(2) Cao Cao is an outstanding military strategist.
First of all, Cao Cao is good at controlling generals; for example, in the 19th year of Jian'an (214), Cao Cao attacked Sun Quan eastward and retreated, leaving three generals Zhang Liao, Le Jin, and Li Dian and the guard Xue Ti to guard Hefei. The following year, before Cao Yu sent his army to attack Zhang Lu in the west, he sent someone to send an edict to Xue Ti. The cover said: "Thieves will be punished when they arrive." Soon, Sun Quan personally led an army of 100,000 to attack Hefei. Xue Ti and others sent a letter to ask for advice, saying: "If Sun Quan arrives, Generals Zhang and Li will go out to fight, General Le will guard, and the defending troops will not be able to fight." At this time, the total number of Hefei garrison troops was only over 7,000. The enemy is outnumbered and we are outnumbered. The generals will be confused as to whether it is a good idea to divide our forces to fight. Zhang Liao said: "The Duke is out on an expedition, and I am trying to rescue him. He will defeat me. I will use my teachings to counterattack him and break his momentum, so as to calm the hearts of the people, and then we can defend. The chance of success or failure lies here." After a battle, you have no doubts!" ??Li Dian immediately agreed upon hearing this. So Liao and Pawn Night recruited 800 people who dared to follow, and killed cattle to reward them. At dawn the next day, Liao, armed with a halberd, climbed into the formation first, killed dozens of people, beheaded two generals, shouted his name, and rushed straight to Sun Quan's command. Seeing the ferocious force coming from Liao, Quan was greatly frightened, and his left and right were also at a loss, so he had no choice but to climb up the high tomb and defend himself with his long halberd. Liao called Quan to fight, but Quan did not dare to move. Seeing that Liao's generals had few soldiers, they gathered a large number of people to surround Liao. Liao repeatedly broke through the encirclement, and all the powerful men and horses were invincible. No one dared to take the lead. From the early fighting to the middle of the day, the Wu people lost their strength. Liao and others then returned to repair the garrison, and everyone felt at ease. After this battle, Quan's army suddenly lost its vigor and defended Hefei for more than ten days before withdrawing. After the masses have gone, Quan and several generals will still stay in Xiaoyao Jinbei. When Zhang Liao saw him from high up, he led his troops to capture Quan. He fought Gan Ning, Lu Meng, Ling Tong and others to the death. Quan Shi fled on his horse and was almost captured alive. Historians praised Cao Cao's teachings quite a lot. Hu Sansheng believed that Cao Cao used "Liao and Dian to be brave and sharp to make them fight; he was happy to advance and prudent to make them defend." Sun Sheng believed that Cao Cao's original intention was to combine bravery and timidity. ". I think: Zhang Liao is extremely brave in battle, and Le Jin is also famous for his "heroic spirit". He is often the first to get into the battle, "break through the enemy with strong force, and fall without any difficulty." It would be inappropriate to describe Le Jin as a "timid" person or a person who can only be "prudent". Cao Cao's original intention was that when Sun Quan came, he would rely on his large number of troops, and the defenders of Hefei were few, so he would be arrogant and underestimated the enemy. They can take advantage of this to launch a sudden and lightning-fast attack. That is, as Zhang Liao said, "If it is not combined, it will lose its prosperity", that's all. It is important to cover up troops quickly and cover up their unpreparedness. It is extremely clever to know how to predict the enemy.
Since Sun Quan often invaded Hefei, some governors of Cao Wei states close to Hefei also led troops to garrison here. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Cao ordered Pei Qian, the governor of Yanzhou, who was garrisoned in Hefei, and others to prepare for the march. Because there was no military atmosphere in Hefei at this time, Pei Qian and others did not act quickly. Wen Hui, the governor of Yangzhou, secretly said to Pei Qian: "This must be Xiangyang's urgent need to go there. Therefore, those who are not in a hurry do not want to alarm the people at a distance. In a day or two, there will be a secret letter urging you to advance, and Zhang Liao and others will He will be summoned. Liao and others will know the king's intention quickly, and the later summons will come first. You will be responsible for it!" So Pei Qian quickly prepared for a quick march. Sure enough, I soon received the order to march quickly. Then Zhang Liao and others also received the edict. It shows that Cao has strict restraints on the generals, and there is no room for any heedlessness or slow action.
It can be seen from the above that Cao Cao is good at using generals and has strict requirements for them, but he can get their support. Even Sun Quan said that Cao Zhi was "a rare imperial general since ancient times." It proves that Cao is good at guarding generals.
Cao Cao is also rich in strategy and resourcefulness, and he can often cope with it in terms of strategy and tactics. In battle, Cao Cao can often make improvised decisions based on the situation between the enemy and ourselves, and is ever-changing. As mentioned before.
In a series of battles against the poisonous peasant army, Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao, Ma Chao, Han Sui, etc., Cao Cao often used false pretense to attack the west, avoid the real situation, ambush, outflank, surprise attack, alienate, rob food, attack each other to save one, and abandon things. Lure the enemy and other methods to trick the enemy to win and turn weakness into strength. In terms of strategy, Cao Cao can concentrate the wisdom of his subordinates, choose what is good, and rarely make mistakes. For example, when Cao Cao and Lü Bu were fighting over Yanzhou, Tao Qian, the herdsman of Xuzhou, died of illness. Cao Cao wanted to take the opportunity to attack Xuzhou and then attack Lü Bu. Xun Yu dissuaded him. Cao Nai changed his mind and defeated Lu Bu with all his strength, pacifying Yanzhou. Then Xuzhou also surrendered. In the sixth year of Jian'an (201), that is, the year after the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao was unable to conquer Hebei due to lack of food. He wanted to attack Liu Biao because of Shaoxin. Xun Yu said: "Now that Shao has been defeated and its people are disloyal, it is better to take advantage of its difficulties and make a decision; and turn its back on Yan and Yu, and march far away from Jiang and Han. If Shao collects the remaining embers and takes the emptiness to get out of the rear, then the official business will be done. ". Cao followed it and finally pacified Jizhou.
It can be seen from the above that Xun Yu repeatedly corrected Cao Cao's misconceptions in strategic decision-making, thus playing a key role in Cao's success or failure. Other advisers such as Xun You and Guo Jia also had similar achievements and were praised by Cao Cao. This proves that Cao attaches great importance to strategic deployment and carefully discusses it with his colleagues in advance. His ability to adopt the correct strategies of others shows that his judgment is very strong.
When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao launched an army to attack Dong Zhuo, Shao asked Cao: "If things are not sorted out, what basis can we rely on?" Cao said, "What do you mean by this?" Shao said, "I am in the south. According to the river, the Yan and Dai are blocked in the north, and the Rong and Di are united, and the people of the south are fighting for the world. Can the common people help? " Cao Cao said: "I will use the wisdom of the world to control it, and I can do anything." Cao Cao said to others: "How can the kings of Tang and Wu be the same as Tu? If you rely on danger and solidity as your capital, you will not be able to change according to the opportunity." One of the main reasons why Cao Cao was able to defeat the enemy and win was because, as he himself said, "the intelligence of the world" was to give full play to the wisdom of his ministers and the fighting enthusiasm of his officers. As the saying goes, "a wise man does not care about his plans, but a group of men spares no effort".
No matter how well Cao Cao did in terms of strategy and tactics, it would not work if his army did not have strong combat effectiveness. Lu Bu's army is known as brave; Yuan Shao's army has the largest number of people. After many battles, they were all defeated by Cao Cao, which shows that Cao's army's combat effectiveness is very strong. The reason why Cao Cao's army has strong combat effectiveness is because Cao Cao has consistently adopted measures such as elite troops, streamlined administration, and emphasis on food production and transportation. Cao Cao once said: "The reason why I can always defeat the enemy with a small number of troops is to always think about adding more soldiers, but nothing happens. In the past, I encouraged people to walk, because soldiers love horses; if they don't like to have more officials, soldiers love food." also". Cao Cao said that during the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao had ten thousand armors and he only had twenty; Yuan Shao had three hundred horses and armors, and he didn't even have ten. Although Cao Zhijun had a small number of soldiers and poor equipment, Cao Zhijun led the troops, paid more attention to discipline, and had stricter rewards and punishments. As a result, Yuan Jun was defeated. Once during the march, Cao passed an order not to let horses trample the corn fields. Any violation will be beheaded. So the soldiers all dismounted and walked, for fear of trampling on the wheat. But the horse he was riding was so surprised that it trampled the wheat field. So Cao immediately drew his sword and cut off a bunch of his own hair as punishment. Although this was just for show, it also showed that Cao was serious about upholding the law in the army. In the early days of Cao Cao's army, he fought many defeats, but the army never collapsed. This was because Cao Cao managed the army strictly and could better cooperate and support the military in all aspects of politics and economy. Therefore, we can eventually turn danger into safety, and turn weakness into strength. Other warlords such as Yuan Shao were "lenient in guarding the army and did not establish laws"; Lu Bu was "courageous but reckless" and "cunning and repetitive"; Liu Biao was "not trained in military affairs" and only "defended the territory"; Yuan Shu was " "Extravagant and wanton", "no fine virtue". So Cao was able to defeat each of them in the end.
1. A major achievement of Cao Cao's poetry creation was to create a heyday for literati's "imitating Yuefu" poetry creation. Borrowing ancient inscriptions to write new things, such as "Xie Lu" and "Hao Li". The old Yuefu poems are all elegies, but Cao Cao used the tone of sadness and bitterness.
2. With a unique artistic style of sadness and majesty, his poems can especially express his personality. They have the grandeur of a political leader, are simple and lyrical in nature, and express his lofty aspirations, firm confidence, outstanding perseverance and majestic momentum. , the tragic song is generous and majestic.
For example, "Dan Ge Xing" is written in a lofty and broad way, with the magnanimity of conquering the world, and the rock-solid confidence and will, which can inspire readers' positive and enterprising spirit.
I see Cao Cao
During the troubled times of the Han Dynasty, heroes all over the world rose up together, and wars continued year after year. As the saying goes: "The times make heroes." This is the way of heaven. There is no doubt that Cao Cao is right. He is a figure who came into being in such an environment and has shouldered a historical mission.
Cao Cao in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", from the moment he appeared, because of Xu Shao's sentence "The rule of governing a country" "A capable minister, a traitor in troubled times" has become the white face that has been deeply rooted in people's hearts for thousands of years. There is another sentence that is difficult to verify, "I would rather teach me to betray the people of the world than teach the people of the world to betray me." At this point, the title of the traitor of a generation seems to have been finalized.
In fact, it doesn’t matter whether he is a traitor or a tyrant. Cao Cao is Cao Cao. His value, looking at the three countries, no one can replace him. Cao Cao fought in all directions throughout his life. He killed the Yellow Turban, defeated Dong Zhuo, destroyed Yuan Shu, captured Zhang Xiu, captured Jingzhou in the south, attacked Yuan Shao in the north, defeated Lu Bu in the east, and conquered Zhang Lu in the west. He also pacified the three counties of Wuwan and Han Sui, and the Ma Chao rebellion was a great achievement. It's a pity that the battle of Chibi failed, otherwise it would have been a hegemony for thousands of years. Such an all-powerful figure who dominated the Three Kingdoms, even today, two thousand years later, in our eyes, is really shocking! His strategy, his thoughts, his character, his courage, and his literary talent all together constitute the extraordinary personal charm of this extraordinary hero.
As early as when the Shichangshi was monopolizing power and He Jin planned to kill the eunuchs and wanted to recruit Dong Zhuo from Xiliang to the capital, the young Cao Cao predicted that this would be a disaster. He disapproved of He Jin's decision and thought that if he wanted to To punish a crime, one should eliminate the original evil, but paying a jailer is enough! "This kind of words is definitely not something that ordinary people can say. It comes from Cao Cao's keen insight and superhuman courage. As a result, He Jin did not listen to the dissuasion and was killed soon after. Cao Cao's prediction came true.
Then Dong Zhuo came to Beijing and behaved wildly and violently. Most of the people in the court were dissatisfied with him. However, Dong Zhuo had great power. Most people dared to be angry but did not dare to speak out, not to mention the fear of death. Others were loyal to the emperor. The literati only knew how to use their own heads to test the swords of the rebels. At that time, only Cao Cao dared to take the lead in using outsmart methods to deal with Dong Zhuo. Relatively speaking, Yuan Shao could be regarded as a hero, after all, he had. The courage to confront Dong Zhuo, but this kind of courage is at best a head-on act. If Yuan Shao's family did not have a prominent background, Cao Cao would have died at the hands of Dong Zhuo. This may not be called a wise move. But for the fledgling Cao Cao, this was the only thing he could do.
Dong Zhuo was a difficult character to deal with. In order to get close to him, Cao Cao committed himself to his account and dealt with him. Dong Zhuo even catered to flattery. Although he was spurned by some people who did not know his hometown, he succeeded in the end: Cao Cao gained Dong Zhuo's trust, which created the conditions for his assassination. Later, Cao Cao failed to assassinate him, but he had an idea and changed his mind. Offering a sword to Dong Zhuo and thus averting danger was a brilliant move. Cao Cao would have many brushes with death in the future, but his ability to resolve danger time after time was due to his extraordinary courage and adaptability. Inseparable.
After the failure of the assassination of Dong, Cao Cao was imprisoned. It was at this time that he began to have the idea of ??recruiting rebels to attack Dong. Unfortunately, it was also captured by the government. His fate should not have been cut off, but he met Chen Gong, the county magistrate who admired him, and actually abandoned his official position and fled with him. Legend has it that Cao Cao stayed in his old village in Zhuang. He heard the sound of his master killing pigs and sharpening knives at night, and suspected that he was going to harm himself, so he acted indiscriminately. , killing more than ten people in a row. This is a manifestation of Cao Cao's suspicious and traitorous character. But we should also see that suspicion is a kind of vigilance for Cao Cao. At this time, Cao Cao was young and energetic, and he had no ambitions. How could he risk his death? What about the risk at the hands of the villagers? In Cao Cao's opinion, the lives of a dozen people are of no importance compared to his inner ambition. Since ancient times, those who want to achieve great things have been afraid of small details. Of course Cao Cao understood this in his heart, so he uttered the famous saying that shocked the ages: "I would rather teach me to betray the people of the world than teach the people of the world to betray me. "One sentence scared away Chen Gong who was traveling with him.
In the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao's hundreds of thousands of troops were wiped out in an instant. For the 54-year-old Cao Cao, one can imagine the heavy blow. However, Cao Cao can still laugh loudly! One smile drew Zhao Yun, who almost lost his life; then he laughed again, which led to Zhang Fei, who was on the verge of despair; he managed to escape and still laughed - these three smiles are so inspiring that they are unprecedented in ancient and modern times!
When it comes to strategy alone, apart from Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, there are few people in the Three Kingdoms who have surpassed Duke Cao. However, no matter whether it is Zhuge Liang or Zhou Yu, even though they have a lot of writings, they can't leave a half-sentence like "The moon and stars are sparse, and the crows fly south", which is a glorious chapter that can be recorded in the annals of history. Cao Cao was both a political and military commander and a leader of Jian'an poets. This dual identity made his poems, like those of a Youyan veteran, majestic and tragic.
More than 2,000 years ago, Cao Cao clearly understood that birth, old age, sickness and death are universal laws of nature. He chanted "Although the tortoise has a long life, it still has its time. The snake rides on the mist, but eventually becomes ashes." ." Immortal poem. It was precisely when he achieved great success in his career that he suddenly discovered how limited life is! However, the world was uncertain at that time, and the defeat of Chibi created a three-legged confrontation. Cao Cao was really unable to deal with Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the south. He expected that he might not be able to fulfill his wish in this life. So, while Cao Cao sighed, "My arms are like morning dew, the passing days will be more bitter." At the same time, he sang, "The old man is in trouble, and his ambition is thousands of miles. The martyrs are ambitious in their old age." For thousands of years, these two lines of poems have been characterized by their unique appeal. , I don’t know how many people with lofty ideals have been inspired. To this day, reading it still makes my heart swell.
Although Cao Cao did not achieve the great goal of unifying the world, his achievements have been unparalleled. "If there is no one in the country, I don't know how many people will be called emperors and how many people will be called kings." This is a true saying, from which we can get a glimpse of the mentality of the hegemon.
Among the many comments on Cao Cao, Chen Shou said it most vividly: Taizu made plans, whipped Yunei, the spells of Shen and Shang, the clever strategies of Han and Bai, and the official materials. , each has his own weapon, he can be pretentious and do whatever he wants, and he will eventually be able to control the imperial machine and become a prosperous businessman. However, Cao Cao is not only an outstanding politician and military strategist in Chinese history, but also an outstanding writer. (7)" He, his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are collectively known as the "Three Caos" in the history of Chinese literature. "Cao Cao 'established martial arts externally and developed literature internally', and he was also the pioneer of a new situation in Jian'an literature. On the one hand, he relied on his political leadership to recruit scribes extensively, creating a "prosperous" Jian'an literature situation; on the other hand, he used his creative works to create a new trend in literature. (8) "Cao Cao's literary creation is most famous for his poetry, which mostly describes the war life he experienced personally. There are many time-sensitive works that reflect the social turmoil in the late Han Dynasty and the hardship of people's lives. This type of five-character poems, among others, It has the nature of "poetic history". Its famous poems include "Dan Ge Xing", "Bitter Cold Journey", "Peng Li Xing", "Guan Lun Hai", "Gui Sui Shou", etc., such as "Dan Ge Xing". It reflects the complex emotions and deep feelings of Cao Cao, a political figure in the Jian'an era. At the same time, the whole poem has a sonorous sound and can freely change rhymes, following the original lines of the "Book of Songs" without leaving any trace (9)." Another poem, "Viewing the Sea", expresses the author's grand ambition in his later years through the author's personal experience of visiting the East China Sea to watch the tide. The poem describes the lushness of all things between the mountains and the sea and the great waves of the sea in the bleak autumn wind. The water was connected that day, and the magnificent sea was like "the journey of the sun and the moon, as if it were out of it." "The stars are as brilliant as if they came out of it", swallowing up the sun and the moon, giving birth to the great momentum of the stars; the vast and boundless great scene is really spectacular. The sun, moon and stars are all in his arms, so majestic and majestic The artistic conception of "Gui Sui Shou" directly expresses the poet's mind, with a rapid rhythm and clear pauses. It chants the irresistible objective laws of nature from both positive and negative aspects, and expresses "The old man is full of ambitions." Thousands of miles, a martyr's old age, his ambition is endless." Minglue is the best. He can be said to be an extraordinary person, a transcendent hero.
From this, we say that Cao Cao can be called an outstanding military leader in ancient times. Home.