhanced by two-part allegorical sayings, proverbs, dialects and various rhetoric.
Narrative stylistic knowledge
1. Narrative characteristics
Narrative is a style with narrative and description as its main forms of expression and characters, notes, objects and scenery as its main contents.
2. Classification of narrative
According to the description content, it can be divided into narratives describing people, narratives, scenery and things. All have the characteristics of narrative, but they often have their own characteristics in conception, conception, layout and wording.
Narrative writing: by describing people's appearance, movements, language and psychology, and by describing the specific environment, we can portray and shape people, reflect life and express the theme of the article.
Narrative: express the theme by telling the event and writing the cause, process and result of the event.
Narrative writing of scenery: by describing the scenery, the author's thoughts and feelings are entrusted.
Material narration: express the author's thoughts and feelings by writing.
3. Six elements of narrative
The six elements of narrative include time, place, people, the cause, process and result of events. Mastering the elements of narrative can better grasp the full text, analyze and understand the theme of the text, and better grasp its structural level.
4. Narrative order
Reading narrative, to understand the author's writing ideas, it is necessary to make clear the order of writing. The common narrative sequences are sequence, flashback and insertion.
(1) Sequential narration: it is written according to the sequence of occurrence, development and ending of events, that is, the narrative sequence is consistent with the sequence of occurrence and development of events.
(2) Flashback: write the ending first, and then describe the occurrence and development of things; Or write the following situation first and then describe the process of this situation.
(3) Insertion: In the process of narration, it is sometimes necessary to insert a plot with inconsistent time and place, and then proceed according to the original event. This inserted part is called interpolation.
5. Narrative clues
The narrative clue refers to a main line that runs through the whole text. Due to the diversity of subject matter and the differences of the author's thoughts, the clues of the article take many forms.
Some take the transfer of time and space as a clue; Some take character activities, time, development and scenery changes as clues; Some closely link the content of the whole article with the clue of a person, a thing and a thing. Some narratives have two or more clues.
6. Narrator
There are three kinds of people in the narrative: the first kind of people (me, us) narrate in the tone and identity of the parties and write kindly and naturally. However, in some articles, the second person pronoun (you, you) is used, which usually appears in the narrative of the first person or the third person, and is actually written from the perspective of the first person or the third person.
7. Narrative expression
Narrative: Explain events, introduce people and events to readers, and describe people's activities and the development of events.
Description: In the process of narration, people and things are vividly described with vivid language and some rhetorical methods, which gives people a vivid impression and avoids the dullness and boredom of simple narration.
Description: Supplementary explanation of what needs to be explained in the narrative.
Discussion: The discussion in the narrative is the author's direct comment, which points out the narrative intention, reveals the narrative essence and plays the role of making the finishing point.
Lyric: On the basis of narration, the author expresses strong feelings by expressing his chest directly. Lyricism: some are direct lyricism, some are narrative lyricism.
8. Description of scenery in narrative.
The description of scenery in narrative includes social environment description and natural environment description. The function is to explain the background, render the atmosphere, express the characters, contrast the emotions of the characters and promote the development of the plot, all of which serve to express the theme.
Common expressive skills and functions of narrative text
(1) comparison. Contrast two corresponding things to make the image more vivid and feel stronger.
1, use contrast to describe characters and portray personality.
2. Use contrast to describe the scenery and express feelings.
(2) sticking film. Highlight a main thing with some minor things as a foil, often used for comparison. People often say that "green with red" and "stars holding the moon" are the foil.
1. Set off the main character with other characters.
(3) paving the way. Before the climax of the main characters and events, the description of the environment, mood and atmosphere has created an artistic effect of "coming events cast their shadows before them".
(4) bedding and care.
1, foreshadowing, is actually a kind of confession, suggesting the upcoming events and paving the way for the development of the plot. After laying the groundwork, there must be care behind it.
2. Caring is the content of caring echoed in the article. The main ways are foreshadowing care, beginning or topic care and repeated care. Good elaboration can make the structure of the article rigorous and the theme more vivid and intense.
(5) symbol. Express abstract thoughts and feelings with a concrete thing, make it visual, and make the meaning to be expressed more subtle and profound, that is, "meaning is entrusted to things."
(6) exaggeration. A figurative technique of deliberately "exaggerating" can highlight characters and strengthen feelings.
Pay attention to the difference between writing and rhetoric.
(1), different emphasis. Generally speaking, the technique of expression focuses on the overall conception of the article, covering the whole text or several paragraphs, and the rhetorical method focuses on specific sentences;
(2) Different goals. Expression directly serves the characters, highlights the theme, and rhetoric directly serves the language, making it more emotional.
Writing should be a natural process of emotional diarrhea, and the use of expression should be natural, not intentional. Only when it is necessary and appropriate, otherwise it will only be self-defeating.
Narrative style knowledge and reading methods
(1) How to grasp the character's ideological character?
Analyze the personalized language, appearance, movement, expression and psychological characteristics of the characters.
② How to summarize the central idea of the article?
Grasping the center of narrative, we should pay special attention to the beginning, end and transition of the article. The words at the beginning and end can often point out the center of the article or the meaning of the characters to be created. In terms of expression, most of them are lyric argumentative sentences. In addition, the transitional period in narrative can not be ignored. Most of these transitional sections play a connecting role, making the transition of the article natural and seamless. At the same time, the transition section is often both a summary of the above and a reminder of the following.
Different types of narratives have different inductive centers. Articles based on notes should pay attention to the grasp of events, and analyze the connotation of events themselves through the understanding of their occurrence, development and changes. An article that focuses on people should grasp the ideological quality and personality characteristics of the characters through the analysis of the characters. When writing an article focusing on scenery, we should focus on understanding the characteristics of the scenery and capture the thoughts and feelings contained in it through the analysis of the characteristics of the scenery.
The main format of the central meaning of induction is: this paper narrates … (summarizing the content of the characters or events written), and shows (praising or revealing) … (referring to the meaning of the events, the ideological quality and personality characteristics of the characters, etc. ).
The induction center can start from the following aspects: (1) Pay attention to the tips of the topics. Generally speaking, the topic is the direct or indirect expression of the content, style and writing intention of the article. The titles of many articles are closely related to the central meaning, and even the central meaning is highly concentrated. (2) Grasp the key paragraphs. Every paragraph of an article serves the center of expression, and key paragraphs can often clearly reveal the center. Most of these paragraphs are at the beginning or end, and some are placed in the middle of the article. (3) Pay attention to revealing the central statements, such as discussion and lyric. Narrative is mainly narrative and description. When writing a character narrative, the author often reveals emotions, likes and dislikes, and shows his attitude and emotions. Most of these attitudes can be expressed in argumentative essays and lyric sentences. (4) Some articles should pay attention to understanding the background of the times. For those articles with profound content and long time distance, when summarizing the center, we should properly contact the background of the times and understand the relationship between the times and people or things in order to correctly summarize the center.
③ How to determine the details of cutting?
The center and details of the narrative: we should be able to perceive the whole and accurately grasp the center of the article. Analyze the relationship between materials and center, and understand the detailed arrangement of materials. Clarity: The people, events, scenes and objects involved in the narrative are called the material, and the author's understanding and feelings about life are called the center. These materials serve the expression center. The author should choose materials and cut them according to the needs of the center. Write what is useful to the expression center, and don't write what is useless; The key materials that have a great effect on the expression center will be written in detail, and the rest will be written simply. When reading chronological prose, we should carefully analyze the function of each material to the expression center, so as to accurately summarize the narrative material (what is written) and the center (why is written).
Several methods of paragraph meaning (layer meaning) induction: 1, syntactic abstraction: that is, extracting the sentence that can best express the center in this paragraph (layer). (first sentence, last sentence, central sentence) 2. Syntactic reduction: Long sentences that can express the meaning of a paragraph (hierarchical meaning) can be compressed into short sentences. 3. Combination method: When the meanings of each layer are indispensable, the meanings of each layer can be combined and summarized. 4. Optional method: Among several meanings, you can choose the main meaning as the paragraph meaning. To summarize the content, we should grasp the main points of the content and express them in concise and accurate sentences, which are strong in generality and complete in sentences.
Attention should be paid to reading narrative: the author's article mainly analyzes the portrait, language, movement, psychology and manner of the characters to reflect their personality characteristics and express their themes. A chronicle article should make clear the time, place and person of the event, the cause, process and result of the event, and analyze the significance and central idea of the event. Scenery articles mainly express feelings by scenery. Attention should be paid to: (1) the level, characteristics, order and blending of the scenery; (2) Imagination, association and the use of various rhetorical devices. Lyric articles by borrowing things mainly describe the appearance and internal characteristics of something, and use association, analogy and contrast to praise (and a few criticize) the internal spiritual characteristics of the people related to it. They often use symbolism, often discuss and express their feelings, and often point fingers at the end of articles. When analyzing this kind of articles, we should pay attention to: (1) philosophical language epigrams; (2) The epigram of this philosophical language is based on the image description of what kind of things in the text and what characteristics the image description of this kind of things has; (3) The application of imagination, association and symbol.