Sun Wu realized that war is not an isolated thing, but closely related to other things in society. He pointed out that the victory of the war requires five prerequisites ("five things"), and through the comparison and investigation of these five things, we can predict the victory or defeat of the enemy and ourselves. Among the five conditions, the first is that the ruler must make the people consistent with his will, and "make the people and the people agree" ("Tao"). Followed by favorable weather ("days"). Followed by favorable geography ("land"). Secondly, there are good commanders ("generals"). Secondly, there is a good organizational discipline ("law"). These five conditions cover a wide range, involving many natural phenomena and many social phenomena, all of which are related to the victory of the war, among which political conditions and people's hearts are the most important.
Therefore, when Sun Wu inspected the war, he did not fall into a purely military viewpoint. He initially realized that military affairs must not be divorced from politics. Military affairs are an extension of politics, and soldiers are used to solve political problems, not to fight for the sake of war. So the best way is to solve the problem politically first. He said: "where the law of using troops is used, the whole country is the first, followed by breaking the country;" The whole army comes first, followed by Pojun. ..... Therefore, ever victorious, not the good; Defeat the soldiers without fighting, and the good ones are also good. " ("Plotting and Attacking") "If you win, the world will be good, and those who are not good will be good." Therefore, he said, the best strategy is to crush the enemy's intention to wage war against us. The second strategy is to use international contradictions to isolate the enemy and make him afraid to wage war ("second cut off diplomatic relations"). The second strategy is to fight with soldiers ("second cutting soldiers"). The bottom is siege ("siege below"). (See "Plot for Attack")
Sun Wu pointed out that in order to win the war, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of both sides of the contradiction, that is, the enemy and ourselves. Therefore, he said: "Know your enemy and know yourself, and you will win every battle. If you don't know who you are and know who you are, you will win and lose. I don't know each other, I don't know my friends, and every battle will be dangerous. " ("Plotting for Attack") "Knowing that our soldiers can strike, but not knowing that the enemy can't strike, winning is half the battle. Knowing that the enemy can strike, but not knowing that our soldiers can't strike, is half the battle. Knowing that the enemy can strike, knowing that our soldiers can strike, and not knowing that the terrain can't be fought, is half the battle. Therefore, it is known that soldiers are not fascinated, but they are not poor. Therefore, knowing yourself, winning is not dangerous, knowing the earth and knowing the sky, winning is not poor. " (Topography)
Sun Wu's principle of "knowing yourself and knowing yourself" is still a scientific truth today. It is completely based on simple materialism.
Sun Tzu said, "If you learn from your past, you will be better than others. If you succeed, you will be a prophet. Prophets should not be taken from ghosts and gods, nor should they be like things, nor should they be measured. They must take from others and know the feelings of the enemy. " In other words, neither ghosts nor gods, nor superficial phenomena of things, nor subjective speculation are reliable. Here, Sun Wu neither believes in destiny nor ghosts and gods. In his view, the sky is just "yin and yang, cold and heat, time system." Like the earth, Ji is a material natural thing. It is only one of the objective conditions that determine the outcome. This materialistic truth can be clearly put forward more than two thousand years ago, which is really commendable.
The details are as follows:
Sun Wu was a great military scientist in ancient China, the founder of ancient military theory, and the general of Wu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Also known as grandson. The word Changqing. Le 'an (now Shandong Huimin, said Boxing, or Guangrao) people. According to the ancient records after the Tang Dynasty, he was a descendant of Tian (Chen) in Qi State, and his grandfather Tian Shu made great contributions to cutting Ju (now Ju County), so he was given the surname of Sun Shi by Qi Jinggong, and his descendants were named after him.
In the 13th year of King Jing of Zhou (532 BC), there was civil strife in the State of Qi, and the Tian and Bao clans attacked Luan and Gao clans, and Sun Wu fled to the State of Wu. In the turbulent world of the hegemony of princes, the annexation of other countries, the struggle of doctors for power and social change, in order to seek ways and means to stop wars by war and protect the country and the people, he spent a long time in seclusion and seclusion after entering Wu, devoted himself to studying military science, summed up the war experience in the Spring and Autumn Period and before, and wrote thirteen books and made arguments. He Lv, the King of Wu, acceded to the throne. With the assistance of pedestrian Wu Zixu, he consolidated the army, strengthened the national strength, and wanted to break Chu in order to dominate. Wu Zixu recommended him many times and presented He Lv, the King of Wu, with thirteen articles on the Art of War, which won the appreciation of He Lv and was appointed as a general. Legend has it that he once practiced the art of war in the Wu Palace, and beheaded Wu Wanger, who violated military orders, to show his strict management of the army.
in the eighth year of Zhou Jingwang (512 BC), He Lv mobilized troops to attack Shuyi, Chu, in order to attack the capital of Chu. Sun Wu took the overall situation into consideration. He believed that Chu was very strong, and that the time for attacking Chu on a large scale was not yet ripe. He advocated accumulating strength and waiting for the opportunity. In the following years, according to Wu Zixu's strategy of dividing Wu Jun into three parts, he repeatedly sent troops to harass the Chu army between Jiang and Huai, forcing the Chu army to be on the run and weakening its combat effectiveness. In the fourteenth year, he and Wu Zixu * * * made use of the contradiction between Tang (now northwest of Suizhou, Hubei Province) and Cai (now Xincai, Henan Province) and fought for it as an ally of Wu, even though Chu was isolated, it was also a rival to Chu. Immediately with Wu Zixu, Taizaibo? When He Lv led the army to attack Chu, he avoided the front of the Chu army's defense and marched circuitously along the Huai River. The northeast with weak Chu garrison directly drove the Jianghan area in the center of Chu, breaking the strategic deployment of Chu army, and then mobilizing Chu army from a favorable position, defeating Chu army in Baiju (now northeast of Macheng, Hubei Province, and now Hanchuan North), and taking advantage of the situation to pursue Lien Chan's winning streak and capture the city of Ying (now northwest of Jiangling, Jingsha City). Wu Guoxi broke the strong Chu, Wei Qi and Jin in the north, and became a famous vassal, "Sun Zi and Powerful Yan" (Historical Records, Biography of Sun Zi Wu Qi).
The thirteen pieces of Sun Tzu's Art of War, as well as bamboo slips and wooden slips unearthed from Han tombs, have reflected Sun Wu's rich and profound military thoughts. In the military history of China and the world, Sun Wu took the lead in discussing the overall situation of war and the overall situation of strategy. He first revealed the universal laws guiding war, such as "knowing ourselves and knowing ourselves, fighting in every battle", "winning first and then fighting", "causing people not to be others" and "winning because of the enemy", and profoundly summed up "winning by surprise", "attacking them unprepared" and ". Sun Tzu's The Art of War shines through the ages and at home and abroad with its profound strategic theory, while Sun Wu is famous as a "soldier saint".
His military thoughts are reflected in thirteen articles of Sun Tzu:
1. View of war. Sun Wu attached great importance to the study of war, and pointed out: "Soldiers, the important events of the country, the place of death and life, and the way of survival must be observed." (Sun Zi Ji) thinks that "the national subjugation cannot be revived, and the dead cannot be resurrected", so he advocates "caution" and "warning" in dealing with war, and advocates "the way to secure the country and the whole army" (Sun Zi Fire Attack). "Caution" means not to start a war easily, warning that "the Lord can't be angry and start a division, and he can't fight if he is angry"; "Police" is to strengthen the combat readiness and enhance the strength, and requires "not relying on it, relying on us to wait for it; If we don't attack without relying on it, we can't attack without relying on us "("Nine Changes of Sun Tzu "). In order to explore the way to predict the outcome, Sun Wu correctly expounded the subjective and objective factors and the dialectical relationship between them. He summarized the objective factors as "five things" of Tao, Heaven, Earth, General and Law. The "Tao", which ranks first in the "five things", not only refers to cultivating politics ("cultivating the law while protecting it"), but also includes winning the hearts of the people ("sharing the same desire") and boosting morale ("combining strength"). He attached great importance to the important role of politics in the war and touched on the master-slave relationship between politics and military affairs. During Wu Chu's wartime, Sun Wu dissuaded the King of Wu from temporarily attacking Chu by saying that "the people have to work hard, but they can't do it" (Historical Records, Wu Taibo Family), which further showed that he realized the importance of cherishing the people's resources and winning the hearts of the people. He also attached great importance to the important role of military power in the war, emphasizing that "if the overlord's soldiers attack a big country, then all the people cannot gather;" If you impose a threat on the enemy, you will not be able to get along. Therefore, we don't fight for the friendship between the two countries, we don't support the power of the world, we believe in our own private interests and impose threats on the enemy, so our city can be pulled out and our country can be ruined "(Sun Tzu's Nine Places). He discussed military strength, paid attention to economic factors, and put forward "the degree of birth, the degree of birth, the number of births, and the number of births" (Sun Zi Xing), and calculated the strength of military strength from land, products and military sources. According to Wu Wen, a bamboo slip from the Han Tomb in Yinque Mountain, he predicted the political fate of the Six Qing Dynasties in the State of Jin, and also made a judgment on the size of the mu system, the tax rate and the number of soldiers raised by the Six Qing Dynasties. He used "shape" to express the objective military strength, and "the winner will fight against the people, and if he decides to stay in a stream of thousands of miles, his shape will also be", which vividly explained its connotation and function. He also fully affirmed the role of subjective ability in the war, pointing out: "It is the trend to take advantage of it to help others; "Those in power will control power for profit." (Sun Zi Ji) That is, through subjective efforts, we can actively create and use favorable situations.
4. strategic thinking. Sun Wu believes that "ever victorious, those who are not good are also good; Defeat the enemy's soldiers without fighting, and the good will be good "("Sun Tzu seeks to attack "), thus putting forward the" total victory "strategy of achieving political goals without direct fighting. He called winning without fighting "complete" and winning with fighting "broken". It is advocated that for the country, the army, the brigade, the pawn and the martial arts, "all" is the best, and "breaking" is the second. In order to achieve the goal of total victory, it is necessary to be superior to the enemy in strategic planning. "The temple is the winner, and it is too much" (Sun Tzu Ji); In terms of strength comparison, we should be in an advantage, "If you win the battle, you will be counted as baht"; Be thoughtful and meticulous in war preparation, "be invincible first, wait for the enemy to be victorious", and "win the soldiers first and then fight" (Sun Zi Xing); In the way of implementation, it is "to attack the army, then to attack the enemy, then to attack the army, and then to attack the city;" The method of siege is a last resort "("Sun Tzu seeks to attack "). In short, it is required to "defeat the enemy, not fight"; Pull out the city of people, not attack; Destroy a country, not for a long time. We must strive for the whole world, so the soldiers are not tired, but the benefits can be all "("Sun Tzu seeks to attack ").
operational guiding ideology in operational guidance, sun Wu advocates active attack. When carrying out a strategic attack, we should make secret decisions and "concentrate on the corridors and temples to punish them"; Concealed preparation, "I am invisible while I am human" (Sun Tzu's Virtual Reality); Sudden attack, "when the enemy opens and closes, he will rush into it" ("Sun Tzu's Nine Places"), "Take advantage of people's lack of time, take the safe way, and attack what they are doing without warning" (same as before); Hit the enemy's key point, "first what he loves, then wait for it" (same as before); Boldly and deeply, "if you are a guest, you will be expert" (same as before); Make a quick decision, "It's not expensive for a long time to win" (Sun Tzu's Battle). In offensive operations, Sun Wu advocated quick victory and opposed protracted war, which was based on the analysis of the country's economic affordability and logistics supply at that time. Because of the war of "staying together for several years", "there are 7, people who are in turmoil at home and abroad, and they can't do anything" (Sun Tzu's Use Room), "The country is not used enough after a long period of violence", once "the princes take advantage of their disadvantages, although there are wise men, they can't be good at what follows" (Sun Tzu's War). And because in the rear supply, "eat the enemy for one minute, be my 2 minutes", so we demand "food for the enemy" (same as before). Sun Wu emphasized the attack, but he didn't neglect the defense. He thought that "you can't win, but you can defend" and demanded that "those who are good at defending should hide under nine places" in order to "protect themselves and win" (Sun Zi Xing). If soldiers are at a disadvantage, they should also "escape" and "avoid" to save their military strength.
For operational planning, it is emphasized to know yourself, know the nature and the land, "be invincible first, and wait for the enemy to win" (Sun Zi Xing). We should see that the land has "six shapes", the law has "nine changes", the spy has "five rooms", there will be "five dangers" and "six passes". Operational command emphasizes striving for the initiative, and it is necessary to be clear about the interests, know the number of people, distinguish between separation and integration, examine the actual situation, and be good at specialization. Tactics should be used to confuse the enemy, to be strange and changeable, and to win because of the enemy.
14. the idea of running the army. Sun Wu's guiding ideology of running the army is "make it with words, make it with force" (Sun Zi March). "Wen" refers to generous reward and love for the pawn, while "Wu" refers to heavy punishment and severe punishment. The two complement each other. "Love can't be made, generosity can't be made, chaos can't be cured, and if you are arrogant, you can't use it." "If a pawn is punished without personal attachment, it will be unacceptable, and it will be difficult to use it. If the pawn has been attached and punished, it will not be available "(ibid.). Soldiers should be strictly trained and disciplined in peacetime, so that they can keep pace and obey orders in wartime. Therefore, he advocated "teaching its people by doing what they want". He also paid attention to the selection and appointment of generals, believing that generals are "the life of the people" and put forward five standards of virtue and political integrity: "wisdom, faithfulness, benevolence, courage and strictness".
Sun Wu's military thought is based on simple materialism and dialectics. He emphasized "know yourself and know yourself", compared and analyzed the "seven things" with the temple, emphasized "the way of war", explored the laws of war, and saw the transformation to its opposite from the contradiction between weak and strong, and so on. All these are philosophical reflections with speculative characteristics. Through the understanding of the opposing categories (enemy and ourselves, offensive and defensive, total destruction, etc.) in war, Sun Wu reveals the relationship between them, thus deriving the description of various combat modes and promoting the development of military thought and military art. Sun Wu's military thought reveals some universal laws in the military field and plays an important role in guiding military practice. In modern wars, some of the laws he revealed still have their vitality, and many of them have been transferred to social life fields such as business management and sports competitions, which have attracted the attention of politicians, strategists and scholars in many countries in the world and are recognized as the outstanding military theoretical heritage in the world.
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