The deeds of Song Jiang and others quickly evolved into folklore. At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Gong Kai recorded the names and posthumous title of 36 people in Thirty-six Praises of Sung River, and said in the preface: "The story of Sung River was seen in the street talk, which is not enough." So at that time, a folk rumor about the story of Song Jiang was already very prosperous. Secondly, the 36 people recorded by Gong Kai may be inconsistent with the actual figures in history. In the Notes of Drunken Weng written by people at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, there have been such names as Shi Sunli, the green-faced beast, the flower monk and the samurai, which is obviously an independent water margin story. There is also a part of "The Legacy of Xuanhe" that involves the story of the Water Margin. Starting with Yang Zhi's escort of Hua Shigang and Yang Zhi's selling of knives, he told the stories in turn, such as Classical grabbing the birth outline, Song Jiang's private release of Classical, Song Jiang's killing of Yan Poxi, Song Jiang's nine-day visit to the Xuan Nv Temple, the rebellion of 36 generals, Zhang Shuye's surrender, and Song Jiangfang's wax seal. Although it looks like a short outline, it has a systematic plot. There are also a considerable number of Water Margin plays in Yuan Zaju. There are 33 scripts and 6 scripts in the story of Water Margin, among which Li Kui, Song Jiang and Yan Qing are quite vivid. In short, since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the story of the Water Margin, with speeches and dramas as the main forms, has been more and more loved by the people, which obviously caters to the psychology and hobbies of ordinary people. Although these stories are independent, they are internally related. On this basis, the author of Water Margin created an excellent novel.
However, there are different opinions about why the Water Margin was written by people. This book was first recorded in the description, and it was written by an aristocratic scholar in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. It says:
"One hundred volumes of Loyalty and Water Margin, Qiantang Shi Naian Edition, edited by Luo Guanzhong." At the same time, Lang Ying's "Seven Manuscripts" said: "The Three Kingdoms and Sung River were compiled by Hangzhou people in Robben's reward. Give meaning to the old, there must be books, so it is called compilation. " Song Jiang is also the book of Shi Naian in Qiantang. These two statements are actually similar. Later, Tian Rucheng's Notes on Visiting the West Lake and Wang Qi's Historical Records were both recorded as Luo Guanzhong's works. Hu Yinglin, a man in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, said that the book "Collected Pen in Shaoshi Mountain" was written by Shi Naian, a Wulin (Hangzhou) man. According to these records, it can be roughly judged that this book was first synthesized by Luo Guanzhong with stories about the water margin in words and plays, so it was called "compilation"; Later, Shi Naian developed and improved this notebook. Roche has more than one original notebook, and Shi Naian's notebook is the best, so it is called "original". As for Hu Yinglin's statement that Luo Guanzhong is a master (see "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection"), it is because he saw the block print that he guessed that the name of history was listed in the front.
Shi Naian life is unknown, only known as a native in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, once lived in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Since the 1920s, some information about Shi's life has been found in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province, which gives a detailed description of his life, but there are also many doubts. The Water Margin and Shi Naian were written about twenty or thirty years later than The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
The version of Water Margin is very complicated. It can be roughly divided into two systems: simplified version and complex version: simplified version has simple words and few description details; Many books are detailed, vivid and literary. Researchers have different views on the sequence of these two systems, but now they think that most of them are complex, and we also hold this opinion. In other words, the so-called "abridged version" is actually an abridged version. Among many versions, the earliest known version is 100 volume (immediately 100 times). In addition, during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, one hundred copies of Hou Guoxun's engraving in Wuding were also earlier editions, but they were revised. The most obvious is that the name "Dakou" that Chai Jin saw on the imperial screen of the Forbidden City in the seventy-second session was changed from Song Jiang, Wang Qing, tian hu and Fang La to Song Jiang, Liao Guo and Fang La. This book has been lost in China, and there is a Ming edition of Boundless Meeting in Japan. Judging from the characteristics of its version, it is a printed version that completely retains the face of Guo Ben. As for the relatively complete existing early Baihui edition, there is the Preface to Tian Tian (the preface is written in Wanli Ugly, namely 1589). Shen Defu's Wan Li Ye Bian is said to have been handed down from Guo Xun's family. Previous researchers thought it was a reprint of the National Book, but it was not. Its original version may be an unmodified early book hidden by Guo Xun's family. After the Baihui Book was gathered in Liangshan, there was only a story about Fang La, a peaceful Liao Dynasty, but no story about tian hu and Wang Qing. There are also 120 copies in the complex edition, which were carved by Yuan according to the books provided by Yang, but the story of Ping He and Wang Qing, which is not available in the complex edition system but only in the simplified edition system, was added and modified. So the title of the book is called "The Complete Biography of Loyalty and Righteousness". In the past, it was thought that this kind of book was carved in the years of Apocalypse and Chongzhen. In fact, Yuan Xiaoxiu mentioned it in "The Book of Persimmons in Youju", and its publication date should be 42 years before Wanli (16 14). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Jin Shengtan cut off the part of many editions of Water Margin after the gathering of righteousness by Liang Shan, changed the first one into a wedge shape and turned it into seventy, posing as an "ancient edition". Because it retains the most wonderful part of the original and the text has been improved, it has become the most popular version. There are also many kinds of water margin in the simplified system, which are only used as research materials now. At present, the earlier books are Water Margin and Forest Review written by Yu Xiangdou in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty.
(1) See Zhang's "Guo Xunben and Yuan Infinitely on the Water Margin", in the third issue of Fudan Journal (1991); Wang Qili's Li Zhuowu's Comments on Guo Xun's Discovery of Loyalty and Water Margin, Journal of Hebei Normal University, No.3, 1994.
The ideological tendency of Water Margin [regression]
The Water Margin is usually evaluated as a novel that positively reflects and praises the peasant uprising. Of course, some of the basic purposes of Liang Shanbo described in the novel are indeed the same as those put forward by the peasant uprising in history, but on the other hand, it should be noted that the characters and stories in Water Margin are basically artistic fiction. It can be said that apart from the name "Song Jiang" and the framework of anti-government armed activities, it has little to do with the Song Jiang Uprising in history. The basis of this novel is mainly the "talk" of street literature and art. In the process of its popularity, it is first restricted by the interest of the citizens. The authors of the novel, Luo Guanzhong and Shi Naian, also lived in Hangzhou, the most prosperous city in the southeast at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and their treatment did not change the original street nature of the Water Margin story. Therefore, Liangshan heroes are composed of "Di Zi's grandson, rich generals and collectors, unscrupulous people, and even Orion fishermen, butchers and executioners", but there are almost no real farmers; The personality of Liangshan heroes more embodies the citizens' yearning for life. First of all, we should pay attention to these basic characteristics.
From the perspective of feudal rulers, Liangshan heroes can only be regarded as "thieves". If the novel wants to publicly praise such "thieves and robbers" and be accepted or even loved by the society, it must first put forward an explanation for their behavior that conforms to the traditional concept of society at least to some extent (even if this explanation is not complete and sufficient), give these protagonists a moral quality generally recognized by society, and describe their resistance struggle under this premise. The slogan written on the apricot yellow flag in Liangshan Park and the principle of "loyalty" advertised on the plaque of Liangshan Council Hall are the moral premise established by the author for Liangshan cause.
Under normal circumstances, the supreme will "heaven" above human power is always interpreted as protecting the court; Tao, as the abstract sum of reasonable political principles and moral principles, is also exclusive to the ruling class. On the other hand, China's cultural tradition has always admitted that when there are serious problems in the political situation of an era, the behavior of the regime itself may also be "contrary to heaven". In this case, another force "acts for heaven", at least in theory. The Water Margin reveals a large number of universal dark phenomena in politics at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, which proves the necessity and rationality of Liangshan hero's "doing justice for heaven".
"Loyalty and righteousness" is the basic moral principle of Liangshan hero's action. As a complete concept, it belongs to the category of traditional morality. In particular, "loyalty" is first manifested as loyalty to the emperor and the court, and even the armed resistance of the Liangshan Rebel Army to attack the city and plunder the land is interpreted as "loyalty"-"All cruel officials and corrupt officials have been killed, and loyalty is returned to the Zhao regime." In fact, there are many people in Liangshan who do not advocate "loyalty". Like Li Kui jy, the black whirlwind, he often shouts "Kill Tokyo and take the bird seat". However, this kind of power has been suppressed by the main "loyal minister" power represented by Song Jiang, which eventually led to the submission of Liangshan army to the imperial court. The moral creed of "loyalty" is not only a boundary that the author can't cross, but also a guarantee for the establishment and spread of this novel in feudal times.
The premise of "doing justice for heaven" and "loyalty" casts a layer of moral justice accepted by society on Water Margin. On this premise, it does contain many things that are consistent with orthodox ideas, including the court's "loyalty" to the emperor, such as demanding political clarity, and the hatred of "adulterers and adulterers." However, the Water Margin has not lost its luster. Its premise is actually quite vague, sometimes true and sometimes false. Under these premises, it also contains many things that are completely inconsistent with orthodoxy. The novel not only profoundly reflects the social reality, but also reflects the people's energetic life ideals, especially in the street society.
This novel, which is based on the society in the late Northern Song Dynasty, reveals the phenomenon of social darkness, which is of universal significance in the feudal autocratic era. The first official figure in the novel is Gao Qiu, a street scoundrel who is deeply loved by the emperor because he is good at playing football. In less than half a year, he rose to the high position of the palace Qiu. From then on, he tried to be brave with his "official's son" and did all kinds of evil. At the beginning of the text of the book, this writing implies "making things from above". Not only that, as a panoramic description of the society, at the top of the political power, there are a number of senior officials such as Gao Qiu, Cai Jing, Tong Guan and Yang Jian who have ruined the country and the people; In the central government, there are a large number of corrupt and tyrannical local officials, such as Cai Jiu, Murong, He Taishou, who are protected by the central government. Under this, there are Zheng Tu, Ximen Qing, Jiang Menshen, squire and other bullies who are bullying and dominating the city. Such extensive exposure of the dark side of society first appeared with the birth of novels.
Under the banner of "doing justice for heaven", the author enthusiastically affirmed and praised the resistance and revenge of the oppressed. Liangshan heroes do not "do justice for heaven" simply for the sake of justice. Most of them are victims of "no way" in society. Song Wu wanted to avenge his brother, but he sued him, so he took revenge. After being framed by Zhang Dujian, his blood spilled on the mandarin duck building. Lin Chong forbeared and despaired again and again in his predicament. He finally got revenge in the mountain temple and went to Liangshan on a snowy night. Jie Zhen and Gerber were sent to death row by the bully Mao Taigong in order to get back a tiger they shot, which triggered people in Gu Dasao to escape from Dengzhou. Although Li Kui jy was constantly reprimanded by his "brother" Song Jiang, the author made him repeatedly send out the roar of completely overthrowing the imperial court. It can be said that the people's right of resistance and revenge has never been forcibly extended as in Water Margin.
The full name of Water Margin is Loyalty Water Margin, and the other name is Legend of Heroes (engraved with the Romance of the Three Kingdoms). For ordinary readers, it is the heroic temperament in the novel that attracts them most. After all, everyday life is mediocre. In the face of powerful evil forces, it is the choice of ordinary people to submit to humiliation and avoid the heavy. But people don't want this. Liangshan hero is another kind of figure, an idealized figure in legend. They are brave, resourceful or powerful, open-minded, aboveboard and aggressive, which is their characteristic. Like Lu, "Zen sticks open dangerous roads, and Buddhist monks kill all unjust people"; Song Wu declared: "I've always wanted to fight tough guys who don't understand morality. If I see that the road is rugged, it is really a knife and a gun, not afraid of death! " It was really heroic and exciting. It is a plot that has nothing to do with social contradictions, such as the black whirlwind fighting white stripes in the waves, the flower monk pulling the weeping willow, and the Song Wu Jingyang gang killing the tiger. Similarly, due to the unrestrained personality, strength and emotion of the protagonist, it gives people a feeling of vitality and relaxation. In the filthy real world, these legendary heroes give readers great psychological satisfaction.
While flaunting loyalty, Water Margin affirmed the power of money, praised an ideal of free life based on full material enjoyment, and showed a strong market consciousness. Classical, Song Jiang, Lu Junyi and Chai Jin, such cohesive and appealing figures in novels mainly rely on their wealth and their ability to "help others". In the traditional Confucian creed of "respecting righteousness and benefit", "righteousness" and "benefit" are often regarded as opposites; In Liangshan, "righteousness" is realized through "wealth". Without wealth, the cohesion of Song Jiang and others in the group cannot exist. Behind the "righteousness", the author wrote the power of matter intentionally or unintentionally. The motivation of many heroes to go to Liangshan is also related to material enjoyment. For example, in order to "make everyone happy all their lives", Wu Yong advised the Ruan family to join the rebellion. "Eating meat in a big bowl and drinking in a big bowl, and distributing gold and silver in a big bowl" is almost the mantra of Liangshan heroes. Of course, this can not only be understood as the satisfaction of appetite, but the author undoubtedly realizes that a free and happy life is first directly manifested in the full possession of material.
The description of Liangshan, a fictional small society, in Water Margin also reveals obvious civic consciousness. Liangshan Juyi seating, the author enthusiastically praised:
Eight directions * * * domain, different surnames. Heaven and earth show the essence of evil, and the humanistic environment blends with the beauty of Ling Jie. Meet each other in the morning and evening, and one inch of heart can be the same. Appearance and language, north and south are different; There is no difference between sincerity and loyalty. His people include Di Zi's grandson, rich generals and officials, unscrupulous people, hunters and fishermen, as well as Toure and executioners, all of whom are brothers regardless of rank; And there are brothers and sisters, couples, uncles and uncles, and masters and servants, all of whom have the same feast and joy, regardless of relatives and friends. Or elves, or rough brine, or country parks, or romantic, why not, really understand sexual cohabitation; Or a pen, or a Mercedes-Benz, or an affair, each has his own strengths, and there are really a lot of talents.
This utopian social picture is obviously different from the social ideal of farmers and the political organization of peasant uprising. The composition of people here is complex, and their occupations are varied. Even cheating can be used as a skill to make a living. Society is open and full of vitality. There is no distinction between old and young, no distinction between honor and inferiority, no patriarchal consciousness in agricultural society, and no hierarchy that cannot exist in actual peasant uprising organizations. Although this society itself is fictional, behind it, there are changes in the concept of equality and moral consciousness formed in the commercial economy. From the urban scenes, business activities and respect for businessmen described in the novel, we can see that the author's ideal has its realistic foundation.
It is also worth paying attention to: the novel repeatedly shows the hatred of the "big headscarf"-a narrow and hypocritical Confucian. This is not only related to the author's talented person's Jianghu experience, but also reflects the antipathy of civil society to the traditional morality that inhibits human desires and distorts human nature. The "big headscarf" became the general name of hypocrisy in the Ming Dynasty, and the main reason why progressive literati like Li Zhi attacked such figures was that they were narrow-minded and did not match their words and deeds.
The Artistic Achievement [Return] of Water Margin
Outlaws of the Marsh and Romance of the Three Kingdoms are China's earliest novels, but their languages are different. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a mixed language because of historical data. Although the Water Margin relies on historical facts, the plot of the characters is almost entirely out of creation, using pure white words. Although vernacular Chinese began to be used in variant characters and regular script in Tang Dynasty, it is still mixed with vernacular Chinese, which is rough and simple. Some good works in Yuan dialect books have made obvious progress in the use of vernacular Chinese, but their achievements and influence are still limited. The Water Margin is a milestone in China's vernacular literature. Although the previous classical Chinese novels can be beautifully and elegantly written, after all, they are divorced from spoken and written language, and it is always difficult to achieve the words "vivid and vivid". The author of "Water Margin" has a high cultural accomplishment, is fluent in vernacular Chinese, portrays characters and describes various scenes, which is extremely vivid. Especially when writing dialogues between characters, we should listen to their voices like listening to people, and the effect is impossible to achieve in classical Chinese. Outlaws of the Marsh has completely established the advantages of vernacular Chinese in novel creation, which has far-reaching significance in the whole history of China literature.
The Water Margin is mainly formed on the basis of folk stories and opera stories. It organizes many originally independent stories through transformation, which not only has a complete long framework (especially for Liangshan Juyi), but also retains a number of units that still have independent significance, which can be said to be a series structure of "plates". From the perspective of the structural art of the novel, this is of course immature, but from the perspective of shaping the characters, it also has its convenience. Some of the most important figures, in the case of overlapping, occupied several consecutive pages and concentrated on describing their personality characteristics, which was very impressive. Later, some folk storytellers specifically talked about Song Jiang, Shi Xiu, Song Wu and others, and it was this feature of the Water Margin that was brought into play.
The most commendable thing about Water Margin is undoubtedly the characterization. With his extensive understanding of social life, profound life experience, rich and active artistic imagination, and the advantages of language and structure mentioned above, the author has made unprecedented achievements in this respect. One of the characteristics of Water Margin is that there are many characters with different identities and experiences, thus showing different personalities. Jin Shengtan said that "people have their own temperament, people have their own temperament, people have their own shapes, and people have their own voices" (preface 3 of The Fifth Talented Man's Book Shi Naian Water Margin), which is somewhat exaggerated, but as far as dozens of main characters are concerned, it is well deserved. This is not easy in novels.
His bravery and generosity, Lu's hatred and evil, his violence, jy's innocence, arrogance and recklessness, and Lin's integrity are all vivid and unforgettable. As the first person in Liangshan, Song Jiang is conceptualized in some places because the author puts conflicting Jianghu morality and orthodox morality on him. But through some unsuccessful pen and ink, this character still has its distinctive characteristics: low social status, ambitious, difficult to succeed in the normal track of studying and being an official, and finally become a savage hero. Many leaders of some rebel forces in history belong to this type.
The heroes written in Water Margin all have strong personality tendencies, distinctive personality characteristics, less complexity and great changes before and after, but this cannot be simply described as "shortcomings". Because the Water Margin itself is a legendary novel, and the characters are all idealized characters, this kind of novel is suitable for depicting these characters with strong colors and showing their extraordinary temperament, so as to strongly impress readers and gain a kind of spiritual encouragement. And it should be pointed out that:
Although these heroes are simple in character, they are not simple and rude. Like Li Kui jy, the author often writes from the opposite side, depicting his simplicity through what seems to be "cunning". Another example is Lu, who is grumpy, but he often shows tact at critical moments. Moreover, the author can often combine the legendary figures with the details full of life very well. In other words, these heroes are unlikely to be seen in daily life, but they are reasonable, true and credible in the specific environment of the novel. Therefore, their images are full of flesh and blood and full of vitality. Some characters have changed before and after, the most prominent one is Lin Chong. When he first made his debut, he was very cautious because he cared about his family, and took a forbearing and compromising attitude towards the persecution of Gao Qiu and his son. But at that time, his heroic nature had been revealed, and only restraint was imposed. Once the last straw came, his anger erupted like a volcano and he could never see a trace of weakness again.
Many unimportant characters and villains in the novel, although not much ink, are quite wonderful. Like a passage that Gao Qiu made his fortune, he wrote that he was docile and clever to powerful people when he was unsuccessful, and he was good at pandering; Once you succeed, publish personal vendetta and bully your subordinates, you will be arrogant and fierce. This slightly comic depiction has a strong sense of reality. There is also Niu Er, who sells knives and is known by Yang Zhi. That rascal smell is really strong at home. Pan Jinlian is a successful woman in the novel. Although the author lacks sympathy for her out of the old moral concept, from the observation of life, the author still vividly describes this woman who came from humble origins, was bullied in her unfortunate life and pursued personal happiness by evil means. Later, "Jin Ping Mei" used her as the protagonist. Of course, it made great progress, but after all, it also made use of the foundation of the Water Margin.
Shuihu inherited the tradition of folk speaking and attached great importance to the vivid twists and turns of the story. It seldom depicts the environment, the appearance and psychology of the characters, but always depicts the characters' character through their actions in the development of the plot. These plots usually contain fierce conflicts, with occasional effects and thrilling scenes, ups and downs and legendary changes. This combination of extraordinary characters and extraordinary stories makes the whole novel full of tension and fascinating. But after the seventy-first Liangshan Juyi, the plot became loose and rambling, and most characters lost their original colors. Because the actions of Liangshan heroes after this completely violated their original character and life orientation, the protagonist was surrendered and headed for the road of failure, and it was impossible to write well without a deep sense of tragedy. Jin Shengtan did have his artistic vision when he cut the Water Margin to the seventy-first time in the original work.
Book review [return]
Golden Rooster [Return] Another Book. After reading it, I had a rest. Water Margin is unique, but I can't get tired of reading it. Nothing more than writing 108 for him. The Water Margin wrote 108 characters, which is really 108. If you don't write a book and ask him to write 1000 people, it's the same, then only two people write it, it's the same. -Jin Shengtan, a famous novel theorist in Qing Dynasty
The influence of Water Margin has gone far beyond the scope of literature and singing. According to records, robbers and rebels in past dynasties like to borrow the nickname of the hero in Water Margin. The guerrilla tactics of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants in the 20th century were also inspired by the Water Margin. This is surprising. -Japanese sinologist Kimura hero
The Water Margin is an unprecedented masterpiece of China's novels ... It sends a strong * * * sound to the defenceless and helpless people. -Japanese sinologist Takeshi Kuraishi
The Water Margin is a monument of China literature in the14th century. This novel, which is a gallery with rich images, is the first time to reflect the peasants' uprising against the autocratic oppression of landlords in the Middle Ages in the form of realism. -encyclopedia of the Soviet union
In the past 500 years, the most widely circulated, influential and far-reaching books are not four books and five classics, nor rational quotations, but several vernacular novels, among which Water Margin is one of the wonderful works, which is authentic in China literature. -Hu Shi
Rereading the Water Margin [Return] Text: Li Musheng
Some books can be read, read and never tire of reading, such as Water Margin. This is an altar of wine, which has filled the blocks of the world from the Ming Dynasty to today. No wonder Jin Shengtan said: "The joy of the world begins with reading; The first pleasure of reading is reading Water Margin. "Gently, gently open, there will be lightning, it will be very shocking.
Peace and official dignity
"Wedge" wrote that it was "the time when the world was at peace and there was nothing on all sides" when Hong Taiwei mistakenly walked away from the 36-day plough and the 72-day demon. This "Taiping" is probably the beginning of chaos in the world, and Taiping is hatching the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
How did the word "chaos" hatch from "peace"? Because of the official word "expensive". At the beginning of Water Margin, the official's "ghost" spectrum is vividly painted. Entrusted by the imperial court, Hong Taiwei asked Zhang Tianshi to pray for the plague. As soon as he walked "three or two miles", his feet were sore and his legs were weak. He complained, "I am a noble person in the imperial court. When I was in Beijing, I lay in the shade and ate in rows, but I was still very tired. How did I suffer so much! " Officials are expensive and people are cheap. Why are officials so important? Officials are arrogant and powerful, officials respect and powerful, officials are rich and powerful, officials are extravagant and powerful, and officials are hegemonic. Officials are arrogant and domineering, respecting the rich and bullying the weak. How can the people not be in hot water and be cattle and horses? The more expensive the official is, the lower the people are, and the extremes will be reversed. If Taiji doesn't come, the boat will capsize, and singing and dancing will be the prelude to the funeral. Fan Zhongyan, a minister in the same dynasty as Hong Taiwei, turned this famous saying upside down, which seems to be a true portrayal of officials under the authoritarian system: "The joy of the world first, the worry of the world later."
Buddha nature
Buddha, whether as a philosophy or as a belief, can not be separated from the word "compassion". Looking back at the water margin, I feel that there is Buddha's nature on the 800-mile water margin. Who seems to be a hero who kills, drinks and eats meat, but who is not a person who has tasted the sufferings of the world and has feelings for the weak, the poor and the good? Who doesn't appreciate each other, a person who has been at odds all his life? Who can say that there is no consistent human affection except class affection and national affection? Isn't the spirit of sacrifice contained in the loyalty of Liangshan heroes noble and broad?
Lu is a particularly prominent figure in Liangshan, a Buddhist holy land in Shui Bo.
He saved Jin Cuilian, a poor woman who lives in a different place, and Mr. Zhao's daughter. For the humiliation of his friend Lin Chong's wife, he wanted to defeat the powerful Gao Yanei with 300 mord. Don't repay at all, don't want to repay at all, and don't even care about the gains and losses of life. Just "eat when you are in trouble, do it when you are in trouble, help when you are weak, and fight hard" (Jin Shengtan). His kindness to Lin Chong is particularly memorable. In the wild pig forest, after Lin Chong was rescued from the fire and water of Xue Ba, Lu Da said something to Lin Chong, which made people burst into tears-"Brother, since I said goodbye to you the day I bought the knife, I have been worried about you ... when I saw the bartender invite two workers ... I became suspicious of Lin Chong, and I couldn't let you go ... and I came to see this fellow." Lin Chong asked him where he was going today, and Lu Da replied, "My family won't let you go, so I'll send my brother straight to Cangzhou." One "cares about your suffering", and three "can't let you go" one after another, and their feelings are like waterfalls, breaking the ground.
Beyond a hundred singles and eight generals.
In such a society, both good people and talented people submit to the mean people and mediocre people, and there is no way to serve the country and live. Suddenly there is an 800-mile pool where you can hide the dragon and crouch tiger, and suddenly there is a "timely rain" that knows how to be warm and cold, and pity talents. How can you not attract heroes all over the world? It's really gratifying to see more and more heroes gathering. After having fun and applauding, sometimes I will calm Shui Bo down and touch him for a long time. After all, 800 miles of water is a little less, and 100 people are a little less. Why should it be limited to 100 people? Isn't the more the better? Later, the romantic escape of the protagonist was of course the main reason, and the restriction of 108 people was also an important reason for the tragic ending.
In the sixty-sixth chapter, there are a few lines of idle pen, but we can't take them for granted. A hero named Han Bolong volunteered to go to Liangshan and let Dryland suddenly introduce Zhu Gui to Song Jiang. The book says, "Because Song Gongming has a back sore, he is too busy and not so idle in the village." When starting a business, I hope that the hero will look at Yun Ni like a drought seedling, stuttering and finding fault with the "timely rain". Once it is formed, Mazhuang will be stronger than Ma Zhuang, and it will gradually be too busy to "meet" the new brothers who have come to defect. This is really creepy! More sadly, this hero who came to Liangshan not only didn't see the "Gong Ming Brothers", but was beheaded by Li Kui jy with an axe.
Not to mention how many heroes Shui Bo Liangshan lost-Wang Jin appeared and disappeared; Luan Yuting, a hero with the same martial arts as Sun Li, was killed in the battle of Sanda Zhujiazhuang; Monks who were skilled in Song Wu were cut off by Zhang Qing and Sun Erniang in the vegetable garden, leaving only monk knives made of snowflake wrought iron, which often roared in the middle of the night. ...
A Dream of Red Mansions and Water Margin are two unprecedented peaks in the history of China literature. One is that beautiful women flock together, and their children will be immersed in love forever; One is a hero like a cloud, full of heroic atmosphere. Only a dream of red mansions can have twelve women in Jinling, twelve women in Jinling make up, and twelve women in Jinling make up. Why can't there be another 100 single eight generals and another 100 single eight generals in water margin?
So, boo-boo is boo-boo. It's not much better to really make them emperors. A decadent system, anyone who enters it can only be a "ghost against the wall" and return to the position of deceiving, squeezing, fearing, opposing, even insulting and killing the people in a 360-degree cycle. Hong Xiuquan and his descendants are irrefutable evidence.