As a citizen of Athens, it is recorded that Socrates was finally sentenced to death by the Athens court, because he did not believe in God and corrupted the thoughts of the young people in Athens. Although he had the opportunity to flee to Athens, Socrates chose to drink the poisonous violet juice and die, because he thought that fleeing would only further weaken the authority of Athenian law, and at the same time worried that Athens would not have a good tutor to educate the people after fleeing.
One night in June 399 BC, a 70-year-old man was about to be executed in Athens prison. I saw him in rags and barefoot, but his face was very calm. After seeing off his wife and family, he chatted with some friends, Kan Kan, who seemed to have forgotten the upcoming execution. It was not until the jailer brought in a cup of poisonous juice that he stopped talking, picked up the cup and gulped it down. After that, he lay down, smiled and said to his friend who came to say goodbye, he ate the chicken from his neighbor's house and hasn't paid him yet. Please give it back to him. With that, the old man closed his eyes peacefully and fell asleep. This old man is the great philosopher Socrates.
Socrates (470-399 BC) is not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a famous historical figure with distinctive personality and different reputations from ancient times to the present. His father is a stonemason and sculptor, and his mother is a midwife.
As a teenager, Socrates studied handicrafts with his father, became familiar with Homer's epic and other famous poets, and became a self-taught scholar. He made a living by imparting knowledge. In his thirties, he became a social morality teacher who didn't get paid or run a library. Many children from rich families and poor families often gather around him to learn from him and ask him for advice. Socrates often said, "I only know that I know nothing."
He spent most of his life outdoors. He likes to talk with people from all walks of life in markets, sports fields, streets and other public places about various issues, such as war, politics, friendship, art, ethics and so on. He fought in the war three times, served as a heavy infantry, and helped injured soldiers in battle more than once. Around the age of 40, he became a household name in Athens.
Socrates lived a hard life all his life. Regardless of the cold weather, he wears an ordinary thin coat, often wears no shoes and doesn't pay attention to eating. But he didn't seem to notice it, just buried himself in his studies.
Socrates' theory is mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all things in the world are arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocates that people know how to be human and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies and discusses ethical issues.
Socrates often argues with others. In the debate, he made the other side correct and give up the original wrong ideas by asking and answering questions, and helped people produce new ideas. He abstracted the universal things from the individual and took four steps: satire, midwifery, induction and definition. "Sarcasm" is to make the other party contradict itself and admit ignorance of this issue through constant questioning; "Midwifery" is to help the other party abandon fallacies and find the right and universal things, that is, to help the truth come out; "Induction" is to find out * * * from individual things, and to find general laws through the analysis and comparison of individual things; "Definition" refers to the classification of a single concept into a general concept.
Socrates never gave students ready-made answers, but made students unconsciously accept the influence of his thoughts by asking questions and refuting them. Please look at an interesting example of him answering questions with students.
Student: Socrates, what is good?
Suradi: Stealing, cheating and trafficking in human beings as slaves are good or evil?
Student: It's evil.
Socrates: Is it evil to cheat the enemy? Is it evil to sell captured enemies as slaves?
Student: This is a good thing. But I'm talking about friends, not enemies. Socrates: As you said, stealing is evil for friends. However, if a friend wants to commit suicide, you steal the tools he is going to use to commit suicide. Is this evil? Student: This is a good thing.
Socrates: You said it was evil to cheat friends, but in the war, the commander-in-chief of the army told the soldiers that reinforcements were coming to boost morale. But in fact, there are no reinforcements. Is this deception evil?
Student: This is a good thing.
This teaching method has its advantages. It can inspire people's thoughts and make people actively analyze and think about problems. He used dialectical methods to prove that truth is concrete and relative, which can be transformed into his own negation under certain conditions. This epistemology is of great significance in the history of European thought.
Socrates advocates the theory of expert governance. He believes that all walks of life and even state power should be managed by trained and knowledgeable people, and opposes the democracy implemented by the lottery election law. He said: managers are not those who hold heavy power and bully the weak, not those who are elected by the people, but those who know how to manage. For example, ships should be driven by people who are familiar with sailing; When spinning wool, women should take care of men, because men are good at it and men don't understand it. He also said that the best people are those who are competent for their own work. Good farmers are good farmers; A good doctor is proficient in medical skills; People who are proficient in politics are excellent politicians.
In 404 BC, Athens was defeated in the Peloponnesian War, and "the rule of thirty tyrants replaced democracy." Critias, the leader of the Thirty Tyrants, was Socrates' student. It is said that once Clerides called Socrates and ordered him to lead four men to arrest a rich man and seize his property. Socrates refused to obey and left. He not only dared to resist Clerides' illegal orders, but also publicly condemned his atrocities. Clerides angrily called him away, forbade him to come near the young man again, and warned him, "Be careful, don't let us have to reduce another sheep from the flock." Socrates simply ignored him and went his own way.
Later, the rule of the "Thirty Tyrants" was overthrown and the Democrats came back to power. He was accused of having close ties with Clerides, opposing democratic politics and poisoning young people with heresy. Socrates was arrested and imprisoned for this. According to the laws of Athens, before the court rebelled against the defendant, the defendant had the right to demand a different penalty from the plaintiff, so that the court could choose between the two. Socrates took this opportunity to make an impassioned speech. He claims to be innocent, believing that his words and deeds are not only innocent, but also conducive to social progress. As a result, he was betrayed to death. During his detention in prison, his friends tried their best to persuade him to escape and bribed the jailer to make an escape plan, but he would rather die than violate his beliefs. In this way, the 70-year-old man passed away peacefully.
Socrates had a large number of fanatical admirers and fierce opponents before and after his death. He left no works in his life, but his influence was enormous. Philosophers often regard him as a watershed in the history of the development of ancient Greek philosophy, and call his previous philosophy pre-Socrates philosophy. As a great philosopher, Socrates had a great influence on later western philosophy.
Record of Socrates' famous aphorisms
Know yourself.
The less we need, the closer we are to God.
The gods kept the most important knowledge for themselves.
People who want to control the world must first be able to control themselves.
Only by knowing yourself can we know life.
Beauty is difficult.
Virtue is knowledge or: virtue is knowledge, and ignorance is the source of evil.
Ignorance is evil.
Others live to eat, and I eat to live.
Wisdom means self-knowledge and ignorance.
I only know one thing in my life, why I am so ignorant.
There are two kinds of people in this world, one is a happy pig and the other is a miserable person. Be a miserable person, not a happy pig.
If you put all the pains in the world together and let you choose, you may still be willing to choose your original one.
Men live by forgetting, while women live by remembering.
Only reason is the most precious.
I know very well that I have neither great wisdom nor small wisdom.
Education is a tool and method to seduce our hearts.
The most effective education method is not to tell people the answer, but to ask them questions.
If you want to learn from me, you must first have a strong thirst for knowledge, just like a strong desire for survival.
Ideas should be born in students' hearts, and teachers only play the role of midwives.
Everyone has a sun, mainly how to make it shine.
Education is not instilling, but lighting a flame.
The problem is the midwife, which can help the birth of new ideas.
The best person is yourself.
The more you know, the less you know.
I know my ignorance, I know my ignorance.
An unexamined life is worthless, or an unexamined life is not worth living.
In front of many people, my tongue is particularly healthy.
Secret love is the most beautiful love in the world.
Don't get friends by giving gifts.
Tell me your friends, and I will know what kind of person you are.
In this world, what else do we need besides sunshine, air, water and smiles?
Who is happier when I die and you live, only God knows.
I walked around, doing nothing, just asking you, young people and old people, not only to care about your bodies, but to protect your souls.
For philosophers, death is the ultimate self-realization. It is popular because it opens the door to real knowledge. The soul is freed from the bondage of the body and finally realizes the visual realm of the bright kingdom of heaven.
I only know one thing, and that is nothing.
Anyone who could have done better is lazy!
People can make mistakes, but they can't make the same mistakes.
When you are angry, keep your mouth shut so as not to increase your anger.
If I can stand my wife, I can stand anyone!
A good marriage can only bring you happiness, and a bad marriage can make you a philosopher.
No one refuses to be better because he knows it.
Any definite experiment shows that any physical or psychological disease can be alleviated by vegetarian diet and drinking pure water.
I am not only a citizen of Athens, but also a citizen of the world.
Come to think of it, I still owe someone a dick.
Socrates' language is simple, his appearance is ordinary, his nose is flat, his lips are thick, his eyes are protruding, his body is clumsy and short, and his thoughts are sacred. He gave a speech on the streets of Athens, asking people questions everywhere, for example, what is piety? What is democracy? What is virtue? What is courage? What is truth? What is your job? What knowledge and skills do you have? Are you a politician? If so, what do you know about governance? Are you a teacher? How to conquer your ignorance before educating the ignorant? Wait a minute. For the purpose of asking this question, Socrates said, "My mother is a midwife, and I want to follow in her footsteps. I am a spiritual midwife, helping others to generate their own thoughts. "
Socrates himself, he said, "I only know one thing, that is, I know nothing." "I follow the footsteps of truth like a hound." In pursuit of truth, Socrates ignored his own interests, career and family. He is a martyr of philosophy. He once asked himself: What is philosophy? He answered himself, "Know yourself!"
The death of Socrates
Western civilization originated from ancient Greek civilization, which is a prosperous Greek world and scattered in the Mediterranean region. The spirit of ancient Greece, if summed up in one word, is freedom. While most countries or nations in the world were under the tyranny of tyrants, the ancient Greeks embarked on the road of independence and freedom. They live freely around the Aegean Sea, just like birds singing in the sky. A masterpiece of ancient Greek civilization, named after Athena, the daughter of Zeus, the king of gods, is regarded as the Athens city-state as the protector of the city. The story about Athens city-state is overwhelming. In the hundreds of years after the establishment of Athens, this city-state, which is famous for its wisdom, courage and democratic system, has experienced countless swords and soldiers and natural disasters, but it has always stood under the protection of the goddess of wisdom and reason. However, in 399 BC, the city of Athens began to decline and its spirit was completely defeated. The opponent is a 70-year-old man, a philosopher called "Western Confucius"-Socrates, because of a trial.
There seems to be a glorious figure wandering in the weeds in Athens. Socrates, whose soul is immortal, tirelessly bears the Oracle of God and constantly sends a rational aura to people who come and go in a hurry. He is a citizen from a middle-class family in Athens. His father is a sculptor and his mother is a midwife. He was born at the moment of complete victory in the Greek-Persian War and grew up in the heyday of Pericles. At that time, wise men from all over Greece gathered in Athens, bringing a lot of new knowledge and new fashion of free debate to democratic Athens. Young Socrates asked the famous wise men Propet Gora and Prodico for advice and discussed various important social, personnel and philosophical issues. He opened a new era of Greek philosophy with a new understanding of philosophy, and through his teaching, Plato and Aristotle came into being, and new schools such as cynicism came into being, which have always influenced the Hellenistic Roman era. His looks are not outstanding, but his words are charming. He debated and taught philosophy to young people all his life. In 399 BC, he was charged with two main crimes: disrespecting the gods worshipped by the polis, introducing new gods and corrupting the youth, and was sentenced as a result. Friends tried to save him from Athens, but he refused. He thinks he must obey the laws of Athens, because he has a sacred contract with this country, and he can't break it. Socrates believes that although you can not abide by the laws of the polis if they are unfair, if you violate the laws of the polis, you still have to obey the punishment. Socrates did just that. He felt obligated to obey the legal authority and laws of the polis, so he accepted the death penalty very consciously and discussed philosophical issues with his friends before he died. When the time came, he drank the poisoned wine peacefully and repaid the motherland city-state with his life and philosophy at the age of 69. Take Socrates as an example. On the one hand, he is a great philosopher who pursues truth and sacrifices his life for righteousness, and on the other hand, he is an Athens city-state who flaunts democracy and freedom and is regarded as the source of democratic politics. Who is right and wrong, who is good and who is evil, is not so clear-cut, emotional choice has become a painful torture, so its tragic color is becoming more and more obvious.
Socrates' philosophy is integrated with his life practice, and his personal fate is inseparable from the fate of Athens. He pursued the ideal of goodness for his motherland, and the motherland repaid his contribution with the death penalty, which fulfilled his philosophy. Socrates did not have the slightest anger, fear or sadness, but still sincerely exhorted everything in his wise tone. He knew that he was an angel of God, and all this was arranged by God. He still has unfinished parts of his life, and death can give him a perfect ending.
In ancient Greece, the law was regarded as the foundation of the city-state's security, with the dignity of a goddess, and it could be said that it was the real protector of the city-state. Under the protection of this god, the ancient Greek city-states were governed by law, and no one's status was higher than the law. Socrates believes that the laws of the polis are an agreement reached unanimously by citizens and should be unswervingly implemented. Only by obeying the law can the people work together in Qi Xin to make the city-state extremely powerful. Strict compliance with the law is the fundamental guarantee for people's happiness and the strength of the city-state, and its value is far higher than personal life.
Socrates also believes that law, like polis, comes from God and is a principle set by God. Law was originally embodied in natural law, and natural law is also the law of nature. It is purely an act of God or a deliberate arrangement of God. Later, the laws promulgated by the polis were called personal laws. Although man-made law is not as universal as natural law, it is changeable, because man-made law comes from natural law, and people accept and obey the guidance of man-made law, which means that people accept and obey the constraints of natural law, that is, obey the will of God. The ideal state of a city-state must be a state in which everyone abides by the law from the heart, which is not only Socrates' ideal and belief in his life, but also the internal motivation of his generous sacrifice.
Socrates was unjustly sentenced to death by his compatriots, but he still talked about "respecting morality, attaching importance to justice, attaching importance to law and attaching importance to the rule of law". He thinks that life is nothing more valuable than this, and it is really full of freedom. Socrates is a hero. He realized the power of moral ideal and realized it voluntarily, even if he gave his life for it. His death was a tragedy. The tragedy is that both sides of the conflict have reasons for existence and are irreconcilable. So Socrates took on this huge conflict with his own body and took on the responsibility and mission of free personality. For Socrates, his career is his spirit, and the spirit of consciousness, voluntariness, self-discipline and freedom has been greatly improved through him.
Socrates loved the Athenian city-state, and he simply did not allow the most sacred ideals to be desecrated. So, he resolutely chose death. It's not that he doesn't cherish life, but that he pays more attention to the soul. He believes that God is omnipresent and omnipotent, and everything is a clever arrangement of God consciously and purposefully. He didn't betray God. In this case, death is God's call to him. What can he hesitate? Maybe people will laugh at him, laugh at his naivety, laugh at his stubbornness and stubbornness, but only those who have a real insight into his inner world will be impressed by his wisdom and loyalty: wisdom is the virtue he has seen and always paid attention to, loyalty is the city-state he loves, the law he abides by all his life and his eternal ideal pursuit.
Begging depicts a clear picture: a very confident person, with a superb mind, does not care about worldly success or failure, believes that he is guided by a sacred voice, and firmly believes that a clear mind is the most important condition for a correct life. There seems to be no doubt that Socrates in history really claimed to be guided by theism or destiny. We don't know whether it is the voice of conscience that Christians say or Socrates' real voice.
Before philosophy, Homer's epic was the most popular and widely circulated treasure house of cultural thoughts in Greece. It interweaves heroic stories with the activities of gods who are friendly to human beings, and shows the life imagination and world outlook of the Greeks. In fact, most Greek gods came from West Asian countries and Egypt, and the Greeks accepted them and changed them in their own way, organizing them in their own universe and life picture. Orpheus's mythology and religious teachings, which were popular in all parts of Greece at the same time when philosophy appeared, had a far-reaching and great influence on Pythagoras, empedocles, Socrates and Plato with their basic ideas of soul reincarnation and purification.
Socrates' theory is really mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all things in the world are arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocates that people know how to be human and live a moral life. He defined philosophy as "loving wisdom", and it is very important that he knows his ignorance. He concluded: "Only God is wise. His answer is that human wisdom is worthless or worthless. God is not talking about Socrates. He just used my name as an explanation, as if to say that people, only those who know their wisdom is worthless like Socrates, are the smartest people. " He is proud of his ignorance and thinks that everyone should admit his ignorance.
Socrates considered himself a gift and messenger from God to the Athenians. His task is to talk with people all over the world all day, discuss problems and explore the most useful truth and wisdom for himself. The theme that runs through these discussions is to lead people to realize that people are actually very ignorant on these crucial issues, so people need to seek what is true justice and kindness through critical discussion, so as to achieve the purpose of transforming the soul and saving the city-state. He also compared himself to a gadfly, a gift from God to Athens. God gave him to Athens in order to stimulate the country with this gadfly. Because Athens is like a good horse, it becomes dull and lethargic because of its obesity and laziness, so it is very necessary for a gadfly to bite it tightly anytime and anywhere, blame it, persuade it, and let it wake up from its lethargy and refresh itself. Socrates regarded criticizing Athens as a sacred mission entrusted to him by God, and this sense of mission and the resulting thinking and exploration became the purpose of his life and philosophical practice. He knew that he would make many people very angry and wanted to crush the gadfly to death, but the mission entrusted to him by God was inviolable, so he risked his life.
Socrates really advocates a new God, who is the real source of moral goodness and wisdom: the God of universal reason. This cosmic rational God is the ultimate foundation of Socrates' philosophy-truth and goodness. People can have knowledge because they are given a part of divinity by the special care of God, so they have a soul, a loving heart and a reason. But people should understand that your little soul can't be compared with the wisdom of God. Therefore, this new view of rational God and the teaching that people should be "self-aware and ignorant" have become a powerful force to stimulate and push people to pursue true knowledge and criticize falsehood and hypocrisy.
Aristotle also believes that the highest ontology of existence is God and goodness, and his statement also comes from Socrates. The concept of God has always been the origin and destination of Greek philosophy. Greek philosophy constantly changes and purifies people's original concept of God in its development, and the two aspects are interactive. As one of the most original philosophers, Socrates learned the wisdom and strength of his philosophical reform from the fear of God. He regarded himself as a gift from God to the Athenians, a gadfly, and an angel who shouldered God's mission to help others be kind and love wisdom. This is his awe of God and his love for people. Only by connecting with his view of God can we understand the profound meaning of his proposition of "self-knowledge and ignorance". Socrates' death is a far-reaching event in the history of western culture, like a fable and a mystery. He planned his own way of death, sentenced himself to death in the name of legal justice with a huge trial, condensed the embers of his life into a mystery of death, and left a humanistic "Goldbach conjecture" to future generations. Socrates seems to be defending himself, but he intends to seek truth in death. His death seems to be a conspiracy between morality and law.
Socrates is called Confucius in the west, because they all started a new era, which was not realized by military or political forces, but through rationality, they thoroughly understood human life, thus guiding a new attitude towards life. Athens did not regain its glory because Socrates was executed, and the mental journey of those judges after the trial was not recorded in writing. I think many of them can't face and convince their conscience, and their souls will be shrouded in the lonely and tenacious figure of the old man. Socrates went to see his God. Only God knows which way is better. Thousands of walkers have gone further and further, but no one can erase this illusory name-Socrates from their hearts.
Socrates is a saint and martyr of philosophy. So far, no philosopher has been so obsessed with living a just life. He makes a person's life full of vitality. From his life experience, we can get enlightenment and realize that life will always face all kinds of encounters, and there will be complacency and frustration, even if it is unfair, we should accept it frankly. More importantly, people living in the world should shift their focus from the outside to the inside. Socrates had a large number of fanatical admirers and fierce opponents before and after his death. As a great philosopher, he left no works in his life, but his influence was enormous. He injected a tonic into Greek philosophy, which aroused extremely turbulent waves, and the aftermath even extended to this day.
Socrates' legal consciousness is really worth touching. He once read some books by British scholar Hart. He divided the motives for obeying the law into two types. One is to accept and uphold the law voluntarily, and take legal rules as the guidance of one's behavior. The other is through observation or practice that if you don't obey the law, you may be punished, so you are forced to obey the law. Obviously, people who hold the former motivation are firmly law-abiding, and they will overcome difficulties or temptations, even if they pay a huge price. The person who holds the latter motive, if the illegal benefits he can get now far outweigh the punishment he may suffer in the future, he will risk breaking the law.
We can easily find that most China people's law-abiding motives belong to the second category. In this case, we don't need to blame the low quality of China people, because it is caused by our traditional legal culture and history. In ancient Chinese legal culture, the law has no authority, but the person in charge of the law has authority. People never dare to naively think that as long as they obey the law, they will be safe all their lives. Therefore, in the eyes of the people in China, it is impossible for the law to become their code of conduct, and it is also impossible to form the first law-abiding motive that Hart said. Many legal psychology of China people can be explained by this. For example, China people think that the law does not blame the public. The implication is that if many people break the law, I will certainly not be punished if I do it, but he doesn't think that he is wrong to break the law. China people don't regard obeying the law as a very glorious and noble thing. On the contrary, they think it is wise to take advantage of loopholes in the law. In case of litigation, some people will seek the help of judges through personal relationships, hoping to win a favorable judgment, instead of pinning their fate on the justice of the law. Therefore, "abiding by the law" is put forward as the most basic moral standard of China citizens today, so that the rule of law and the rule of virtue can penetrate each other and complement each other, and enhancing the people's awareness of abiding by the law will be more conducive to the organic combination of governing the country according to law and governing the country by virtue.
With the gradual establishment of China's market economy system and the deepening of opening to the outside world brought about by China's accession to the WTO, China's legal system is becoming more and more sound, citizens' legal awareness is increasing, the market economy is an economy ruled by law, and the concept that foreign exchanges need to follow the principle of the rule of law is more and more deeply rooted in people's hearts. In such a social environment, we should seize the opportunity and make obeying the law become the basic moral standard of people's social life through a series of down-to-earth work.
Two Socrates
One: Socrates, a famous ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in a family of masons and sculptors not far from Athens, and studied with his father since childhood. Later, he became a soldier and participated in the war three times. Socrates became famous around the age of 40 and attended a meeting of 500 people. Around 399 BC, Socrates was sentenced to death for "disrespecting the gods worshipped by the state and propagating other new gods to corrupt young people". During his imprisonment, his friends bribed the jailer to persuade him to escape, but he was determined to abide by the laws of the country and refused to escape. Later, he took poison in prison and died at the age of 7O.
Socrates did not leave any written works in his life, but his influence was very great. Socrates' theory is mysterious. He thinks that the existence and destruction of things in heaven and earth are specially arranged by God, so it is blasphemous to study nature, so he concentrates on moral issues.
Socrates advocated the theory of "the unity of knowledge and action". He believes that correct behavior comes from correct thoughts, and virtue is based on knowledge and comes from knowledge. Without knowledge, it is impossible to be good and there will be no real happiness. In his view, self-knowledge starting from doubting one's own knowledge is the source of knowing virtue. He often likes to say "I know I don't know anything". However, while affirming rational knowledge, he denied the role of perceptual knowledge. Socrates has his own new way of learning knowledge. He asked the other party to correct and give up the original wrong ideas through questions and answers, helping him to produce new ideas. He is good at abstracting universal things from individual things. His dialectical method of proving truth is concrete and relative, which has a great influence on the history of European thought. Politically, Socrates advocates that all walks of life and even state power should be managed by trained, knowledgeable and talented people, and opposes the democracy implemented by the lottery election law.
Two: Socrates (Brazil)
Socrates is an anomaly in Brazilian football because he is not as young and famous as Pele. More importantly, although he is remembered by the world for his football, he never admits that he is a professional player.
Soccer doctor Socrates
It takes years to build a big ship-great ideas mature late.
1February, 954 19, Socrates was born in Perandi, the capital of Pará state in northwest Brazil. It is said that Socrates has the same name as the philosopher Socrates because his father happened to be reading the classic political science masterpiece The Republic when he was born, so his father named his son Socrates.
From doctor to star.
Socrates was a late bloomer. Before 1976 joined Corinti Ann, he was only a 22-year-old student in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of S? o Paulo. However, when he became a professional player, he quickly showed his football talent. During his six years in Corinti, Socrates helped the team win the state league championship three times and was regarded as the most beloved player in the history of the club. Because Socrates is a doctor by profession, everyone calls him Dr. Socrates or Dr. Socrates, because doctor and doctor are the same word. At the age of 25, Socrates was selected for the Brazilian national team.
Heel passing is a must.