The key lies in the same theme. Song of Eternal Sorrow describes the joys and sorrows of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei. Later generations have different opinions on its theme. Among them, Chen Hong, who witnessed the writing process of Song of Eternal Sorrow, said: "Lotte, because Song of Eternal Sorrow, not only has feelings, but also punishes stunners, stifles disorder and covers the future." Through the love tragedy of Li and Yang, Bai Juyi revealed the cause and effect of the Mayipo incident, thus recording the painful lessons of losing power and humiliating the country and political degradation in history. Lian Chang Gong Ci expresses the poet's sense of rise and fall through the change of a palace from prosperity to decline, which not only exposes the wrong country of Xuanzong's extravagance, but also expresses his yearning for peace and prosperity. Although the two poems have their own emphases, the themes obviously overlap and overlap, that is, they deeply lament the process of Xuanzong's decline from prosperity in the Tang Dynasty. Obviously, this is also the theme of Palace. In an ancient palace that has been abandoned for a long time, several white-haired maids are "debating the grand occasion of Xuanzong". What are they talking about? There is not a word in the poem, but the reader can reasonably expand his imagination. The ladies-in-waiting are bald, which reminds people of the novel Shang Yang's White-haired Man by Li Shen, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. Bai: "Shang Yang people, their beauty is dark and their hair is new. Green guards the palace gate. As soon as the sun closes, it is spring. Xuanzong entered the primary election at the end of the year and was sixteen and sixty. " "White Stone Preface" said, "In the five years of Tianbao, Yang Guifei was a special pet, and the harem people were not lucky enough to enter it." Those who have beauty in the sixth house need to be placed in other places, and Shang Yang is one of them. Zhenyuan has work to do. ""Palace "didn't specify what it was, but it was a palace, not in the imperial city, similar to Shang Yang Palace and Lotus Palace. Because the white-headed ladies in the palace are familiar with the story of Xuanzong dynasty, they are also the people who were elected to the palace at the end of Xuanzong. After entering the palace, "the white-haired man is here" and "the king is not allowed to meet" and Yang raised eyebrows. Jealousy makes you sneak into Yang Palace, and you stay in an empty room all your life. "White-haired ladies in the palace probably have a similar tragic fate. Only in this way, they are most concerned about Xuanzong and Yang Fei's every move. The rumors of Qujiang spring outing and Lishan night banquet must have filled them with yearning and admiration. The rumors of "Rushing to the West" and "Blood-stained Ma Wei" must have surprised them inexplicably. Originally, ladies-in-waiting were afraid to talk about the secrets of the palace casually. Zhu Qingyu, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, put it well: "Talk passionately about things in the palace and dare not speak in front of parrots." However, the story of Xuanzong was left over from the previous dynasty, and there was no one present in the ladies-in-waiting have grown white-haired's cold palace, so he no longer had this scruple. The years in the palace are long and boring. Of course, they will "discuss the grand occasion of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty". Xuanzong was not only a famous monarch who personally created the prosperity of Kaiyuan, but also a bad monarch who personally led to the Anshi Rebellion. His stories are particularly rich. The old man beside the palace in Lianchang Palace Ci described the historical facts of Xuanzong Dynasty in detail: "Yao Chong and Song Jing are" xianggong "and advised the emperor to speak earnestly. Explain the abundance of yin and yang, and reconcile the Chinese and foreign soldiers. Sir, he is fair and well-guarded, and his choice is from public to public. At the end of Kaiyuan, Yao and Song died one after another, and the court gradually changed from concubines. There are children in Lushan Palace, and there is a lot of noise in front of the State of Guo. The Prime Minister was anonymous and vaguely remembered Yang and Li. For fifty years, the temple has been shaking all over the world. " Of course, the ladies in the secluded palace will not comment on the political gains and losses of the previous dynasty. What they are concerned about is nothing more than the joys and sorrows stories of Xuanzong and Yang Fei, which is what Bai Juyi described in detail in Song of Eternal Sorrow. For the Tang people, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty is really a person who loves and hates, and it is difficult to judge. Look at "Ai Jiang Tou" written by Du Fu shortly after the Mawei Incident. This is the attitude towards Xuanzong. Zhang Jie, a poet in the Song Dynasty, commented: "The title cloud" Ai Jiang Tou "was written when he sneaked into Qujiang and mourned when he saw the flowers on the river. His words are graceful and elegant, and his meaning is slightly polite, which is really the purpose of the poet. " Indeed, in "Love Jiangtou", Xuanzong and Yang Fei were ridiculed for their extravagance and waste in those years. It was they who only cared about their own enjoyment and ignored the country, which led to the Anshi Rebellion. However, after all, the grand occasion of Qujiang's tour is the ornament of the prosperous times, but the desolation in front of us is the tragic scene of national subjugation, so the feeling of ups and downs permeates between the lines. What's more, both Xuanzong and Feiyang paid a heavy price for their actions, and Du Fu's feelings for them were more pity than blame. After all, the emperor and queen are symbols of the country, and the tragic ending of Xuanzong and Yang Fei means the end of the prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, which makes the poet feel infinite regret. Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Yuan Zhen's Poem of Lotus Palace are similar to Ai Jiangtou in emotional tendency. It can be said that readers are familiar with the sad and joyful stories of Xuanzong and Yang Fei, as well as the basic attitudes of Tang people towards Xuanzong and Yang Fei. Therefore, the poem "Maid-in-waiting is white-haired, debating Xuanzong's grand occasion" will make readers have extremely rich associations, and then produce extremely profound feelings. In a word, Xuanzong's deeds are rich, vivid and well-known, which is the fundamental reason why The Palace of Poetry can be concise and complex. If the ladies-in-waiting were talking about "Su Zong" and "De Zong", or other Tang emperors who had no legendary experience of joys and sorrows, most of them would not have such a magical effect.
The writing of "Palace" is extremely concise, but it is still remarkable in art. The first sentence describes the palace positively: it is an "ancient palace" that once received the ancient emperor, but now it is "sparse", that is, the chariots and horses are extinct and the door is deserted. The second sentence is reminiscent of the famous poem "Wu Xinyi" by Wang Wei, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty: "The hibiscus flowers end in the wood, and the calyx is red in the mountains. There is no one at home, leaving it open. " It is also reminiscent of the famous saying of Wang Yangming, a philosopher in the Ming Dynasty: "When you don't see this flower, it dies with your heart. When you come to see this flower, the color of this flower will be understood for a while. " ("Biography") naturally does not change with personnel. Even though the prosperous time has passed and the palace is deserted, the spring breeze is still full of flowers. Although this flower is in full bloom, no one appreciates it, so it has to be "lonely red". It's wonderful to put "loneliness" before the word "red". If translated into vernacular, it probably means "palace flowers are red and lonely", which almost means "sharing silence" After the rendering of the first two sentences, a lonely and desolate atmosphere has been formed. The last two sentences go straight to the point: several white-haired ladies-in-waiting are sitting together, telling the legendary stories of emperors' empresses. There are three words "Gong" in four poems. If "palace" and "maid-in-waiting" are fixed phrases, then "palace flower" is obviously not. Modern poetry was initially forbidden to use the same words. This poem uses the word "palace" in succession, but it emphasizes a deep and closed environment: even the spring scenery is locked in the palace. The only two color words "red" and "white" in the poem also set each other off. If we borrow Jin Shengtan's comment method, it can be said that "red is red and white is white". Bonus means eternal nature, and hoary head symbolizes the rapid change of personnel, which is gone forever. Comparing the two, I feel sad. As long as we shift our attention from Xuanzong, the object of speech, to the white-haired ladies-in-waiting, Palace Walking can also be compared with Bai Juyi's Shang Yang White-haired Man. How did Shang Yang's white-haired people spend decades of claustrophobia? "The birds crow and return to Yan sadly, and the spring does not remember the year. But looking at the deep palace and the bright moon, things are round four or five hundred times. " This is a scene of sleepless nights. What about a boring day? Probably "the grand occasion of arguing Xuanzong." The two can complement each other, but it's a pity that later poetics didn't talk about it. Although Yuan Zhen said in Shang Yang's White Haired Man that "this generation is despicable", the white-headed ladies in Palace will certainly arouse readers' deep sympathy, which is a vivid example of the literary principle that "image is greater than thought".
(Author: College of Literature, Nanjing University)