The word "Genius" comes from Latin, which originally meant patron saint. Then, the meanings of creativity, talent and talent are derived. Genius, as its name implies, refers to a person with natural talent. There are no people in the world who are born with the knowledge and technology developed by society for a long time, but some people are born with the learning ability and innovative development ability that are superior to most people in one or more aspects. Genius doesn't necessarily refer to a natural all-round talent, some of them are divided into Chinese, mathematics, leadership, art, music, creativity, ability and talent, etc., but this division usually has an impact on acquired learning and the combination mode of comprehensive functions that just meet their talents. Both the intelligence test and the expert aptitude test will measure a lot of backward learning, which can be compensated by hard work and will be influenced by culture, growth background and memories of past experiences. In addition, a genius should give full play to its cognitive function that is superior to most people, and also have developed brain functions in terms of hard work motivation, willpower and perseverance, and even a more efficient sleep physiological mechanism than ordinary people. People with longevity genes are also more likely than ordinary people to have high efficiency, physiological and psychological structure, interpersonal relationship, cognitive function, personality and personality, physical fitness, health status, body shape and appearance (appearance that most people do not exclude) and so on. Many geniuses are pure-hearted, indifferent to fame and fortune, and uncontested, so they may not necessarily become well-known celebrities and great men in the world. Most geniuses (all-round, not partially defective) are diligent, cautious, humorous, loving, creative and reasoning, and will have a good situation in health, study, career, interpersonal feelings and leisure.
some people think that genius is born, as the Analects of Confucius Ji said, "those who are born with knowledge." Genius is called a person with extraordinary intelligence in psychology, which is higher than talent.
1. According to Lewis M. Terman, genius refers to those who have made outstanding achievements in standardized intelligence tests. Therefore, genius only means a high level of intelligence, just a potential, not an achievement. Terman believes that people with IQ above 14 can be described as "potential geniuses"; Some people have higher standards. In this sense, genius refers to children who have not had the opportunity to gain social prestige because of their achievements.
2. Gao Erdun's opinion is more popular than the first one. He thinks that geniuses should have high creativity reflected by outstanding practical achievements, and their achievements should have long-term value and should not be caused by their origins (such as hereditary monarchs). "Genius" and "talent" are different in quantity and quality. "Talent" only means having a special potential for a certain job and being able to learn a certain skill quickly and easily. Genius, on the other hand, should be original and creative, be able to engage in thoughts and work in a completely unfamiliar environment and make unprecedented contributions to the world independently.
Although talented people often make outstanding contributions only in a special field, their general intelligence level in their early years is also very high. Probably, the two meanings in the concept of genius actually reflect two aspects of the same quality. There are different opinions about the nature and source of genius. Some people think that talented people belong to another psychobiological species, and their differences with ordinary people in the process of intellectual and emotional activities can be compared with those between humans and apes. However, some people think that genius is closely related to neurosis and psychosis, and the most frequently cited representative may be the Italian criminologist lombroso. Although modern psychoanalytic theory also believes that genius is the result of fierce conflict between oneself and the environment, which is similar to neurosis and psychosis in this respect, genius solves the above conflicts in different ways, and its symptoms and consequences are beneficial to society and respected by society. Research shows that talented people are less prone to mental illness, physical weakness and deformity than ordinary people.
Generally speaking, children who can be called "gifted children" and "potential gifted children" are not only high in intelligence, but also superior to ordinary children in physical fitness, emotional adjustment and social adaptation. Gao Erdun believes that talented people have outstanding intelligence, enthusiasm and working ability. He also used clear statistical results to show that all talented people who have made outstanding contributions often come from the same family (〔Hereditary Genius,1869〕). Since Gao Erdun, scientists have often argued about how much of the difference between individual achievements is caused by heredity, rather than the result of education and opportunity. However, it is generally believed that genius is related to both heredity and environment. Whether the talent potential can blossom and bear fruit depends, at least to some extent, on opportunity and training. 1. Sensitive and passionate. This is the innate element of genius to become a genius;
2. Grow naturally and acquire a lot of knowledge in your own way. This is the acquired element of genius. Genius is not educated, but naturally grows up in a free environment.
An interesting and strange theory called "Genius" was popular in Europe in the 18th century. According to this theory, a person who is called a genius must have the following six items:
1. He has outstanding talents in several unspecified fields.
second, it has the merit of building a monument because of these talents.
Third, it has magical control over the nostalgia of others.
fourth, show miraculous thinking and creativity in the eyes of others.
5. He is usually precocious, and there has never been an outstanding figure like him in his family.
6. Most of their close relatives have mental or social defects. In addition, most of these people have an aversion to their close relatives.
Genius is not an intellectual, but an intellectual with innovative ability.
all geniuses cultivate themselves.
it is still controversial whether the inventor of an accidental major discovery is a genius. Especially the accidental major discoverer who is slow in daily life.
A genius should be born with a higher IQ than others, or equal to the IQ of an 18-year-old normal person, but if he doesn't explore and explore, his IQ will stay at one year old (equal to the normal person's 18 years old). He may be smart from childhood, but he hasn't been promoted, and he will stay in the original place. If he is 18 years old, he will be like a normal person. But others are improving. In fact, he didn't retreat at all, just stayed. It's very simple to go to primary school at the age of 18, but at the age of 18, isn't it normal? The smarter a person is, the harder it is to improve, because a piece of paper is full of things, and it is difficult to paint again. But a normal person is like a blank piece of paper, and painting whatever he wants is better than a genius. Therefore, so many so-called prodigies have not changed and become normal people. This is why.
A variety of abilities are highly developed and fully combined. It is manifested in the ability to complete an activity independently, creatively and efficiently. A single ability, even if it reaches a high level of development, cannot be called a genius. For example, it is impossible to complete an activity independently and creatively without a high degree of understanding, generalization and other abilities, so only a highly developed memory ability cannot be called a genius. The same is true of the single development of other abilities. If a certain ability is lacking, it can be compensated by other highly developed abilities that combine into genius.
Because various activities have different requirements for various abilities and their combination, the structure of talents in different activities is different. Composition and aircraft design have different requirements for various abilities and their combination, so the structure of composition genius and aircraft design genius is different. However, no matter what kind of genius, it must contain highly developed general abilities (such as precision, keenness and systematic observation; Quick, firm and accurate memory; Agile, profound and original thinking ability, etc.), and at the same time, it must contain special abilities that are specially needed for certain activities (such as the highly developed ability to quickly summarize mathematical materials, the ability to quickly "simplify" thinking activities during operation, and the ability to flexibly transition from forward operation to reverse operation, etc.). So genius is composed of a highly developed general ability and a highly developed special ability.
Genius is not a natural talent. Human talent is just some physiological and anatomical characteristics, which are called quality. Good quality is the natural prerequisite for the development of genius. But only with good quality, without certain social living conditions (including education, labor, family and social environment), no genius will appear, and social living conditions play a more important role. Therefore, geniuses and talented people are restricted by social and historical conditions. Geniuses and talented people can only appear if the society needs them and the conditions are available. The needs of different times will stimulate the development of different geniuses. For example, in wartime, the genius of military strategists will be developed; The geniuses of scientists, artists, designers, etc. will be developed during the period of peaceful construction.
The theories about genius mainly include genetic determinism and acquired theory. Genetic determinism holds that genius depends entirely on heredity. In his book Genetic Genius: Its Laws and Consequences, F Gao Erdun, a 19th-century British scholar, proposed that genius is inherited by paternal line or maternal line. He used genealogy survey to investigate the blood relationship of hundreds of famous people, and found that many relatives of celebrities were also celebrities. This theory completely ignores the importance of social living conditions. In fact, his research materials cannot deny the beneficial effects of family environment and education of famous people on the growth of future generations. Acquired theory holds that ability depends entirely on environment and education, and genius is acquired entirely. In the 18th century, C.A. helvetius said that genius can be formed through education. People who hold this theory, through the study of identical twins, find that although the twins raised separately are genetically the same, their intellectual development is significantly different due to different parenting environments. This theory completely denies the role of quality. In fact, it is difficult for a person with serious genetic defects to be trained as a genius.
the above two theories are extremely one-sided. After the 192s and 193s, more and more people realized that innate genetic quality and acquired environmental education were both important to the formation of genius. Therefore, the theory of interaction between heredity and environment is advocated. In recent years, many researchers have a tendency to emphasize that environment and education are more important, and think that good genetic quality only provides the possibility for the occurrence of genius, and this possibility depends on the influence of environment and the role of education. It should also be pointed out that some researchers also believe that the role of environment and education occurs through human subjective efforts in social practice. Genius figures in all fields, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, have made outstanding contributions to human society through long-term indomitable and diligent efforts. Introspective psychology originated from the study of genius and genius education, and a large number of research results reveal the essential causes and psychological characteristics of genius. The essence and characteristics of genius are discussed in detail in Chapter 7 "Genius Psychology", a classic book of reflective psychology, Mind Control.
psychological research shows that the essential and inherent characteristics of genius are "intermediate heart tide" and "extreme shallow information structure" (uranium block of knowledge). The external characteristics of genius are mainly manifested in the following aspects.
High thinking endurance
Genius's creative thinking can last forever and has a strong continuity. This is the inevitable performance of general intelligence, and it is also the inevitable performance of "intermediate tidal inertia". Genius's emotion has good inertia and can wander around the inspiration point for a long time. When the emotion wanders around the inspiration point, people's general intelligence is the highest, so genius's thinking is very endurance.
It is said that Archimedes, an ancient Greek scientist, once stood by the sea and thought for a whole day. In the evening, the servant behind him said to him, "Master, you have been standing here thinking for a whole day, and we haven't eaten yet?" Archimedes said, "Really?" Only then did I feel that I was really a little hungry. Newton, a British scientist, is said to have a habit of sitting on the bed after waking up every morning and thinking about problems in scientific research. This kind of thinking usually lasts for several hours until lunch. Therefore, Newton famously said, "I owe my achievements to my energetic thinking." Leonardo da Vinci's unique sleeping habits also show how durable his thinking is: he takes a nap for 15 minutes every 4 hours, so that he only sleeps for 9 minutes every day, and he is thinking and studying efficiently at other times.
The thinking endurance of ordinary people is much weaker than that of geniuses, which is manifested in the fact that ordinary people are most afraid of reading theoretical and abstract books and engaging in difficult creative thinking, because such intellectual activities are very hard for them. Even if they are strong and reluctant to engage in such intellectual activities, they will not last long, because they will soon become sleepy, which is related to their inertia of emotion, because their emotion is used to being high.
The function of the subconscious mind is to store and supply information, and its information supply is directly proportional to the level of the tide (tide level). If the tide is too high and the information supply is too large, people will show a strong manic state. In this case, people's IQ is not high. Why? Because the information in the consciousness is changing rapidly at this time, a thought is just beginning, and it will be interrupted by the next irrelevant information, and the second thought. It will be interrupted by the third information. Therefore, at this time, the thinking lacks continuity, and countless thoughts will appear in an instant. The human brain is like a mess, and any intellectual task is difficult to complete. The moment when people are highly nervous when they are scared, or the few minutes when they first go to the examination room, it is this state. In this state, the simplest intellectual task is difficult to complete. On the contrary, if the level of emotion is too low, the supply of information is too small, because in this case, it is like "a clever woman can't cook without rice", and she will feel very hard when engaging in difficult intellectual activities, and she will feel at a loss and have no way to start. Only when the surge of emotion lingers near the inspiration point, people's general IQ is the highest, and the surge of genius can linger near the inspiration point for a long time, so their thinking is very endurance and their IQ is very high. Of course, this surge of emotion inertia is not innate, but, like people's behavior habits, it is formed in the day after tomorrow and can be artificially cultivated and formed.
strong concentration and anti-interference ability
This is a manifestation of special intelligence and an inevitable manifestation of extreme shallow information structure.
Because the shallow layer of a genius is a uranium block of knowledge that occupies most of the space in the shallow layer, most of the knowledge he needs when thinking is located in the shallow layer, and the speed of transferring shallow information into consciousness is faster than that in the deep layer, so the genius thinks quickly and can complete an inspirational thinking or intuitive thinking in an instant. Man's consciousness is a very narrow space, and when a genius thinks, his internal suction flow and internal rush flow enter consciousness very frequently, and the flow of information is also very large, which makes the outside information almost have no chance to enter consciousness. Therefore, when a genius thinks, he often turns a blind eye to the outside world, that is, he shows strong concentration and anti-interference ability to the outside world, all of which are caused by his unique shallow information structure-knowledge uranium block. And ordinary people,