/kloc-in the 0/8th century, Britain has established a constitutional bourgeois regime, so the main task of British enlightenment literature is not to prepare for the revolution, but to sweep away the feudal remnants, expose the shortcomings of the real society and promote the development of capitalism. The main achievement of English literature in this period is realistic novels, among which Defoe, Swift and Fielding are important writers.
Representative writer
Defoe
The founder of English realism. Robinson Crusoe marks the birth of English realistic novels. This novel eulogizes the enterprising spirit of the bourgeoisie. Robinson, the hero, is a typical British commercial capitalist, a colonial image and the first bourgeois positive image in the history of European literature. His history of struggle is a fable and epitome of the history of human civilization. The novel adopts the way of the first-person protagonist's self-report.
Rapidly occurring
Gulliver's Travels, a four-volume satirical tradition in English literature, narrates the experience of Gulliver, a British doctor, who sailed to a lilliput country, an adult country, a flying island country and a Yin Hui country, and satirically attacked British politics, law, parliament, party struggle and philosophy.
Richardson
Clarissa, a writer who is good at using epistolary narrative, is a million-word epistolary novel. Clarissa, the protagonist, was imprisoned by her family because she refused to marry a vulgar rich man. After she fled her home at the suggestion of lovelace, an aristocratic youth, she was raped and died of exhaustion. Sentimentality permeates the realistic description of novels, which has a great influence on the creation of European literature, especially Rousseau and Goethe.
Fidinger
Tom jones is the highest representative of English realistic novels in the18th century, and is known as the prose epic of English society in the18th century. Volume 18 of the novel, narrated in the third person, revolves around the mystery of a young man and a young woman's life and their love twists and turns, and describes the real picture of British urban and rural social life in the18th century through their experiences in the countryside, on the wandering road and in London. It criticizes the debauchery, greed and hypocrisy of the aristocratic bourgeoisie, and shows that good morality can overcome evil, get a happy ending and influence others to transform society.
Burns
A peasant poet and a former representative of romanticism-Scottish dialect poetry is simple and natural, full of optimism: let's have another glass of wine. No matter where we look for happiness, happiness is always there.
■ France
France is the center of the Enlightenment in Europe. The Enlightenment in France was directly responsible for educating the masses, making them get rid of ignorance and learn to think rationally, thus getting rid of feudal autocracy and religious superstition. It is highly revolutionary and combative, and its content is particularly rich.
Representative writer
Montesquieu
Known for advocating the separation of legislative, administrative and judicial powers, Persian Letters is an epistolary philosophical novel composed of 160 letters. Through the correspondence between two young Persian aristocrats and their families while living in Paris, the work exposes and satirizes the upper class in France, and is the first philosophical novel of18th century.
Voltaire
Spiritual leader of enlightenment. -Honest Man is an excellent philosophical novel. Describe an innocent honest man who finally wakes up after twists and turns and realizes the ugliness of reality: the earth is devastated and full of disasters. The novel also depicts a mythical ideal world-Huang Jinguo, which expresses the author's fantasy about the bright future of mankind. Finally, the famous saying that "it is important to plant our garden well" is put forward, which shows the enterprising and realistic spirit of the emerging bourgeoisie.
Diderot
/kloc-an outstanding representative of French enlightenment thinkers in the 0/8th century. -"Ramo's nephew" is a philosophical novel of dialogue. The nephew of the protagonist Ramo is a "freak": a typical gifted but self-indulgent freak of the times. Through this image, the novel reveals the psychological state of the growing bourgeois society, that is, doing whatever it takes to achieve its goals. Marx called this novel "an unparalleled work" and Engels called it "a masterpiece of dialectics". Diderot put forward the concept of serious drama in drama theory, that is, the drama of later generations, whose representative work is bastard.
Rousseau
The leader of radical democracy in the French Enlightenment.
Emile —— A philosophical novel about education.
Autobiographical novel confessions
New Ai Luo· Si Qi-an epistolary philosophical novel. She criticized the cruel social reality, feudal hierarchy and aristocratic class through the destruction of the flower of love between the noble lady Yuli and the civilian teacher.
Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
The most famous comedy writer in France. -"The Wedding of Figaro" is a battle comedy with distinct political inclination. Figaro, the count's servant, is going to marry the countess's maid. He defeated the earl's "first night right" to the bride with his intelligence. Reflected the victory of the third class over the nobility.
■ Germany
/kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, Germany was in a state of feudal vassal separation, which seriously hindered the development of capitalism. The task of the German Enlightenment is to arouse people's consciousness, oppose separatism and build a country with national unity. 65438+The end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009 are called "Weimar Classical Period" in history. Classicism, represented by Schiller and Goethe in their later years, regards the "noble simplicity and quiet greatness" of ancient Greek literature as the ideal of their national literature, which pushes the development of German national literature to the peak and ushers in the classical era of German literature.
Representative writer
Lessing
Founder of German national drama and national literature. He "completed the transformation of German literature". The main contributions are: aesthetic theory, drama theory and drama contribution-laocoon's literary theory works, which discusses the boundary between poetry and painting. I think poetry is more expressive than painting.
Schiller
Conspiracy and Love, a famous German dramatist, literary theorist and aesthetician, is called "the first German drama with political inclination".
Goethe
German great national poet, the most outstanding representative of German classical literature and national literature. -Lyrics are the beginning of modern German lyrics. Poetry praises nature, love and friendship, implies strong dissatisfaction with tyranny and tyranny, and is full of positive, optimistic and healthy spirit.
The historical tragedy "Gotz" is about Gotz, the leader of the peasant uprising, because he can't break away from his aristocratic background, completely break away from his class, and doesn't agree with the revolutionary way of the peasants. He finally turned his back on the peasants, was caught by the enemy and died heroically. The play embodies the spirit of taking the lead, and is called "expressing condolences and respect to a rebel" by Engels.
Young Werther is an epistolary novella, the first work of world significance in Germany. Victor is a wakener of the times and a rebel of the vulgar environment, but his resistance is not combative, and he always resists in a non-cooperative and evasive way. Victor's character is forged by society, and his tragedy is the tragedy of the times.
Philosophical poetic drama Faust
The content is a prelude, two bets, lifelong pursuit and five tragedies. God thinks Faust is an explorer who will never be satisfied. "He will never get lost in exploration." The devil's bet is to make Faust shout, "You are so beautiful, please stay!" " "
Structured poetic drama is divided into two parts. The first part has 25 scenes, and the second part has 25 scenes and 5 scenes. There is no story from beginning to end, but Dr. Faust's life of exploring the essence of life is written as a clue. In addition to these, you can also write western philosophy and religion, western scientific civilization, western political civilization, western history and other materials. Personally, I think western political civilization is easier to write, because: western politics is represented by individualism, democracy, constitutionalism, freedom, equality and pluralism. Individualism is the essence of western political civilization. Its meaning includes: independent individuals are the origin or foundation of society. The individual is the ultimate value of society. In western countries and groups, the individual is the starting point for protecting individual rights. We have been educated by collectivism since childhood, but in reality, many times individuals are victims, and our interests can always be occupied by the collective or the state, so that individuals are very passive in social life, and we can't know who we are. Are we the masters of the country? We have a lot of confusion, and we have too many values to change. Often our collectivist values lead us to the most extreme selfishness, because we have been deprived of benefits for many years because of personal manpower, which leads citizens to become more and more indifferent and insensitive to Qin State, which we should help around us. We have different views from the United States on the issue of treating prisoners of war. McConn, the last American presidential candidate, was captured in the Vietnam War, tortured in prison and received a warm reception when he returned home. Everyone thinks he is a hero, and the country should thank him for saving his life. So what if this person is from China? What will happen to us? Will our country * * * accept it? Will our CCTV write a message welcoming xx prisoners of war to return home successfully? I don't think so. We did this during the Korean War and will not change it now. Because there is no qualitative leap in China people's values compared with those of that year. China people have repeatedly emphasized collectivism, but few people really pay for the collective. This is the result of long-term suppression of individualism, which has become neither fish nor fowl. The greatest contribution of the west to human civilization lies in the invention of the constitutional system. Its meaning is to protect people's rights through the formal norms of the constitution and the restrictions on state rights. In other words, all activities of the state and individuals can not go beyond the scope of the Constitution, and the same behavior of the state and individuals is protected by the Constitution. No matter the president, prime minister or ordinary people are abiding by the spirit of the Constitution. Once Obama wanted to care about children's education, so he called a school teacher and said, "You should urge children to study hard." Unexpectedly, the teacher immediately replied, "This is not your duty, Mr. President." Yes, this is not what the president should do. In the United States, political history cannot be involved in education. The teacher denied the president's unconstitutional behavior and proved that every American citizen lives and works under the constitution. This is an example of an ordinary American teacher. Let's take a look at China's foreign affairs spokeswoman Jiang Yu's roar at the press conference: "Don't use the law as a shield! ! ! "It's a classic. If constitutional law is not a shield for democratic countries, what should it be? This sentence should make all China people think deeply. There are too many such examples. I'm not cynical. I just want to make my motherland better and make politics more democratic and open. There is not so much hide and seek, and there are not so many unconstitutional things. Let's talk about the western thought of freedom and equality. Americans regard their Statue of Liberty as important as we in China see the Great Wall or the Forbidden City. Because it is the spiritual pillar of the American people, if there is no call for freedom and equality, Puritans, prisoners and poor people in those days would not take Mayflowers to the unknown American continent to seek real freedom. It is precisely because of this idea that the United States defeated its suzerain country, and it is precisely because of this that Americans are constantly removing the stumbling block of freedom and equality. From the American War of Independence, the Civil War, the Emancipation Declaration to the black movement in the 1960s, the last country where a black man became president became a melting pot of multilateralism. In addition to the above, there are many aspects to write.