Read for 1 hour today, 1776 hours in total, day 1718

Read "History of Chinese Philosophy"

Famous masters carefully observe and circumvent, so that people cannot go against it. The meaning is based on the name and loses the human feelings. Therefore, it is said: It makes people frugal and good. If a husband controls his reputation and is responsible for his true duties, he will not miss his participation in the army. This cannot be ignored.

Xunzi promoted Hui Shi and Deng Xi simultaneously; however, according to "Lu Shi Chun Qiu", Deng Xi only taught people to litigate, making him a famous litigator in ancient times. He probably got his name from sophistry, so many people talked about him later. In fact, although the debater is good at arguing, he does not necessarily need to be cunning.

About the Warring States Period, when wars were numerous and fierce, the idea of ??non-soldiers was very popular. Therefore, Mencius opposed war, and Gongsun Long also advocated the suppression of troops. This was a common trend at that time.

If we say that the things in the world are the same, then they all have the same things, and that means that all things are the same. If we say that they are different, then they all have their differences, and that means that all things are completely different. As for the so-called similarities and differences in the world, they refer to the similarities and differences between this thing and that thing. They are small similarities and differences, not major similarities and differences.

Hui Shi points out that ordinary things are limited and relative from the perspective of "the greatest and the greatest".

Using practice to achieve the state of forgetting others and self, harmonizing life and death, integrating all things, and being absolutely free and at ease

Zhuang Xueshi begins with words and ends with speechlessness, begins with arguments and ends with no arguments. It is beyond "the matter of right and wrong" and "against the general situation". It is different from the debater who always focuses on "observation" and "debate"

Those who are going east are going east, and those who are chasing are also going east; those who are going east are the same, but the reason why they are going east is different. Therefore, it is said that colleagues must be scrutinized.

The abstract name refers specifically to the physical appearance; the concrete public name refers to the individual and includes the physical appearance. The individual it refers to is its extension (denotation); the nature it contains is its connotation (connotation). However, there is no such difference in the form of Chinese characters; nor did ancient Chinese philosophers make such a distinction in words. Therefore, there is no difference between "horse" referring to an individual horse and "horse" referring to the physical appearance of a horse. There is no difference between the "white" referring to this white object and the "white" referring to the physical appearance of white. That is, "horse" and "white" refer to both the abstract physical appearance and the specific individual, that is, they have both functions.

Those who look at a stone see white but not hardness. If they do not see hardness, then hardness is separated from whiteness. If you pick a stone, it will be hard but not white; if it is not white, it will be white and separated from the hard stone. This shows that "hard" and "white" do not complement each other; the so-called "non-complement" means that one is not in the other. This proves from the epistemological point of view that Jianbai is two separated primary and secondary phases.

Modern neo-realists say that individual things exist (exist); primary and secondary phases subsist (subsist). The so-called potential does not occupy a position in time and space, but it does not exist. Although solidity is not the same as solidity, it still cannot be said to be without solidity. This is called the "hiding" of strength, that is, the latent existence of strength. Knowing the meaning of "hard storage",

If you analyze the things in the world, you can only see that they have a number of unique features. However, the *** phase cannot be re-analyzed into the *** phase, so it is said: "Things cannot refer to things but refer to non-points. There is no finger in the world, and nothing can be a thing."

The point of view of benefiting and giving focuses on individual things, so it is said: "All things are the same but different", and it comes down to "general love for all things, heaven and earth are one". Gongsun Long's point of view focuses on the physical appearance, so "li Jianbai" is attributed to "all the world is unique and righteous". The two schools have different views, so their theories are also completely different.

Among the debaters, there are two factions: one is the "contract is different"; the other is "Li Jianbai". The former has Hui Shi as its leader; the latter has Gongsun Long as its leader. Part of Zhuangzi's teachings is consistent with Hui Shi's. Therefore, Zhuangzi agrees with "contracts are different" but does not agree with "li Jianbai."

As the saying goes: "A ruler is short, an inch is long." If it is longer because of its strengths, then "turtle" It can grow longer than a snake.” When the wheel is in the positive phase, it will not roll over the ground; when the earth is in the positive phase, it will not be rolled over by the wheel.

The perspective of charity focuses on the individual. Individuals are constantly changing; therefore, the philosophy of giving can also be said to be a philosophy of change. Gongsun Long's point of view focuses on the physical appearance. *** phase remains unchanged; therefore Gongsun Long’s philosophy can also be said to be an unchanging philosophy.

The words of these critics and debaters are based on common sense. However, we don't know whether the reason why the debaters "treat monsters and play with Qi's words" is just to "reverse others in the name of winning over others", or whether it is to discover the truth. However, the value of a theory has nothing to do with the motivation of the person who founded it.

Meng was the land of Song Dynasty, and Zhuangzi was a native of Song Dynasty. However, Zhuangzi's thoughts are actually close to those of Chu people.

However, the shape of an object is not static. According to Zhuang Xue, all things in the world are changing all the time.

Man-made purposes are mostly to cut off strengths and make up for weaknesses, and to transform nature. Therefore, it is man-made, and people lose their happiness by following nature. There is neither happiness nor interest in life. For example, the emperor in the center, named Chaos, does not have seven orifices. If you try to force it, the seven orifices will be opened and Chaos will be dead.

Zhuang Xue believes that people and things should have absolute freedom, so they also believe that everything in the world is not bad, and all opinions in the world are wrong. This is the fundamental difference between Zhuangxue and Buddhism. Gai Buddhism believes that everything in the world is bad and all opinions in the world are wrong.

Sorrow and joy cannot enter, that is, reason can be used to transform emotion. Spinoza regards emotion as "Human bondage".

If a person with knowledge knows the truth of the universe and knows that the occurrence of things is inevitable, he will not be emotional when encountering things, will not be restrained, and will gain "human freedom".

It can be seen from the above that in pure experience, the individual can become one with the universe. The so-called pure experience is experience without knowledge. When there is pure experience, the experiencer only feels that what is experienced is "such" (James calls it "that") but does not know what it is (James calls it "what"). What James calls pure experience is the "face value" of experience, that is, pure perception, not mixed with famous quotes (see "Essays in Radical Empiricism" III by James) Page 19) The so-called present quantity in Buddhism seems to be this. This is what Zhuang Xue calls the experience of real people.

Through knowledge-based experience, pure experience is obtained. This new experience is already one level higher than the original pure experience. "Xuande", "Ruoyu" and "Ruohun" are not "yu" or "faint", they are just "ruo" foolish and "ruo" faint. However, Zhuang Xue does not seem to be very clear on this point.

Those who take advantage of the righteousness of heaven and earth, control the differentiation of the six qi, and swim in infinity" are those who are one with the universe. The reason why those who can reach this state are because they have no self, no merit, and no name. , and especially because it has no self.

What is particularly different about Zhuang Xue is that its mysticism does not require an idealistic universe.

Looking at this, we can see that the "hermits" and Yang Zhu and others are clinging to the method of "maintaining truth throughout life" by living in seclusion and escaping from the world.