Literary and artistic creation needs defamiliarization, because creation needs constant technological innovation and gives people fresh experience under new creation. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, defamiliarization can also enhance aesthetic feeling. Kraffszky, a Russian formalism theorist, famously said, "Art exists to feel life and things again and make stones look like stones. The purpose of art is to make people feel things, that is, to see rather than recognize them. The artistic technique is to make things strange and difficult to form. (According to this) increase the difficulty and prolong the perception time, because the process of perception in art is the end itself, so it should be extended. " That is to say, using artistic techniques to defamiliarize things and hinder the form, thus delaying attention and prolonging the time of perception, so as to achieve the purpose of feeling beauty and discovering beauty.
Metaphor, as a common rhetorical device, pays the most attention to novelty and ingenuity, which requires us to seek a sense of strangeness, so it is the best experimental place for strangeness skills. Similarity and popularization are the most taboo metaphors. There is a famous saying in the west that the first person who compares a woman to a flower is a genius, the second is a mediocre person and the third is a fool. Copying behind others' backs or getting rid of popular thinking patterns can't create a good metaphor.
Fortress Besieged has always been a popular work. One of the important reasons is that the metaphor is vivid and ingenious, which is simply a grand view garden of metaphor, which greatly satisfies the aesthetic pleasure of readers. With his amazing imagination, Mr. Qian left us many classic figurative images, making Fortress Besieged a must-read for figurative researchers. Mr. Qian put forward the principle of metaphor: "All metaphors must be classless, and all comparisons must be related to their relationship." Summarize in eight words "specious, right and wrong are not divided." It is pointed out that metaphor is to find its similarity. But a good metaphor can't just satisfy the similarity. The most attractive part of metaphor in Fortress Besieged is unexpected, and the main reason for its success is to break the routine and achieve the effect of defamiliarization with rebellious thinking. The specific defamiliarization skills are analyzed as follows: 1. Distance.
Ordinary metaphor pursues the appropriateness of ontology and vehicle, while the metaphor in Fortress Besieged tends to deliberately narrow the distance between ontology and vehicle, creating a strange and novel atmosphere. Aristotle once said, "Metaphor is a sign of genius." Mr. Qian Zhongshu has this kind of genius creativity. According to the needs of expression, he is good at finding similarities that others have not found or are difficult to find, and uses fresh and appropriate metaphors to express and describe the ontology, making it concise and realistic. At this point, Mr. Qian deserves everyone's praise. Two seemingly completely unrelated things are connected by his wonderful pen, which makes people applaud. Liu Xie put forward in Wen Xin Diao Long: "Although things are Hu, they are brave." When talking about how to make metaphor novel, Mr. Qian also proposed to widen the distance between metaphor and ontology according to the truth of complementary opposites of metaphor, and thought that compared with things, "the more differences, the greater similarities, the more contrasts, the farther apart, the more unexpected combinations and the more novel metaphors. Ancient Roman rhetoric has long pointed out that the greater the distance between things being compared, the more novel and innovative the metaphor effect. " "Match the concept of no connection, let thousands of miles meet and become lovers." In order to avoid the ordinary, he tried to find out the relevant characteristics in seemingly nondescript things, so as to unexpectedly combine the farthest things together and reach an unreasonable and wonderful state. Many metaphors in Fortress Besieged are created according to this principle, which is unforgettable. For example, describing Miss Bao compares her to a mature food store and the truth. "Some people call her" truth "because it is said that" truth "is naked. Bao girl is not naked, so they changed it to' partial truth'. " Without the latter explanation, readers will be confused. Miss Bao is a real person, but the truth is false. There are almost no similarities between them, or even almost no connection. However, starting from the concept of nudity, the author organically links the two and vividly sets off Miss Bao's wild image. This is really incredible, but it is a masterpiece.
Second, take one end.
Ordinary metaphor often pursues the overall similarity between ontology and vehicle. Mr. Qian pointed out that "metaphor takes its likeness, only one end, not the whole, but the similarity at one end and pushes it to the other end." This finds the rationality of this novel metaphor and breaks the usual rules. This is actually a spiritual pursuit. Similarity of metaphor is not only direct, but also indirect. This metaphor is often associated with God, but it is not directly similar to sum. Liu Xie said: "judge a person by his appearance, and his heart should respond." Carve the melody and sprout. " Metaphor only pays attention to the likeness of spirit, which makes words have the real state of chemical creation and achieves the highest vivid artistic truth. For example, "his sleep that night is like the grain of japonica rice powder, which is not sticky or greasy and won't last long." The similarity between the lines of sleep and japonica rice powder is only in the point of "drawing is not long", and it is very novel to indirectly infer the similarity between them from this point.
Third, use metaphors.
Italian metaphor, also known as virtual metaphor or abstract metaphor, uses illusory and abstruse metaphors to compare concrete images. In ancient China, metaphor mainly focused on images. As the saying goes, "it is easy to paint with tears, but difficult to write with sadness", so concrete images are often used to describe empty feelings, and metaphors are rarely involved. However, Mr. Qian used reverse thinking to do the opposite, resolutely broke into this sparsely populated area, exerted rich associations and cultivated land vigorously, leaving a lot of novel and amazing metaphors. For example, "{Wang Meiyu} smiled at him, his mouth was full of bright red root meat, and his pieces were uneven like a knight's chest, revealing a few yellow teeth that he was too shy to stand out." It seems strange to use the chivalrous spirit to describe the unevenness of the root meat, but it is actually very interesting, which shows Wang Meiyu's ugliness to the fullest. Compared with more abstract and unfamiliar things, this metaphor breaks through the normality and inertia of metaphor and makes people get a unique and novel experience at once.
Fourth, take ugliness as beauty.
People often like to choose the carrier from the aesthetic point of view, but Mr. Qian has a unique way, taking ugliness as beauty, avoiding falling into the trap of conventional thinking and gaining fresh and unique feelings. Mr. Qian likes to "draw inferences from others", which also reflects unfamiliarity on the other hand. For example, "this diploma seems to have the effect of a leaf in Adam and Eve's lower body, which can cover up shame and ugliness, and a small piece of paper can cover up a person's emptiness, ignorance and stupidity." The leaves of Adam and Eve's lower body are not mentioned by ordinary people, and it seems difficult to be elegant. However, Mr. Qian described this fake diploma with ease and accuracy, which made people laugh and made readers smile.
Fifth, add exaggeration
The metaphors in Fortress Besieged are often associated with rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, which are more vivid and special than the simplicity of general metaphors. In Fortress Besieged, almost everyone is the object of ridicule, and looks and expressions are the most ridiculed, usually cartoons. When using metaphors, we often add auxiliary means such as exaggeration to make the whole picture more funny. For example, "the philosopher Chu greedily looked at Miss Su, with big eyes like the philosopher's' absolute concept' and' medicine out of a pistol', and almost broke his eyes and glasses." Show the ugliness of Chu. This metaphor is often wonderful and vivid, with different associations, humorous and colorful, which makes people laugh and gives people a refreshing feeling.
Sixth, subjective interpretation.
Metaphors in Fortress Besieged often have the function of subjective interpretation, expressing a unique concept with the author's unique understanding. Although metaphor generally realizes the common additional meaning between the subject and the vehicle, rather than the rational meaning, and cannot intervene in defining and explaining things, it still shoulders certain auxiliary explanatory functions. Therefore, the author can use metaphors to explain things and express his views according to his own interests. For example, "{Mrs. Shen} vomited thick rouge on her lips into her mouth, and her dark and uneven teeth were stained with red marks, which were bloody like murder clues in detective novels." "Here, the red seal on the mouth is interpreted as a clue to the murder case, with a strange imagination and strong subjectivity, showing a kind of disgust and resistance. This interpretation function is embodied in the re-covering of the ontological meaning by the vehicle meaning, which is actually a re-interpretation of things. The unique interpretation breaks through the stereotype of conformity and gives people a strange and fresh feeling.
Seven, a presumptuous guest usurps the host's role
Ordinary metaphors are mainly ontologies, supplemented by vehicles, but some metaphors in Fortress Besieged are reversed, creating a sense of freshness. Clever metaphor is better than wonderful metaphor, and its vehicle has certain self-reference. When the self-reference is strong, the vehicle even usurps the role of the owner. At this point, the ontology becomes the foil and the carrier becomes the focus, all of which contain the author's praise and criticism. For example, "Her {Miss Tang} eyes are not big, but they are very flexible and gentle, which makes many women's big eyes like politicians' big words. "Although the author compares big eyes to big talk here, the key is not their similarities. The author's intention is to exploit the topic and satirize politicians. Seemingly casual, in fact, it refers to this and that, which shows the author's cleverness.
Eight, widely adopted and widely collected
Mr. Qian has learned both Chinese and western, and the source and scope of metaphor are very wide. He used a lot of unfamiliar contents in metaphor, which enhanced the novelty of metaphor. For example, "this kind of kiss is light in weight and small in scope, just like wiping your lips with a matcha bowl when the Qing Dynasty officialdom offers tea to see off guests, or touching the Bible when the former Western Dynasty witnesses take an oath. At most, it is like those believing women kissing the big toe of the living Buddha in Tibet or the Pope, which is a kind of closeness that stays at a respectful distance." This metaphor shows the emotional essence of Fang Hung-chien to Miss Su, but more importantly, it shows the author's erudition, and the small details in Chinese and Western cultures are handy, which adds a lot of cultural connotations to the works and also shows a fresh feeling. Defamiliarization makes the metaphor in Fortress Besieged novel, interesting and dazzling, and completes the comprehensive promotion and transcendence of traditional metaphor, which has become a monument in the history of metaphor rhetoric.
The Magical Use of Metaphor in Fortress Besieged
Li Kuang
Fortress Besieged by Qian Zhongshu describes the gray life of a group of upper-class intellectuals with Westernization education from Shanghai to the southwest rear during the Anti-Japanese War, showing their inner helplessness, spiritual emptiness and hypocrisy and helplessness in love. The novel shows a dazzling group of special intellectuals, which essentially symbolizes the fate of the whole mankind.
The most attractive thing about this novel is its unique language style. It is witty, sharp, profound and humorous, which often makes people astonish. Among them, metaphor is the most conspicuous highlight, novel and appropriate, colorful and changeable.
First, the simple metaphor of Fortress Besieged
Fortress Besieged is an unavoidable dilemma for life and society. Qian Lao quoted an old English and French proverb as a metaphor. "Marriage is like a birdcage painted golden. Those outside the cage want to fly in and those inside the cage want to fly out. So when it's over, it's over. " "People outside the city want to rush in, and people in the city want to escape. Whether it is marriage or career, the desire of life is roughly the same." These two metaphors make an abstract life problem and philosophical problem vivid and tangible, and explain the connotation and essence of the "besieged city" dilemma in simple terms.
Second, vividly depict the characters.
The novel depicts the ugliness and faces of a group of deformed intellectuals, and metaphor makes them worse. For example, Gao Songnian, president of San Lv University, has a "fat face, like unfermented yellow steamed bread" and a "smooth yellow face, like polished yellow shoes", which vividly shows the face of a respectable prodigal son. Mr. Zhang, who claims to be used to interacting with foreigners, "always likes to put some unnecessary English words in Chinese. He has no new ideas that are difficult to achieve in Chinese and needs to speak in English. " Therefore, the English words embedded between his lines are not as good as the gold teeth embedded in his mouth, because gold teeth are not only decorative, but also usable, so they are better than the meat scraps in his teeth, indicating that the food is good and useless. "
These wonderful and wise metaphors hit the nail on the head, incisively analyzed all kinds of strange people, and left a clear and profound impression on readers.
Third, say love humorously.
The love story in Fortress Besieged is not vigorous, shocking, touching, gripping and sublime, but full of helplessness, sadness, secularism, funny and ridiculous. Qian Lao vividly described their love and love concept with subtle metaphors. For example, Sue, born in a noble family, is arrogant and conceited, and has always been "waiting for the price" for love, so "it's like making a good dress, reluctant to wear it and locking it in a box. After two years, I suddenly found that the appearance and color of this dress are outdated and I regret it. " It can be seen that Miss Su only regards love as an exchange of fame and fortune. Love needs like-minded people, and it is difficult for people with different aspirations to mix together. Therefore, "although close, Fang Hung-chien's friendship with her ends here, just like two parallel lines, no matter how close they are or how long they are drawn, they will never get close."
Qian Zhongshu's original scholar metaphor can not only make these profound philosophical propositions easy to understand, but also turn seriousness into ease, sarcasm into ridicule, spear into indifference, showing the tolerance of a wise man.
What are the characteristics of the metaphor in Fortress Besieged?
The teacher said that the metaphor of Fortress Besieged has two characteristics: one is to compare abstract things with image things; Secondly, the ontology and vehicle of metaphor seem to be irrelevant. Yes, it should be these two points. If you told me so professionally before watching the besieged city, I hope you will say it first and I will forget it later. I have four views: first, the author is knowledgeable and has a broad vision. As long as something enters his eyes, he can skillfully compare it with what he wants to compare, thus making his articles more vivid. Second, metaphors are often unexpected. I think these two points are basically consistent with yours. Unexpectedly, isn't it because ontology and metaphor have nothing to do with ordinary people? If he doesn't learn from others, how can he make such a clever metaphor? Third, the combination of exaggeration and personification. You are talking about using abstract things to compare images. For example, children's eyebrows are as wide as acacia. In your words, it is to use abstract things to compare things with images. As a grass-roots educator, you can't use this metaphor. We can only say that this is an exaggerated sentence with metaphorical elements. I remember an expert once said that in the case of both, it depends on which rhetorical device you prefer. My fourth point is that his humor is often reflected in this changeable metaphor. His metaphor is natural and appropriate, and his humor is memorable.
I'm discussing the humor of Fortress Besieged. To tell the truth, as for his metaphor, I really haven't studied it in depth. The teacher gave me this topic at that time, and I was finally able to say something. I thought my analysis was profound, but the teacher said I only scratched the surface. But I think the views are basically the same, but the expressions are different. Is the teacher too obsessed with his own inherent answers, or am I really too superficial? I hope you can teach me a trick or two!
Respondent: Memorandum 2004-00 General Level 4 1-20 17.
Copy, very good.