In February of two years, I learned about politics. He said: "No one can know Qing, thinking that Qing knows the classics and doesn't know what's going on in the world." An Shi said to him, "Confucian classics is the principle of governing the world, but the so-called Confucian scholars in later generations are mostly mediocre, so secular people think that Confucian classics cannot be applied to governing the world." He asked, "but what are your priorities?" An Shi said: "It is the most urgent task to legislate to change customs." I think so, too, so he set up a three-department planning department and ordered Chen Shengzhi, who knows the Privy Council, to take it with him. An Shi told his party, Lv Huiqing, to let it go. However, irrigation and water conservancy, young crops, all lost, Jiabao, exemption from service, Shiyi, Ma Bao, Tian Fang and other services were successively promoted, numbered as new laws, and successively promoted and promulgated more than 40 generations of officials.
In the Imperial History, Cheng told ten stories about the Anshi Rebellion. The emperor taught him a lesson and Anshi recommended him to take his place. Han Qi remonstrated with him, and the emperor realized that he wanted to follow him, but Anshi begged him to go. Sima Guang replied, "Scholars are boiling, and people are in turmoil." An Shi was angry. He defended himself against Zhang. The emperor asked Lv Huiqing to leave, and Han Jiang suggested that the emperor stay. An Shi thanked him, because he said that Chinese and foreign ministers, officials, Taiwan remonstrators and courtiers all loved each other, and said, "Your Majesty wants to be the king of the past and overcome the secular; Therefore, it is more important than the customs of the world, and the weight of customs is the customs of the world; Your majesty is heavy, then all the people in the world belong to your majesty. Power and matter are more important than matter. Although it is a matter of fate, the increase and decrease are only two baht. " Now, the traitors want to defeat the right path of the former king, and they are depressed by what your majesty has done. Therefore, when your majesty struggles with vulgar power, adding two baht will not exert much power, and the power of the world will become vulgar, so there are many reasons. "I think so. Qi can't say anything about Anshi.
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In February of the second year of Xining, in North Song Shenzong, Wang Anshi was ordered to participate in politics. The emperor said to him, "People don't understand your talents, and they all think that you only know academic management and don't know political affairs." Wang Anshi replied: "Confucian classics is used to deal with government affairs, but later many so-called' scholars' were mostly laymen, so the world thought that Confucian classics could not help the world." The emperor asked again, "What is your first administrative measure in this case?" Wang Anshi replied: "It is most urgent to change customs and establish laws and regulations." The emperor thinks so. Therefore, an organization was established, three divisions were added to the Law Division, and a Chen Sheng who is familiar with the Privy Council was appointed to take charge of this division. Then the reforms of irrigation and water conservancy, young crops, total loss, Jiabao, exemption from labor, gentry, Ma Bao, Tian Fang and so on began to be implemented one after another, which was called the new law, and more than 40 officials of various types were sent to publicize and recommend it, and the new law was promulgated and implemented.
In the proposal, Cheng discussed Wang Anshi's ten major mistakes, so the emperor demoted Lu Hui as an official and Wang Anshi recommended him to take his place. Han Qi's suggestion was accepted by the emperor, who was disillusioned and wanted to hear his suggestion. Wang Anshi asked to leave. Sima Guang wrote a letter of resignation on behalf of the emperor, which read: "All the doctors in the world are in turmoil, and Shu Ren is in turmoil." Wang Anshi was furious and resisted writing to defend himself. The emperor humbly comforted and politely declined, ordered Lv Huiqing to issue a will, and Han Jiang advised the emperor to leave Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi thanked him when he entered the DPRK, so he took the opportunity to tell the emperor about the situation of the ministers, officials, Taiwan admonishers and the DPRK gangs inside and outside the DPRK, and said: "The emperor should follow the right path of the former king and overcome the customs in the world; Therefore, we should weigh the bad habits in the world. If bad habits prevail, everyone will learn from them that day. If your majesty has great power, all the courtiers will submit to your majesty that day. Power and things weigh each other, even if it is a very important thing, what increases the loss is just writing money. Now evil people want to destroy the former king's right way of governing the world and hinder your majesty's actions. Therefore, when you use vulgar habits to compete for power, the emperor will increase your money expenditure, which will play a small role, and the power of the world will be transferred to the vulgar habits. This is why the new law is disturbing. " The emperor thought
That makes sense. So Wang Anshi was in urgent need of administration, but Han Qi's remonstrance failed.
& lt& lt The Translation of Liu Zhuan & gt
Liu —— Designer of Dayuan Empire
Liu (12 16- 1274) was born in Liaoruizhou (now Gao 'an, Jiangxi), and now he is from Qianwei Town, Suizhong County. In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, it was originally named Kan, the word Zhong Hui. He used to be a monk, and his legal name was Zi Cong. A statesman and writer in Yuan Dynasty, he was also a famous architect in ancient China. Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan listened to everything he said, and he was partial to any dragon. He used to be an official and lived in Pacific Insurance Company. He advocated to Kublai Khan the establishment of the title of Great Yuan State and Emperor, the establishment of Yuan Capital (the predecessor of Beijing) as the national capital, the establishment of the official system of the Yuan Dynasty, the formulation of court etiquette, uniforms and salary systems, participation in the selection of officials and the recommendation of talents, and many Han intellectuals participated in the organs of the Yuan Dynasty, which made great contributions to the design of the political system of the Yuan Dynasty and played an important role in the construction and consolidation of the Yuan regime. Liu was not only a great politician in the early Yuan Dynasty, but also a famous scholar, emissary and Sanqu writer. He claimed to be a Sanqu composer with hidden springs and adapted his temperament. He wrote a lot in astronomy, divination, arithmetic and literature, including six volumes of Tibetan Springs, one volume of Tibetan Springs Ci, twenty-two volumes of Poetry, ten volumes of Anthology, four volumes of Pingsha Fish Pond and two volumes of New Mirror of Fish Pond.
Liu's great-grandfather worked in xing zhou during the Jin Dynasty, so he moved to xing zhou (now Xingtai, Hebei). After the Mongolian dynasty destroyed the gold, Liu made Xingtai our ambassador and soon retired to Wu' an Mountain. Later, he swam out of the sea of clouds of monks in Tu Tu and changed his name to Zi Cong. Before Yuan Shizu ascended the throne, Kublai Khan paid attention to finding talents. He joined Zen master Hai Yun, and Kublai Khan left him to discuss military affairs with him. After he ascended the throne, he participated in the design of the national laws and regulations system. Thanks to Dr. Guanglu's Taibao, he took the Chinese book and changed his name to Zhong Bing. Liu Zeng suggested in the Book of Changes that Kublai Khan renamed Mongolia "Dayuan", and Kublai Khan adopted it. This is the origin of the naming of the Yuan Dynasty. Liu's works include poems, lyrics and Sanqu. His poems reveal three thoughts and feelings: first, seclusion, such as depression, sitting in the pool and the city. Second, it is useful to the world, such as Looking in the Mirror and Autumn Feeling. Thirdly, when the political struggle is sharp, I feel in a dilemma, such as "the master of ancient Shu, Kong Ming" and "Ada". The History of Yuan Dynasty says that his poems are casual and light, just like his character and demeanor. The thoughts and feelings expressed in Liu's poems are basically consistent with his poems. However, it is colder. "Good Things" said: "A bamboo branch song is full of ice and snow." Liu admires Yuan Haowen. He has 65,438+00 poems about mountain heritage, two of which say, "Articles are expensive since ancient times, but not novels." In fact, this is also his creative pursuit. Understanding simplicity and not seeking novelty are the characteristics of his poems. But at the same time, it also brings the shortcomings of dullness and lack of poetry, and some of his poems give people a rough poetic feeling. In the mid-Yuan period, Su Tianjue criticized the poems in the first year of the Chinese system, especially some writers including Liu and. Liu's ci is bold and unconstrained, but it tends to be straightforward, which is also one of the common weaknesses of his ci in the early Yuan Dynasty. Liu Zhu has six volumes of poetry anthology "Tibetan Springs Collection" and two Sanqu 12, among which Lu Nan, Dried Lotus Leaf, Double Tune and Moon Song are more influential. The Moon Song is a masterpiece that mourns the past and hurts the present. "Dry Lotus Leaf" retains the folk flavor of the original Sanqu: "Dry Lotus Leaf is light in color, but the old handle shakes. The less fragrant, the yellower. I was lonely in Qiu Jiang because of a frost last night. " Zhong Sicheng, who specializes in recording composers in Yuan Dynasty, regards Liu Lie as a "famous writer handed down from ancient times", which shows that he is also a famous Sanqu writer in the early Yuan Dynasty.
1220, xing zhou was ruled by Mongolian regime, and Liu Kan was appointed governor of Xingtai at the age of seventeen. /kloc-resigned from his post in 0/238. He joined Quanzhen Sect first and then became a monk. His legal name was Zi Cong and his name was Zangchun Sanren. 1242, appreciated by Haiyun, the leader of the Wa Sect in the northern Zen forest, was recommended as Kublai Khan shogunate (that is, Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu). Zi Cong is knowledgeable, versatile and good at making suggestions. He was highly valued by Kublai Khan at the age of 27. 1250, he gave Kublai Khan tens of thousands of words of advice, saying: "The way to control chaos depends on the sky and people", "To take the world at once, you can't control it at once". He advocated reforming the disadvantages at that time and establishing a system. Such as setting up hundreds of officials, reducing taxes and reducing officials, persuading farmers to mulberry, and promoting learning. His thoughts gave a powerful impetus to Kublai Khan's adoption of "China Law". 1253, Kublai Khan went to Yunnan. 1259, Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei) recruited again. 1260, Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor, and ordered Zi Cong to formulate various systems, such as establishing Zhongshu Province as the highest administrative institution and establishing the unification of the Yuan Dynasty. In the first year of Zhiyuan (1264), Kublai Khan ordered to return to the secular world, restore Liu's surname, give him a name, and grant Dr. Guanglu, Taibao, and consult Hanshu to save trouble and understand the Privy Council. In the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial ceremony ended. In the eighth year of Zhiyuan, at the suggestion of Liu, Kublai Khan took Dayuan as his country name. Liu also presided over the construction of Dadu and Shangdu, the capitals of the Yuan Dynasty. 125 1 year, Mongolia was in a great Khan position, and Kublai Khan was in charge of the military affairs of Monan Han. Kublai Khan moved the camp to Jinlianchuan on 1256 and ordered him to build a new city here. 1258, the new city was built and named Kaiping. After Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor, he changed to Shangdu. In the third year of Zhiyuan, Liu was ordered to design and build a new capital in the northeast of Yanjing City. The scale of the new city is huge and the project is huge. Under the auspices of Liu, Duan Zhen, it has made rapid progress. In the ninth year of Zhiyuan, Kublai Khan named the new capital Dadu according to Liu's suggestion. In the first month of the eleventh year of Zhiyuan, most of the palaces were built. In August of the same year, Liu died of illness.
Liu is good at poetry, gloomy and heroic, and is unique in the literature of Yuan Dynasty. His works are handed down from generation to generation in six volumes.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Genghis Khan, who rose in Mobei grassland, sent his troops south, drove off Nuzhen on the north bank of the Yellow River and set up the Grand Marshal's Office in Xingzhou. At that time, the Great Yuan Empire outlined by Liu was born.
In troubled times, Liu felt that "a gentleman should live in seclusion and look for opportunities", so he gave up his official position and went to Wu' an Mountain. A few years later, Zhao Xu Zen Master, who became a monk in Tianning Temple, heard that Liu was a talented person and sent his disciples to ask him to go down the mountain: "Don't be a Taoist there." So Liu became a monk in Tianning Temple and became a disciple of Xuxiang. His name was. In fact, whether it is a Taoist or a monk, for Liu, becoming a monk is false, and seeking opportunities is true. Master and apprentice traveled to Datong, Shanxi. He thought Nantang Temple was a good place, so he stayed.
1242, the monk Haiyun (1202- 1257) was called to visit Kublai Khan in Bei Gong, Limo, passing through Datong. Hearing that Liu was a learned man, he invited his colleagues. When I had the opportunity to get close to Mongolian prince Liu, I naturally agreed happily. Kublai Khan summoned the two men and asked, "Is there any way for Buddhism to protect the world?" Hai Yun replied: "The chaos of ancient and modern times, the great sage and great scholar in the world, should ask its rise and fall." Liu reads all kinds of books, especially the Book of Changes. As for the laws and calendars of astronomy and geography, they are all proficient in the evasion of the three-style six-nonyl armor. He knew all about what was happening in the world, and Kublai Khan appreciated it very much. So he kept Liu in the shogunate, participated in military and political affairs, secularized him, and gave him a name of loyalty. During his trip to Helin, Liu met a wise master, and since then he has changed his own destiny and that of the Mongolian Empire.
After Meng Ge ascended the throne, Kublai Khan was ordered to set up a palace in Jinlianchuan to govern the desert south area, recruit talents from Han Dynasty, and began to display his ambition of "doing a good job in the world". In Jinlianchuan, Liu, Yao Shu and others assisted Kublai Khan in formulating the general plan of employing people and the policy of "recruiting the best in the world and paying more attention to treatment". Old ministers of the vassal government, scribes from all directions and a large number of people of insight quickly gathered in Kublai Khan's palace and were recommended and led by Liu. His classmates, students and old friends are Zhang Wenqian, Zhang Yi, Li Dehui, Liu Su, Li Jian, Zhang Geng, Ma Heng and Wang Wei. 125 1 year, Kublai Khan (the title of Mongolian aristocrat) who was sealed by Xingzhou stated the situation at that time. Xingzhou suffered from natural and man-made disasters for years, and the people fled, so there were not many families. Quickly send competent officials to govern. Liu recommended to Kublai Khan and other celebrities familiar with Xingzhou, Zhang Genghe. Kublai Khan took their advice, set up the appeasement department in Xingzhou, and sent nearly a hundred followers to win Zhang Geng and Liu Su. Xingzhou bureaucracy is Kublai Khan's initial contribution to the officials in the hidden government, and it is also the first step of Liu's career success.
In the sixth year of Monggol Khan (1256), Kublai Khan ordered Liu to build his capital in the east of Hengzhou and Longgang (near Duolun, Inner Mongolia) on the north bank of Luanhe River, which was completed in three years and named Kaiping. 1259, Mongolian Khan died in the Southern Song Dynasty. Kublai Khan listened to Zhang Yi's plan and set out from Wuchang before his younger brother Ali Buge's action. He took Liu, Yao Shu, Lian Xixian, Ahema, Dong Wenzhong and other important advisers, and went back to the north day and night. On June 4th, A.D. 1260, Kublai Khan established Kaiping Mansion in Kaiping, with the year number "Zhong Tong" and the word "Zhongyuan Orthodox", which greatly covered the whole world. 1264, the year number was changed to "Zhiyuan", which was taken from "Zhiyuan Kunyuan" in Zhouyi.
In the third year of Yuan Dynasty, Liu was ordered to design and build a new capital in the northeast of Yanjing, and named it Dadu. Guo Shoujing is responsible for the transportation of water system and building materials in the capital. This is the imperial city of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is also Beijing today. In November of the lunar calendar in A.D. 127 1 year, Liu led his people to submit to Kublai Khan: "The court, the holy day, the imperial edict, the official notice, greeted with public service, salute." In other words, according to the plan approved by Kublai Khan, a series of planning work has been completed, and the etiquette system of formulating laws and regulations and naming the country name has been formulated. Mongolian Khan can naturally become the highest official of the Central Plains orthodoxy.
In the 11th year of Zhiyuan (1274), Liu and he went to Shangdu for the summer vacation. In August of the same year, Liu died in Nanping Mountain Villa at the age of 59. Yuan Shizu was very surprised and sad at the news of his funeral. He said to the ministers: "I have been loyal to you for more than 30 years, careful and meticulous, without any secrets." The essence of Yin and Yang skills is based on knowledge. If they are harmonious, only I know, others will not understand. " So Zhao Bingwen, assistant minister of does, was appointed to attend the funeral and the viceroy was reburied. Finally, Zuyou of Xingzhou was reburied (now Jia Cun of Xingtai County). Liu worshipped Dr. Guanglu, a Pacific insurance officer, as a teacher, and saved trouble by participating in the Chinese book. After his death, he gave a gift to a teacher named Zhao Guogong and died as Wen Zhen. When he became emperor, he gave a gift named Shi. Injong, and into the sealing Changshan king. In the Yuan Dynasty, Liu was the only Chinese who won this honor.
Liu is good at Zhouyi. He can know the whole story. According to Zhu Guozhen's "Architectural Sketch", the first record of Ming Dynasty, during Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Liu's tomb was stolen, and there was an inscription in the tomb that read: For a thief. Things spread to the government, and the grave robbers were arrested. It was indeed Li Huai. The accuracy of ancient books remains to be verified. However, Liu's extensive knowledge, careful investigation and good judgment have been recognized and confirmed by historical materials, which is also the main reason for Kublai Khan's trust and reuse.
Liu deserves to be one of the greatest designers in the history of the world. He not only established a series of political systems for the Yuan Dynasty, but also planned and built the Yuan capital in Kao Gong Ji, Zhou Li with the guiding ideology of capital construction, which was the closest capital to the Zhou Li system among all the cities in China feudal society. The graphic design of the capital of Yuan Dynasty was dominated by the thought of the Han rulers to build the capital, that is, the system of the former dynasty, the view of the market outlook, and the left ancestor and the right society. The street planning of newly-built cities is very regular, with the main street width of 24 steps and the small street width of 12 steps. In addition to large and small streets, there are 384 fire lanes and 29 lanes, which are quite spectacular. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty laid the rudiment of modern Beijing, which was one of the largest cities in the world at that time. The construction of Yuandadu began at 1267 and was not completed until 1285, which lasted 18 years. The Yuan Dynasty has a wall circumference of more than 28 kilometers, magnificent palaces, magnificent temples, beautiful gardens, spacious streets, large scale and neat planning. Kyle Poirot, a European, described the Yuan Dynasty in detail in his travel notes, which aroused westerners' infinite yearning for the Eastern Empire.
■ The construction of Kaiping Mansion showed Liu's outstanding talent and laid the foundation for his future planning and construction of the capital of Yuan Dynasty.
1232, Liu 17 years old, worked as a secretary in Xingtai. Soon, he didn't want to bury himself in boring paperwork, so he quit his job and lived in seclusion. Later, he worshipped the Zen master as a monk. His legal name is "Zi Cong".
The Yuan Dynasty's Biography of Liu said that he was "born with a strong personality and high aspirations". I entered school when I was eight years old, and I memorized hundreds of words every day ... I read everything, especially Shao's The Book of Changes and Shi Jing. I am proficient in astronomy, geography, law, calendar and three-way six-person armor removal. I know everything about this world. "
1247, the Mongolian court sealed Xingzhou as the fief of Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Master Hai Yun heard that Liu was "well-read" and recommended him to Kublai Khan. Liu's knowledge was appreciated by Kublai Khan and left him as a counselor.
125 1 year, Kublai Khan's younger brother Meng Ge ascended the throne as the Great Khan of Mongolia, and Meng Ge ordered Kublai Khan to live in the land of Nanhan in desert control forever. Kublai Khan knew that to conquer and rule the vast Han areas, the old method of beating and killing was not enough. Kublai Khan reused Liu and other talented Han Chinese. This year, Liu put forward a set of programmatic suggestions for governing the world to Kublai Khan. Since then, Kublai Khan was ordered to conquer Dali, Yunnan on 1253.
1259, when Ezhou was conquered in the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu followed suit and repeatedly advised Kublai Khan not to kill innocent people.
1256, Mongo Khan wanted to choose a suitable place to build the city, and Kublai Khan recommended Liu to undertake this important task. Liu is located in Longgang, north of Luanhe River in Hengzhou (near Duolun, Inner Mongolia). It took three years to build the city, namely Kaiping House. This time, his outstanding talent made him the first choice when Kublai Khan planned to build Duyuan in the future.
■ Kublai Khan adopted Liu's suggestion and moved the capital from Kaiping County to Yanjing.
1259, Mengge Khan died in the battle of Fishing Mountain in Hezhou (now Hezhou, Sichuan) in the Southern Song Dynasty. Kublai Khan, who was besieging Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei) in the Southern Song Dynasty, heard that he had withdrawn his troops and returned to the grassland. 1260, he became the Great Khan of Mongolia. The internal and external official system of Kublai Khan's regime, such as the imperial censor, the Privy Council and the imperial censor platform, and the establishment of local roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties, all came from Liu's plan. At that time, the title was also established as "the first year of unification", which was the first time that Mongolia used the title since Genghis Khan founded the country.
1264, Liu suggested that Kublai Khan should make Yanjing (the hometown of Jin and Zhong, now Beijing) as its capital, and designed a new national title "Zhiyuan" for Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan obeyed orders and ordered Liu to go to Yanjing for planning and construction.
Kublai Khan's motives for adopting Liu Jian's proposal to move the capital from Kaiping Prefecture (about 300 kilometers north of Beijing) to Yanjing are actually quite similar to those of Yan Yanliang in the Jin Dynasty who moved the capital from Huining Prefecture in Shangjing to Yanjing: First, Kublai Khan ascended the throne, which was not recommended by Kuletai Congress according to Mongolian custom, but was self-reliant, and many nobles did not support him; Secondly, since Kublai Khan became the presidential system in the desert and southern Han areas in 125 1, the Han people were once again used, and the Han system was implemented according to the characteristics of the Han people, which violated the interests of the Mongolian aristocratic die-hards. Many nobles opposed him and even launched armed rebellion, so he needed to get rid of the opposition. Third, at that time, in the north of China, the territory won from the Jin State needed to be ruled nearby, while in the south of China, the Southern Song regime had yet to be conquered; Fourth, the terrain and soil of Yanjing are far better than those of Mongolian grasslands.
■ Not bound by the old city, Liu decided to build a new capital in the northeast of the old city of Jinzhongdu.
As a result of Liu's reconnaissance in Yanjing, he decided to build a new capital in the northeast of the old city of Jindu, centering on Daning Palace (now Beihai Park). The first reason is that Jinzhong City was destroyed by Genghis Khan's army in 12 15, so it can't be used. Second, Daning Palace was not damaged. Kublai Khan came to Yanjing several times and lived in Guanghan Temple on Qionghua Island. Third, the old city of Jinzhongdu lacks sufficient water resources. At that time, the lotus pond and the lotus river system in Jinzhongdu were not enough, but the water system of Yuquan Mountain and Gaoliang River could be used in the new town site. The famous hydraulic scientist Guo Shoujing began to plan this on 1262. The fourth is to build a new city, which can get rid of the shackles of the old city and plan at will.
Liu's planned new capital refers to the ideal description in the Confucian classic Li Zhoukao that "artisans govern the country, Fiona Fang is nine miles away, with three doors on the left and right, junior high school nine classics (nine vertical and nine horizontal trunk roads in the city), nine tracks in the city (nine carriages can be parallel in the vertical trunk roads in the city), left ancestors and right clubs, facing the market outlook".
1267, Liu first built the imperial city and the palace. The imperial city is centered on Qionghua Island in Taiyechi, Daning Palace, and the west bank is Long Fu Palace where Empress Dowager Cixi lives and Sheng Xing Palace where the Prince lives. The east coast is "ouchi". The southern part of Great Inner Mongolia is the outer courtyard with Daming Hall as the center, and the northern part is the inner courtyard with Yanchunge as the daily office and life center. To the north of ouchi is the royal garden. The ancestral temple was built in the east of the city, that is, "Zuo Zu", and the social altar was built in the west of the city, that is, "You She". The main market is located in the "oblique market" on the north bank of Jishuitan in the northwest of the city, that is, the "market outlook". Because Jishuitan is the end of the Grand Canal and a distribution center for goods, it is suitable for trading. In addition, there are East City and West City.
127 1 year, Kublai Khan adopted Liu's suggestion and changed the country name of "Mongolia" to "Dayuan".
Khan became the great Yuan Di, namely Yuan Shizu.
1272, Kublai Khan changed the new capital city under construction from Zhongdu to Dadu.
1274, most palaces were built. On the first day of the first month of this year, Kublai Khan held a ceremony in the new palace and received congratulations from hundreds of officials. And this ritual system was also formulated by Liu.
Dadoucheng continued its construction and was basically completed on 1276.
■ The central platform is located in the Drum Tower in Beijing today, which provided a standard for the positioning of the four walls in the Yuan Dynasty.
Liu built a central platform in a place equivalent to the Drum Tower in Beijing today, which provided a standard for the positioning of the four walls. The Dadoucheng he planned is a rectangle with a north-south direction slightly longer than the east-west direction, with a period of 60 miles and an area of about 2.7 times that of Jinzhong Capital. The city gate has 1 1, Jiande Gate and Anzhen Gate in the north, Guangxi Gate, Chongren Gate and Qihuamen in the east, Wenming Gate, Lizhen Gate and Shuncheng Gate in the south, Pingze Gate, Heyimen and Qingqing Gate in the west. There is a thoroughfare between the city gates, that is, what Gong Ji called "nine meridians and nine latitudes", with squares divided by vertical and horizontal streets as "squares" and residential areas or yamen in the squares. There are 50 squares in Dadoucheng, and each square has an auspicious name. For example, the eastern section of Fuchengmennei Street in Beijing today belonged to "Jincheng Square" in the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan once wrote to stipulate that wealthy families and officials who used to live in Jinzhong and Zhongdu old cities can get the plots of squares in Dadoucheng first, with eight acres for each family to build houses. No excessive land occupation, no land occupation without building. People who don't build houses should give their plots to others to build houses. This imperial edict should be the earliest real estate regulatory document in Beijing.
Xiong Dui's analysis in Yongle Dadian in Ming Dynasty said: "Dadu Street system, north and south called longitude, east and west called latitude. The main street is 24 steps wide (one step is about 1.54 meters), and the small street is 12 steps wide, with 384 fire lanes and 29 lanes. " Yitong is today's "Hutong", which comes from Mongolian.
Jea-won Yu gave full play to his talents in the construction of the dynasty. He not only formulated the overall planning of Dadoucheng according to the Book of Changes, but also formulated elegant names for most city gates (some of which are still used as place names today), such as:
Li Zhengmen: From the Book of Changes, Li Gua, "Re-emphasize the bright and beautiful, and turn it into the world";
Wenmingmen: From the Book of Changes and Melon, we can see that "seeing the dragon in the field, the world is civilized";
An Zhenmen: Judging from the Book of Changes and the Oracle of Lawsuits, "it is safe to resume your life without losing it".
Not only that, but even the country name and year number of the Yuan Dynasty were formulated by Liu according to the Book of Changes. The title "Dayuan" comes from "Book of Changes, Sweet Melon" and "Dayuan Gan Yuan", which started from ten thousand materials, is the unification of heaven. The title "Zhiyuan" comes from the Yijing Kungua, "Zhiyuan Kunyuan, everything is born, is the inheritance of heaven."
After more than 700 years of wind and rain, the Dadoucheng Wall built by Liu still remains in Beitucheng East Road, Beitucheng West Road and Xitucheng Road on the first line of Jimen Bridge in Beijing, and has been turned into a Dadoucheng Wall Ruins Park in the Yuan Dynasty.