Germany:

The Kar 98k rifle inherits the classic Mauser-style rotating rear-pull bolt of the 98 series Mauser rifles, and the tail of the bolt is a safety device. The bullets are arranged in a double-row staggered built-in magazine, and a 5-round magazine is used to load the bullets. The bullets are pressed into the magazine through the top of the receiver, and can also be loaded with a single shot. It adopts a downward-curved charging handle, which is convenient for carrying and installing the sight. It adopts a curved rear sight, a "V"-shaped notched rear sight, an inverted "V"-shaped front sight, and the front sight has a round guard. The Kar 98k rifle became the most widely used rifle by the Nazi German army during World War II. It is a reliable and accurate rifle. Considered one of the best rotating bolt action rifles of World War II. Type: Hand-operated rifle, single shot

Production period: 1935-1945 Manufacturing quantity: 1, 4.5 million pieces Caliber: 7.92 mm Ammunition: 7.92×57mm Mauser rifle cartridge Magazine capacity: 5 rounds , Built-in staggered magazine Bolt: manual, bolt-action Full length: 1107 mm Barrel length: 600 mm Weight: 3.9 kg Rate of fire: about 15 rounds/min Muzzle velocity: 755 meters/second Effective range: 800 meters Sights: curved rear sight, V-shaped notched rear sight

The MP40 submachine gun and its prototype MP38 submachine gun adopt the free-action principle and use 9mm caliber pistol bullets, straight 32 rounds Magazine feeds ammunition. Tubular receiver, exposed barrel. The grip guards are all plastic parts. The simple folding stock made of steel pipe folds forward under the receiver for easy carrying. The hook-like shape of the barrel seat can be hooked onto the vehicle body when firing outward from the perforation hole of the armored vehicle, preventing the barrel from retracting into the vehicle body due to recoil or vehicle bumps. The gun has a simple structure and a well-designed design. It is very convenient to disassemble and combine the gun without the use of special tools

Among the large number of submachine weapons equipped during World War II, the MP40 submachine gun had high accuracy. Due to the small recoil, the MP40's shooting within the effective range is very accurate, and its accuracy in sustained shooting is unmatched. A Soviet Bobosha and a British Sten are difficult to control during continuous shooting, but any German recruit can control an MP40 during violent shooting. Provides intensive firepower in closer combat.

This mainly comes from the design idea of ??MP40. It adopts the free bolt type working principle. The recoil spring is installed in three telescopic tubes with different diameters, and the front end of the tube is the firing pin. When shooting, the recoil of the bolt moves the firing pin and compresses the recoil spring in the conduit, causing the recoil spring to move smoothly. In addition, it uses 9mm caliber Parabellum pistol bullets and the low rate of fire of the gun is also the reason for its accurate shooting.

The MP40 is undoubtedly an easy-to-control weapon. Its recoil is relatively small, and it can accurately fire dense bullets at the opponent during strafing. In non-extremely cold climates, its ammunition supply reliability is very strong, and there is basically no danger of jamming. In comparison, Bobosha's firing speed is too fast, and the gun body jumps violently during intense shooting, making it difficult for novices to control it. Although the Sten submachine gun is relatively easy to control, the gun has a unique shape. When shooting, you must hold the butt of the gun with one hand and grab the magazine on the side with the other hand. It is very laborious to move the gun body up and down, and it is only suitable for horizontal shooting. Moreover, the reliability of the Sten's ammunition supply is too poor, and it often jams inexplicably. This means giving your life to the opponent on the battlefield. The bullet penetration ability of the old American Thompson submachine gun is too weak, and its lethality against semi-concealed targets that are farther away is too poor. It is only suitable for shooting unprotected soldiers at close range.

Before the Soviet Bobosha submachine gun appeared, the MP40 was still the world's top submachine gun. Due to its maturity and reliability, some countries were still using it until the 1960s.

Caliber: 9mm

Ammunition: 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridges

Automatic mode: free bolt type

Firing method: continuous fire

Muzzle velocity: 381m/s

Sight range: 200m

Theoretical rate of fire: 500 rounds/min

Ammunition supply method: magazine

Magazine capacity: 32 rounds

Full gun length: butt open 833mm; butt folded 630mm

Barrel Length: 251mm

Rifling: 6, right-hand rotation

Total gun mass (excluding magazine): MP38 4.086kg; MP40 4.027kg

Total gun mass (including magazine): MP38 type 4.756kg; MP40 type 4.697kg

Real magazine mass: 670g

Aiming device: flake front sight; U-shaped notched rear sight

Luger pistol, caliber: 9mm

Total length: 270mm

Weight: 930g

Ammo capacity: 8 rounds

This gun came out in 1908 and has been equipped with the German army for more than 30 years. It was designed by George Ruger. What is different from previous pistols is that it uses a manual safety reverse position and the center of gravity is placed rearward, which reduces the weight of the barrel and has good balance performance. , its aiming baseline is the entire gun length, thereby improving shooting accuracy. There is an adjustable anti-reflection sight on the dovetail groove on the side. This gun has many derivatives.

MP44 and MKb42(H) adopt a gas-guided working principle. The annular piston is located above the barrel. The bolt is deflected downward through its rear end to make the machine head rest against the locking support surface on the top of the receiver. to achieve reliable locking. There is a forward-facing hook on the rear upper end of the bolt, and a rear-facing hook on the bottom of the machine frame. When the gunpowder gas pressure pushes the piston and the frame to recoil, the two hooks snap together, first raising the rear end of the bolt, and then the bolt recoils with the frame. Since the MKb42(H) does not have a gas regulator, it is easy to wipe and has a sturdy and reliable structure. The gun was fed from a 30-round curved magazine. Compared with the machine guns of the time, its rate of fire was slightly lower, and its muzzle velocity was also lower than the 7.92mm high-power rifle ammunition, but it still had ferocious firepower. When firing bursts and bursts, the gun is easy to control due to the use of intermediate bullets. It has quite good shooting accuracy at longer distances and can be used as an emergency machine gun at any time. The MKb42(H) is technically quite unique. In terms of technology, the parts of the MKb42(H) are mostly made of plastic stamping, which was extremely rare in the firearms manufacturing process at the time. Its advantage is that it is easy to produce in large quantities. From the appearance point of view, the notched rear sight is located directly above the magazine slot, further forward than other firearms. In addition, the MKb42(H) adopts the bolt deflection locking method during semi-automatic or fully automatic shooting, which greatly improves its shooting performance. Accuracy. For combat needs, MKb42(H) also reserves fixed grenade reflection devices and gun stab positions.

Compared with rifles that fire high-power bullets, the MP43/44 7.92mm assault rifle has reduced mass, increased ammunition carrying capacity, and can carry out effective continuous shooting within 400m.

The MKb42(H) rifle adopts the gas-guided working principle, with an annular piston and the piston barrel located above the barrel. The tail end of the bolt is deflected downward so that the nose of the bolt is pressed against the locking support surface on the top of the receiver, thereby achieving reliable locking. There is a forward-facing hook on the rear upper end of the bolt, and a rear-facing hook on the bottom of the machine frame. When the gunpowder gas pressure pushes the piston-frame to recoil, the two hooks snap together, first raising the rear end of the bolt, and then the bolt recoils with the frame. The gun has no gas regulator, is easy to clean, and has a relatively strong and reliable structure.

The structures of the MP43/44 and MKb42(H) rifles are basically the same, but there are some differences.

The main difference is that the MKb42 (H) rifle uses a longer ordinary piston. The piston is installed in the piston barrel above the barrel. There is an obvious gap between the barrel and the piston; there is a handle guide groove and a bayonet seat on it. The piston cylinder of the MP43/44 rifle is entirely placed in the front stock, and there is no handle guide groove and bayonet seat.

The firing pin is wedge-shaped and has no firing pin spring. The firing mechanism is equipped with a single-shot lever for single-shot and burst shooting.

Sighting device

The gun uses mechanical sights. The front sight is spherical with a guard ring; the rear sight is curved and has a notched rear sight.

Ammunition

The gun uses 7.92mm bullets, with a warhead mass of 7.97g and a propellant mass of 1.6g. MKb42(H) type MKb42(W) type MP43/44 type

Caliber 7.92mm 7.92mm 7.92mm

Muzzle velocity 640m/s 500m/s 500m/s

Effective range 500m 500m 500m

Muzzle kinetic energy 1666J 1627J 1666J

Theoretical rate of fire 500 rounds/min 600 rounds/min 500 rounds/min

Automatic Method Gas-operated type Gas-operated type Gas-operated type

Locking method Bolt-deflected type Bolt-deflected type Bolt-deflected type

Firing method Single shot, Continuous shot Single shot, Continuous shot Single shot, continuous shot

Ammunition supply method magazine magazine

Ammunition capacity 30 rounds 30 rounds 30 rounds

Full gun length 940mm 931mm 940mm

Barrel length 364mm 406mm 419mm

4 riflings, right-hand twist, twist 254mm

Total gun mass (excluding magazine) 4.9kg 4.4kg 5.1kg

Sighting device

Ball-shaped sight, ball with retainer, ball-shaped with retainer, ball with retainer

Notched rear sight, notched sight hole type

Equipped with 7.92DangerCode; 33, mm bullets

Disadvantages of MP44:

The recoil is still too strong during continuous shooting, except for the first bullet Except for the accurate shooting, the rest were inaccurate, so the German soldiers at that time liked to click the shot to improve accuracy.

U.S. Army,

The M1 Garand rifle adopts the gas-guided working principle and the bolt rotary locking method. The gas tube is located under the barrel. After the hammer strikes the firing pin to fire the bullet, part of the gunpowder gas enters a small piston barrel from a gas guide hole at the bottom of the barrel near the end, pushing the piston and machine frame backward. The guide protrusion on the bolt slides along the guide groove of the frame. When the frame recoils, it drives the two locking protrusions on the bolt to be released from the locking groove of the receiver. They rotate to unlock. The action of ejecting the cartridge case is completed during the recoil of the bolt. Overwhelm the hammer into the cocked state. The rear end of the bolt frame hits the rear end surface of the receiver, and is driven by the recoil spring to start recoil. The guide groove of the machine frame guides the guide protrusion on the bolt to drive the bolt to rotate until the two locking protrusions enter the locked position. During the re-entry process, the bullet is loaded and the bolt is locked. The machine frame continues to move back into place, and the gun is ready to fire again. Compared with the contemporaneous pull-action bolt-action rifles (manually loaded bullets), the shooting speed of the M1 Garand rifle has been qualitatively improved. Its firepower advantage on the battlefield can effectively suppress manually loaded rifles.

The ammunition supply method of the M1 rifle is quite distinctive. A steel leaking clip containing a double row of 8 bullets is pressed into the magazine from the top of the receiver. When the last bullet is fired, the gun is empty and hung up. The clip will be automatically ejected from the magazine by the clip ejector, and a sound will be made to remind the soldier to reload the bullet.

There are two types of magazines: double-opening and single-opening. The double-opening can be loaded into the magazine regardless of the top or bottom, while the single-opening can only be loaded into the magazine with the opening upward. The bottom of each bullet is against the rear wall of the leaky magazine, and the pull-out groove at the bottom of the cartridge case is stuck into the inner ribs of the leakage clip. If the warhead of one bullet protrudes, other bullets cannot be loaded because the bullets in the magazine Exposed, sometimes the bullets do not necessarily align with the double openings. In order to align the bullets with the openings, soldiers often tap the helmet a few times to align them when loading. It is difficult to reload a magazine once it is pressed into the magazine before the bullets are fired. As a semi-automatic rifle, the magazine capacity is too small. Type: Semi-automatic rifle

Caliber: 7.62 mm

Ammunition: M1906 Springfield 0.30-06 rifle bullet (7.62×63mm rifle bullet)

Magazine Capacity: 8 rounds

Bolt: gas-operated, rotary locking bolt

Overall length: 1.1 meters

Barrel length: 610 mm

Muzzle velocity: 865 m/s

Empty gun weight: 4.37 kg

Muzzle kinetic energy: 3597 J

Effective range: 730 meters

Sights: chip front sight, aperture type rear sight

Production: ~ 5.5 million

1. Gun

The M1928A1 submachine gun adopts a unique The working principle of the semi-free bolt action. There is an H-shaped delayed recoil block made of bronze on the bolt. It is located in the groove of the bolt that is tilted backward at an angle of 70°. Its function is to use friction resistance at different angles at the moment of firing. Delayed bolt recoil. When the chamber pressure begins to drop, the interaction between the unlocking protrusions on both sides of the H block and the unlocking slope on the receiver causes the H block to rise, and the bolt begins to move backward. Although this delay mechanism avoids premature bolt extraction and shell explosion failures, it has a complicated structure. An annular heat dissipation groove is processed on the outside of the barrel, and there is a serrated shock absorber at the muzzle. Equipped with 20-round or 30-round magazines or 50-round or 100-round drum magazines. Most of the parts of the gun are castings, and the mass of the entire gun is relatively large, reaching 4.9kg without bullets.

M1 type 11.43mm submachine gun The main improvement of the M1 type submachine gun is the cancellation of the H-shaped block bolt delay mechanism, and the working principle is changed to a free bolt type. In addition, the charging handle was changed from the upper part of the receiver to the right side of the receiver, the barrel heat dissipation groove and toothed shock absorber were removed, and only 20-round and 30-round magazines were used for ammunition. It was designated as M1 in early 1942. This gun has no rear sight, and uses a hole-type rear sight for aiming. The charging handle is on the right side of the gun. There is no muzzle shock absorber. The M1 type does not have an oblique lock, and there is no gap on it to avoid being caught by the handle. The gun does not have a brass machine lock, so the locking depends entirely on its own weight and the tension of the spring. Therefore, the machine core is heavier. The buffers of the M1 type and the M1928A1 type are different. The M1 type buffer is composed of the Yin part, that is, the buffer The M1928A1 type buffer only has two buffer rings. The M1 type can only use magazines but not drums. The M1 type receiver is narrower than the M1928A1 type, but otherwise it is the same as the M1928A1 type. The M1 submachine gun fires 0.45-inch (11.43mm) Colt automatic pistol bullets with a muzzle velocity of 282m/s and an effective range of 200m. It is fed by 20 or 30-round magazines. The theoretical rate of fire is 700 rounds/min. The rifling is right With 6 spins, the total length of the gun is 813mm, the barrel length is 267mm, the aiming baseline length is 565mm, and the total weight of the gun is 4.76kg.

M1A1 type 11.43mm submachine gun M1A1 type is an improved type of M1 type. Its main difference is that the movable firing pin is changed to a fixed firing pin and the firing iron is cancelled. The other differences are similar to the M1 type. The formula is exactly the same. Its automatic mode is still based on the principle of a free bolt. This type of submachine gun has no heat dissipation ring and muzzle shock absorber on the barrel. The firing pin is fixed on the movement and becomes a whole. Structurally, the gun's construction is simple. The bolt handle is still on the right side, and the front sight of the gun is flush with the muzzle.

It fires 0.45-inch (11.43mm) Colt automatic pistol bullets with a muzzle velocity of 282m/s and an effective range of 200m. It is fed by a 20- or 30-round magazine. The theoretical rate of fire is 700 rounds/min. The rifling is right-handed 6 Article, the total length of the gun is 813mm, the barrel length is 267mm, the aiming baseline length is 565mm, and the total weight of the gun is 4.536kg.

2. Aiming device

Various Thompson submachine guns use mechanical sights with a blade-shaped front sight, but the M1928A1 type uses a flip-up rear sight with a sight hole. The M1A1 and M1A1 models use a fixed rear sight with a target hole rear sight.

3. Ammunition

The Thompson submachine gun fires 11.43mm Colt automatic pistol ammunition.

50 rounds of .45ACP L-shaped drum 4. Performance data

Caliber----11.43mm (0.45in)

Muzzle velocity---- 282m/s

Bore pressure----138.6kPa

Sight range----

M1928A1 type----549m

M1 type and M1A1 type----183m

Effective range----200m

Muzzle kinetic energy----569J

Combat Rate of fire----

Single shot----40 rounds/min

Continuous shot----120 rounds/min

Automatic mode- ---

M1928A1 type----semi-free bolt type

M1 type and M1A1 type----free bolt type

Firing method ----Single shot, continuous shot

Ammunition supply method----magazine, drum

Ammunition capacity----

Ammunition Magazine----20 rounds, 30 rounds

Magazine----50 rounds, 100 rounds

Full gun length----

M1928A1 Type----852mm

M1 type and M1A1 type----811mm

Barrel length----267mm

Rifling---- 6 strips, right-hand rotation, twist 406mm

Total gun mass (excluding magazine) ----

M1928A1 type ---- 4.9kg

M1 type and M1A1 type----4.78kg

Magazine mass

20 rounds of live ammunition magazine----570g

30 rounds of live ammunition Magazine----730g

Drum quality----

50-round live drum----2.23kg

100-round live drum- ---3．86kg

Aiming device----

Front sight----Flake type

Rear sight----Aim type

Aiming baseline length----

M1928A1 type----560mm

M1 type and M1A1 type----537mm

Equipped with ammunition types----11.43mm Colt automatic pistol bullets

Ordinary bullets----

Full bullet mass----21.2g

Warhead mass----14.9g

The development of the M1 carbine was originally to provide the US Army with a self-defense weapon to replace the standard pistol for the second-line troops. This requirement was originally issued in 1938 The idea was to develop a shoulder-fired weapon similar to a carbine, with a 7.62mm caliber, firing medium-power ammunition, and having a longer effective range than a standard 0.45-inch (11.43mm) semi-automatic pistol or revolver. But it is easier to operate and carry than the M1 Garand rifle. These requirements are actually similar to the concept of the now popular Personal Defense Weapon (PDW). The U.S. Army's request was shelved for a while and was revived in 1940. The US military has proposed specific indicators: the mass is less than 2.5kg, can be fired single or continuously, and can replace pistols and submachine guns as the basic weapons used by sergeants, grassroots officers or machine gunners, gunners, communications troops or second-line personnel. In November 1940, the Winchester Company was commissioned to develop a new bullet with power between rifle bullets and pistol bullets.

During the first comparative test in May 1941, the U.S. Army dropped the requirement for burst firing. Winchester submitted their semi-automatic light rifle ahead of the second comparison test in September. On September 30, 1941, the selection committee's report concluded that Winchester's prototype gun proved to be the best design. It was officially finalized in October 1941 and named "M1 0.30-inch (7.62mm) Carbine." The M1 carbine designed by Winchester was completed within one year, which is a record in the development process of arms history.

Compared with the M1 Garand rifle, the M1 carbine has an easy-to-replace magazine and a larger ammunition capacity. Its actual rate of fire is higher and its recoil is lower. Its shooting accuracy and penetration are better than that of the M1 Garand rifle. Pistol bullets are stronger than submachine guns. The M1 carbine uses the gas-operated automatic principle of a short-stroke piston, and the piston gas system was designed by David Williams. The gas guide hole is located in the middle of the barrel, 115 mm from the front end of the cartridge. The piston is under the barrel, and the recoil distance is only 3.5 mm. When firing, the gunpowder gas enters the gas chamber through the gas hole and pushes the piston backward. The piston hits the bolt frame, causing recoil. After the bolt frame recoils about 8 mm, the chamber pressure drops to a safe value. This period of time is the mechanical safety before unlocking. Then, the curved section of the guide groove of the bolt frame engages with the guide protrusion of the bolt, and the bolt begins to rotate (and at the same time functions as a pre-extraction) to unlock. During the recoil process of the bolt, the extractor hook on it pulls the cartridge case backward. After the cartridge case is pulled out of the chamber, it is thrown forward and to the right by the elastic ejection of the bolt. When the rear end of the inertial body of the bolt frame hits the receiver, the bolt frame stops recoiling, and the bolt does not stop moving until it hits the rear end of the bolt through hole in the receiver. At this time, the recoil stroke of the bolt is greater than the full bullet length, so the top bullet in the magazine is sent to the feeding position by the bullet support plate. Then the compressed recoil spring expands, pushing the bolt back, and at the same time pushing the bullet into the chamber. Due to the interaction between the guide protrusion on the bolt and the guide groove of the bolt frame, the bolt rotates and locks. Then the bolt frame continues to retract until the front end of the inertial body pushes the piston into the piston barrel and stops completely. At this point, the gun is ready to fire again.

Spring sniper rifle, perhaps this is the most easily misunderstood name of the gun, it looks like a Japanese name, but in fact it is produced by the Springfield Arsenal in the United States and has nothing to do with Japan. There are many variations of the Springfield rifle. (Japanese use Murata rifles)

The Springfield M1903 rifle has a large number of production models, including M1903A1, M1903A2, M1903A3 and M1903A4. The M1903A1 has a special straight-line rear stock, which was widely used by the U.S. military before the emergence of the M1 rifle, and was used in the early stages of World War II. The M1903A2 is considered a light rifle and is used by artillery units. The M1903A3 was improved to be more streamlined and use a pistol grip butt. Among the various harvesting types, the most well-known is the M1903A4 sniper type.

The M1903A4 is a sniper version developed and improved from the M1903A3 during World War II. It adds an M73 or M73B1 2.2x sniper scope. The accuracy of shooting made this gun widely trusted until it was replaced by the M1C and M1D (sniper version of the M1 rifle).

In the Battle of Normandy, the Springfield rifle was used as the main sniper weapon; most infantrymen preferred semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons to single-shot operation, but the Springfield rifle had the advantage of accuracy and was the best weapon among other weapons. Such as the M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle, M1 carbine and Browning automatic rifle cannot provide. In the Pacific battlefield, the US military used this kind of gun to deal with Japanese snipers and achieved good results.

Before the M1C and M1D sniper rifles were widely adopted, most troops continued to use the M1903A4. Due to its shooting accuracy and stability, it has always been regarded as the first choice of sniper rifles.

Browning BAR1918 light machine gun

Working mode: semi/fully automatic

Caliber: .30 inch (7.62mm)

Magazine: 20 rounds

Introduction: The original M1918A1 Browning light machine gun (BAR) was first used by US soldiers in World War I, and the gun was still used in World War II. The gun's reliability in harsh environments has earned it a high reputation. In 1940, the M1918A2 type was put into use. The gun was originally developed as an automatic rifle for individual soldiers, but the weight and recoil of the gun were too great due to the use of full-size rifle bullets. Unfortunately, the US military can only use it as a squad fire support weapon. This instead makes up for the firepower gap between the Type 1917 and the Thomson M1 - the former is powerful but heavy and needs to be used in a team of two (one person carries the gun and the other holds the bullet); the latter is light but has continuous firepower Sexy and powerful. The difference from earlier models is that it only has two shooting modes in fully automatic mode: slow mode 300-450 rounds/min; fast mode 500-650 rounds/min; and there is no semi-automatic mode. Both models of Browning machine guns were widely used. And you can also see it in many movies. This gun is a perfect example of a perfect combination of rapid firepower and penetrating power. Its biggest drawback is the lack of a quick-change barrel to reduce barrel overheating